ANAT2011 Anatmy Ntes Mdule 1: Hw t Speak Anatmy... 2 Mdule 2: Nervus System... 4 Mdule 3: Sniff, Swallw, Speak!... 14 Mdule 4: Just Breathe... 35 Mdule 5: Wh are the Great 8?... 43 Mdule 6: N Guts, N Glry... 62 Mdule 7: Tilet Break... 81 Mdule 8: Sex and Multiplicatin... 88 Mdule 9: Muscskeletal System... 112
Mdule 3 Anatmy f Nse, Sinuses, Muth, Pharynx and Larynx Overview f Head and Neck cmpartment f head includes 1 cranial cavity, 2 rbits (eyes), 2 ears, 2 nasal cavities, 1 ral cavity nasal and ral cavities are entrances int upper part f resp system and digestive system and pen int pharynx pharynx prvides a cmmn passage fr air, fd, drink guiding them twards larynx and esphagus respectively Nse and Nasal cavity mid sagittal view thus we dn t see chncae f the walls external nse is made f flexible cartridge and enclses the vestibule cavities extend frm nstril (aka nares) t chanae (psterir nasal aperture)
medial wall between tw nasal cavities is frmed by nasal septum cmpsed f cartilage and 2 bnes anterir pear shaped bny pening in skull is called pirifrm aperture cartilage cmpnent f septum has been remved and nly bny cmpnent remains flr is made up f maxilla and palatine bne tgether frming hard palate and rf is frmed by nasal, frntal, ethmid and sphenid bne nte that the divisins aren t s clear in mid-saggital sectins septum has cartilaginus cmpnent anterirly and bny cmpnent psterirly sphenidal sinus pens int sphenethmidal recess nasal cavities are lined with bld vessel rich mucus membranes which misten, clean and warm air that enters the mucsa n the nasal cavity rf is innervated by lfactry neurns frm the lfactry bulb allwing fr sense f smell mucus membrane cvered lateral walls are undulated due t bny utgrwths. This increases surface area t rapidly warm and misten air
undulated lateral wall features 3 mucus membrane cvered bny shelves called cnchae. Frm superir t inferir star is superir, middle and inferir cncha their purpse is t increase SA nte that superir cncha is quite psterir s wnt be seen in anterir crnal cut vacant areas under cnchae are called meatuses and there is superir, middle and inferir meatus represented by arrws abve NOTE that this is a deep sagittal view and is shwing the wall, it is nt a mid sagittal view naslacrimal canal has naslacrimal duct running thrugh it which runs frm infermedial aspect f the eye t the inferir meatus carries tears frm the eye t the nse which is why we sniff when we cry Paranasal sinuses these are air filled, mucuus membrane lined pckets within the frntal, ethmid, sphenid bnes and maxilla ethmidal is ver the bridge f the nse and under the eyes
sphenidal sinus is mre psterir s can't see frntal sinus is mre anterir nte yu can't see superir cncha due t its psterir lcatin nasal septum running dwn middle sinuses cmmunicate with nasal cavity thrugh tiny apertures which drain int the nasal cavity
arrws crrespnd t meatus frntal drains int middle meatus ethmidal int middle and superir meatus sphenidal int sphenethmidal recess and maxillary int middle meatus can als be seen in anterir crnal sectin abve Oral Cavity dental arches label shuld be pinting t teeth
ral cavity is psitined inferir t nasal cavity, it is inlet fr fd, drink, air extends frm ral fissure t rpharyngeal isthmus leading int the pharynx divided by hrseshe shaped dental arches int ral vestibule between inner surface f lips and cheeks and uter surface f teeth and gums ral cavity prper-internal t teeth and gum, enclsing the tngue rf frmed by hard palate (maxilla and palatine bne) as well as sft palate and uvula flr frmed by muscular diaphragm and tngue nte mandible is the entire green regin
lateral walls are frmed by the mucsa inside cheeks and the teeth and gums f the dental arch f the maxilla superirly and mandible inferirly dental arch walls are cvered with gingivae (gums) which is a specialised cntinuatin f ral mucsa surrunding the teeth and prtecting the tth rt and jaw alveli gingivitis and gum recessin linked t bne lss s gums can't attach teeth are attached via their rt int sckets in the dental arches called alveli in ttal there are 12 mlars (last ne is wisdm teeth s 4 wisdms), 8 premlars, 4 canines and 8 incisrs s ttal f 32
kids have 20 teeth Tngue tngue is nly skeletal muscle attached at nly ne end functins include sense f taste, fd manipulatin, chewing, swallwing and speech rt f the tngue is attached by muscles t the ral cavity palate, the mandible, the hyid bne and stylid prcesses (dn t need t label)
anterir 2/3 (ral part) is rientated in hrizntal plane and frms mst the flr f the ral cavity psterir 1/3 (pharyngeal part) is rientated in vertical plane and frms part f anterir wall f rpharyngeal divisin between the tw is called sulcus terminalis sulcus terminalis is V-shaped hrizntal grve marking inferir brder f rpharyngeal isthmus (it lines up with 3 rd mlar)
mucus membrane n superir tngue surface frms papillae which increases tngue surface area mst papillae assciated with tastebuds papillae I need t knw is vallate papillae which there are 8-12 f arranged in V shaped rw in frnt f sulcus terminalis lingual tnsil are tw small munds f lymphatic tissue lcated behind the sulcus terminalis actually n the psterir prtin f the tngue inferir surface lacks papillae and is cvered in smth mucsa cntinuus with rest f ral cavity flr lingual frenulum attaches free apex f tngue t ral cavity flr fimbriated flds run lateral t frenulum and veins flr f ral cavity belw tngue features sublingual flds and sublingual papillae which reflect presence f underlying salivary glands (submandibular) and their penings int ral cavity Salivary glands
salivary glands prduce and secrete salvia int ral cavity t lubricate and misten and begin fd digestin (amylase) 3 main glands: partid-lcated utside ral cavity bundaries, lying under skin anterir t ear, verlying psterir part f mandible drains via partid duct which penetrates cheek muscle and pens adjacent t 2 nd upper mlar submandibular-lcated utside and inside ral cavity bundaries lying bth inferir and medial t middle part f mandible drains via submandibular duct which pens at summit f sublingual papillae (see belw) at base f lingual frenulum sublingual-lcated inside ral cavity bundaries inferir t ral cavity flr, immediately medial t anterir part f mandible bulges t frm sublingual fld drains via numerus small sublingual ducts which pen at sublingual flds ie at flr f muth
Palatine arches/rpharyngeal isthmus bundaries f rpharyngeal isthmus include sft palate and uvula superirly, sulcus terminalis f tngue inferirly, palatglssal arches laterally palatglssal arches are extensins f sft palate mucsa that fld ver palatglssal muscle, cnnect sft palate t tngue psterir and medial t palatglssal arches lie palatpharyngeal arches which are extensins f mucsa flding ver palatpharyngeal muscle, cnnecting sft palate t pharynx uvula swings t clse cmmunicatin f ral and nasal cavity during swallwing
Pharynx Muscul-fascial tube anterir t vertebral clumn, psterir t nasal and ral cavities and larynx Cnducts air fd and drink between head and neck Extends frm base f skull t CV6 frm chane t larynx and divided int 3 parts (mre details belw): Nasapharynx Chanae (green star) t sft palate (pink star) Orpharynx Sft palate t epiglttis (purple star) Laryngpharynx Has 2 divisins Epiglttis t larynx (light red star) Epiglttis t esphagus (dark red star)
Naspharynx Psterir t nasal cavity (pening via nasal chanae), inferir t sphenid bne and ccipital lbe, superir t sft palate, anterir t superir aspect f superir cnstrictr muscles Internal features include pharyngeal tnsil and pening fr auditry tube surrunded by tubal elevatin rpharynx
it lies psterir t ral cavity, inferir t sft palate, superir t epiglttis, anterir t superir and middle cnstrictrs anterir wall frmed by lingual tnsil and valleculae (spit traps/mucsal recesses/depressins) lying either side f the median glss-epiglttic fld which cnnects tngue t epiglttis palatine tnsils are lcated in it and lie between the palatglssal arches and palatpharyngeal arches Laryngpharynx
it is psterir t larynx, inferir t epiglttis tip, superir t esphagus, anterir t middle and inferir cnstrictrs anterir aspect pens int the inlet t the larynx (laryngeal inlet) pear shaped depressins between cartilage f larynx in anterir wall are called pirifrm fssae/recesses nte larynx label wrng, see belw Hyid bne a single, small, hrizntally rientated U shaped bne psitined superir t larynx and medial t mandible superirly attached t flr f ral cavity inferirly attached t larynx cnnects flr f ral cavity with pharynx and larynx supprts tngue and serves as a highly mvable but firm anchr fr muscles and sft tissue in head and neck
Larynx guardian f airways and allws us t talk prtected by panels f cartilage, lined with mucus membrane and receptrs that cause a pwerful, prtective cugh reflex (if fd/drink/salvia ges dwn airway) cnducts air between laryngpharynx and trachea via laryngeal inlet suspended via hyid bne epiglttis flds ver laryngeal inlet t clse ff the larynx frm the esphagus prtectin and functin f larynx is gverned by 4 separate cartilages cnnected via flexible ligaments and membranes epiglttis thyrid cartilage cricid cartilage arytenid cartilage (2x)
pink is epiglttis, green is thyrid cartilage, purple is cricid cartilage, yellw is arytenid cartilage (nt seen n lateral view), red is vcal flds and blue is rima glttidis Epiglttis Leaf shaped, attached inferirly t thyrid cartilage and anterirly t hyid bne and tngue via median glss-epiglttic fld near valleculae Superir aspect is free t clse ff larynx during swallwing f fd and drink t prevent aspiratin (ging dwn wind pipe) Thyrid cartilage Shield shaped, largest laryngeal cartilage Attached superirly t hyid bne and inferirly t cricid cartilage Enclses, prjects and anchrs anterir aspect f vcal flds Cricid cartilage Signet ring shaped (narrwer n ne side), attached superirly t thyrid and arytenid cartilage and inferirly t trachea. Arytenid cartilage Paired and pyramid shaped, attached inferirly t lamina f cricid cartilage (seen abve in psterir view) Attached anterirly t vcal flds and laterally t epiglttis Can't see them n lateral view They mve the vcal flds which effects the rima glttidis-the space between the vcal flds (mre belw)
between arytenid and thyrid cartilages are 2 pairs f flds, vestibular flds (yellw) (false vcal crds) and vcal crds (pink) (true vcal crds) space between the tw flds is called the laryngeal ventricle (purple) space between laryngeal inlet (light blue) and vestibular flds is laryngeal vestibule (range) (like nasal vestibule, entrance) space between vcal flds and trachea is infraglttic cavity (pale pink) space between vcal flds is rima glttidis (dark blue) black star is arytenid cartilage Laryngeal maneuvres mvement f arytenid cartilage mves vcal crds which adjusts size/shape f rima glttidis Speech=C Whispering=D Quiet inspiratin=a Deep Inspiratin=B