Biochemistry Carbon compounds Section 3-1 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO 2, is NOT an organic compound. Explain why. 4. How many electrons are in the outermost energy level of carbon? How many does it need to have this energy level filled? 5. How many covalent bonds can carbon form? 6. Name 3 structural shapes that form whenever carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms. 7. How many electrons are being shared in a single covalent bond? double covalent bond? triple covalent bond? quadruple covalent bond? 8. Explain what is meant by a functional group, & tell what effect they have on the molecules they are attached to. 9. Write the formula for these functional groups (use your textbook) --- hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate group, and amino group. 10. Hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms forms an. 11. Large carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called. 12. Large carbon molecules made of monomers are called. 13. What are large polymers called? 14. What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers?
15. Name the 2 sugars that were combined to form sucrose. 16. Condensation reactions involve the removal of a molecule of. 17. What reaction is used to breakdown polymers? Is water added or removed? How does this compare to condensation? 18. All life processes require a constant supply of. Name the molecule used by cells to get energy. Give its abbreviation. 19. ATP contains what 3 functional groups covalently bonded together? Write the formula for this functional group. Molecules of Life Section 3-2 20. Name the 4 main classes of macromolecules (organic molecules) & tell what 3 elements all of these contain. Carbohydrates store energy for organisms! 21. In what ratio are hydrogen & oxygen atoms in carbohydrates? 22. In what 3 forms do carbohydrates exist? 23. What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What is their common name? Give the ratio of carbons, hydrogens, & oxygens. 24. Name the 3 MOST common monosaccharides. How do they compare? Write the chemical formula for all three. 25. Because all 3 simple sugars have the same chemicalformula, but different structural formulas, they are called. 26. What are double sugars called? Name & describe the process that forms them. 27. Name a disaccharide.
28. What forms a polysaccharide? Name a polysaccharide found in animals. Name 2 found in plants? 29. What chemical reaction formed these large molecules? What reaction would be needed to break these molecules? Proteins are used to build cells, & they act as enzymes! 30. What are the 4 main elements making up proteins? How many covalent bonds does each of these elements form? 31. What are the monomers of proteins called? How many are there? Name the 4 things bonded to the center carbon of this monomer. 32. The main difference among amino acids is their group. What is the R-group on glycine? on alanine? 33. Differences in R-groups give different proteins different. 34. How does a dipeptide form? 35. What do you call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids together? 36. Long chains of amino acids are called and these join together to make a. 37, What is the effect of temperature on protein shape? Give an example of this. 38. Most proteins act as catalysts or inside of cells. 39. The substance an enzyme is acting upon is called the and it must into a place called the active site on the enzyme.
40. When a substrate joins with an enzyme, what effect does this have on chemical bonding of that substrate? Is the enzyme affected temporarily or permanently? How is it affected? 41. When chemical bonds in a substrate are weakened, what effect does this have on activation energy needed to start the reaction? 42. After the reaction, what happens to the products? Can the enzyme be re-used & why? Lipids include fats that are used for long-term energy storage! 43. Are lipids polar or non-polar? What happens to lipids when they are placed in water? 44. Compared to carbohydrates, what is true about the ratio of carbon & hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms? If a compound has more bonds, what can it store more of in those bonds? 45. Most lipids are made of acids. Describe their shape. What functional group is found on the head end of the molecule? 46. Are both ends of a fatty acid polar? Explain. 47. Hydrophilic means water. Which end of a fatty acid is hydrophilic? The non-polar end of a fatty acid is said to be or "water fearing". 48. Which end of a fatty acid chain WOULD dissolve in water? Which WOULDN'T? 49. In what type of fatty acid are there only single bonds in the carbon chain? Name one such fatty acid. 50. What type of bond appears in an unsaturated fatty acid? Give an example of an unsaturated fatty acid. 51. Name the 3 groups of complex lipids.
52. What makes up a triglyceride? What is the difference between a saturated & unsaturated triglyceride? 53. What type of triglycerides tends to be solids at room temperature & why? Which are liquids & why? 54. What type of triglyceride would this type of substance be --- vegetable oil? butter & shortening? 55. What makes up a phospholipid? How are they different from triglycerides? What main part of a cell is made of phospholipids? 56. What is meant by a lipid bilayer? What makes this such an effective barrier between the inside & the outside of the cell? 57. Wax is another complex lipid. Describe its structure. 58. Waxes are highly. Explain how plants make use of this property? Animals? 59. What makes up steroids? To what group of organic compounds do steroids belong? How are they used in animals? 60. Name a steroid made by the body & used by nerve cells. Nucleic acids store genetic information for cells! 61. Give the name & abbreviation for 2 nucleic acids found in cells. 62. DNA and RNA are both examples of made of linked monomers called. The instructions in these molecules are used to make. 63. Name the 3 parts to a nucleotide.