A ADC. See Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) Aneurysm cerebral artery aneurysm, 93 CT scan, 93 gadolinium, 93 Angiography, 13 Anoxic brain injury, 25 Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 7 Arachnoid cyst, 65 Arnold Chiari malformation disc herniation, 61 syrinx, 60 Autoimmune encephalitis, 32 B Basal ganglia calcification axial CT, 88 hyper density, 88 Biochemical and biophysical principles angiography, 13 CT (see Computerized tomography (CT)) MRI (see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) PET and SPECT, 9 10 ultrasonography, 10 13 Blood vessel imaging anatomical review, 92 aneurysm, 92 carotid occlusion, 94 ICA stenosis, 95 intracranial, 92 MCA, 94 C Carotid occlusion CT, 96 ICA, 96 ultrasound, 96 Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) axial FLAIR, 89 hyperintenses, 89 MRI, 89 quadriplegia, 89 Cerebral edema axial CT, 76 coup-contra coup injury, 76 extracranial soft tissue, 76 plantar stimulation, 76 Cerebral metastasis, 46 47 Computerized tomography (CT) acute haemorrhage, 2 angiography (CTA), 3 anoxic brain injury, 25 arachnoid cyst, 65 attenuation properties, 1 contrast, 2 A.Q. Rana et al., Neuroradiology in Clinical Practice, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01002-1, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013 99
100 Computerized tomography (CT) (cont.) densities and windowing, 2 development, 2 frontotemporal dementia, 50 haemorrhagic transformation, 19 imaging planes and CT/T1/T2/ FLAIR, 2, 3 MRI (see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) multiple sclerosis, 29 neurological conditions, 2 stroke evolution, 16, 17 haemorrhagic, 23 lacunar, 22 subarachnoid haemorrhage, 24 sulcal effacement, 16 volumetric (3D) representation, 2 X-rays, 1 Computerized tomography angiography (CTA), 3 Contusions CT scan, 75 frontal lobe, 75 hyperdense, 75 occipital skull fracture, 75 CPM. See Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, 57 CT. See Computerized tomography (CT) CTA. See Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) mesial temporal sclerosis, 63 Rathke s cleft cyst, 66 tuberous sclerosis, 64 Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), 7 Disc herniation Arnold Chiari malformation, 61 MRI, 69 spinal cord compression, 69 thecal sac, 69 DWI. See Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) E Epidural hematoma axial CT, 72 bi-convex hyperdensity, 72 mass effect and mild midline shift, 72 F Fat suppression, 7 FLAIR. See Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) FLAIR sequences autoimmune encephalitis, 32 multiple sclerosis, 28 PRES, 34 Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), 7, 84, 89 fmri. See Functional MRI (fmri) Frontotemporal dementia, 50 Functional MRI (fmri), 9 D Dandy-Walker malformation, 62 Developmental anomalies arachnoid cyst, 65 malformation Arnold Chiari (see Arnold Chiari malformation) Dandy-Walker, 62 G GBM. See Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 38 Gradient recalled echo (GRE), 7 8 GRE. See Gradient recalled echo (GRE)
101 H Haemorrhagic stroke, 23 Hhummingbird sign, 55 Hydrocephalus CT scan, 70 dilatation, lateral ventricles, 70 I ICA stenosis. See Internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis Infectious diseases neurological diseases, 79 pachygyria, 80 Pott s disease, 81 tubercular syrinx, 82 Interhemispheric meningioma, 40 Internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis carotid arteries, 95 CTA, 95 hemisphere ischemia, 95 MRI, 95 L Lacunar stroke, 22 Levamisole toxicity. See Toxic demyelination M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ADC, 7 angiography (MRA), 8 Arnold Chiari malformation with disc hernination, 60 with syrinx, 60 brainstem pathology, 4 contrast, 8 Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, 57 Dandy-Walker, 62 and DWI, 7 echo planar imaging, 8 fat suppression, 7 FLAIR, GRE and, 7 and fmri, 9 frontotemporal dementia, 50 and GBM, 38 hummingbird sign, 55 hydrogen protons, 4 interhemispheric meningioma, 41 meningioma, 40 mesial temporal sclerosis, 63 and MRS, 9 multiple sclerosis, 29 multiple systems atrophy, 54 NeuroBeçhet s, 36 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 4 oligodendroglioma, 39 olivopontocerebellar atrophy, 51 perfusion pulse sequence, 8 proton density, 8 Rathke s cleft cyst, 66 schwannoma, 42 sequences, 4 signals generation longitudinal (spin lattice) relaxation time, T1, 5 radiofrequency pulse, 5 receiver, 5 transverse nuclear spin magnetization decoherence, T2, 5 spinal muscular atrophy, 56 spinocerebellar ataxia 2, 53 spinocerebellar ataxia 3, 52 spins and magnetic fields, 4 stroke evolution, 17, 18 posterior circulation, 20 thalamic, 21 T1 and T2 intensities, 6 7 toxic demyelination, 33 transfer contrast, 8 transverse myelitis, 30 tuberous sclerosis, 64
102 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Cont.) tumefactive multiple sclerosis, 31 venography (MRV), 8 9 vertebral metastasis, 45 MCA occlusion. See Middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion Meningioma, 40 Mesial temporal sclerosis, 63 Metabolic disorders basal ganglia calcification, 88 CPM, 88 Middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion MRA, 94 MRI, 94 vertebral artery, 94 Mmultiple systems atrophy, 54 MRA. See MR angiography (MRA) MR angiography (MRA), 8, 94 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) MR spectroscopy (MRS), 9 MR venography (MRV), 8 9 Multiple sclerosis diagnosis, McDonald criteria, 27 FLAIR sequences, 28 T1 and T2 sequences, 29 tumefactive, 31 N NeuroBeçhet s, 35 36 Neurodegenerative conditions Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, 57 hummingbird sign, 55 multiple systems atrophy, 54 olivopontocerebellar atrophy, 51 spinal muscular atrophy, 56 spinocerebellar ataxia 2, 53 spinocerebellar ataxia 3, 52 Neurological diseases cerebral malaria, 79 leshmaniasis, 79 microsporidiosis, 79 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 84 toxoplasmosis, 83 trypanosomiasis, 79 Neurotrauma cerebral edema and herniation, 76 contusions, 75 epidural hematoma, 72 subdural hematoma, 73 vertebral fracture, 77 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 4 O Oligodendroglioma, 39 Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, 51 P Pachygyria axial CT, 80 neonate, 80 sylvian fissures, 80 PML. See Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Positron emission tomography (PET), 9 10 Posterior circulation stroke, 20 Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), 34 Pott s disease chest Xray, 81 MRI spine, 81 vertebral body, 81 PRES. See Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)
103 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Axial FLAIR, 84 bihemispheric multifocal confluent, 85 hyperintense signal, 84, 85 MRI, 84, 85 R Rathke s cleft cyst, 66 S Schwannoma, 42 Sclerosis mesial temporal, 63 tuberous, 64 Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), 9 10 Spinal muscular atrophy, 56 Spinal stenosis cervical stenosis, 68 MRI, 68 osteophytes, 68 small disc herniations, 68 Spinal tumours, 43 Spinocerebellar ataxia 2, 53 Spinocerebellar ataxia 3, 52 Subarachnoid haemorrhage, 24 Subdural hematoma acute and chornic, 74 axial CT, 73, 74 concave hyperdensity, 73 frontal lobe, 74 mass effect and mild midline shift, 73 occipital horn loss, 73 Sulcal effacement, 16 Syrinx, Arnold Chiari malformation, 60 T Thalamic stroke, 21 Toxic demyelination, 33 Toxoplasmosis MRI, 83 occipital lobe and basal ganglia, 83 vasogenic edema, 83 Transverse myelitis, 30 Tubercular syrinx hyperintense intramedullary signal, 82 meningitis, 82 MRI spine, 82 pulmonary tuberculosis, 80 spinal cord syrinx, 82 Tuberous sclerosis, 64 Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, 31 Tumours cerebral metastasis, 46 47 GBM (see Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)) interhemispheric meningioma, 41 meningioma, 40 oligodendroglioma, 39 schwannoma, 42 spinal, 43 vertebral metastasis, 45 U Ultrasonography blood vessels image, 10 carotid Doppler calculation method, 11, 12 consensus parameters, 11, 12 description, 11 Doppler, 10 11 piezoelectric crystals, 10 sound wave frequencies, 10 TCD, 11, 13
104 V Vascular disorders anoxic brain injury, 25 haemorrhagic transformation onset of expressive aphasia, 19 subacute left middle cerebral artery stroke, 19 stroke acute, 16 evolution, 17 18 haemorrhagic, 23 lacunar, 22 posterior circulation, 20 thalamic, 21 subarachnoid haemorrhage, 24 Vertebral fracture axial spine CT, 77 burst fracture, 77 Vertebral metastasis, 45 W White matter diseases and demyelination autoimmune encephalitis, 32 multiple sclerosis (see Multiple sclerosis) NeuroBeçhet s, 35 36 PRES, 34 toxic demyelination, 33 transverse myelitis, 30