BLUE SKY SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL MASSAGE AND THERAPEUTIC BODYWORK Musculoskeletal Anatomy & Kinesiology I TERMINOLOGY, STRUCTURES, & SKELETAL OVERVIEW MSAK101-I Session 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define Anatomy and Kinesiology. 2. Demonstrate or describe Anatomic Position and Midline of the body. 3. Describe the 5 planes of the body. 4. Define the outlined terms of relationship and comparison. 5. Utilize the correct terms for regions of the body. 6. Describe 5 classifications of bone and list examples. 7. List the two divisions of the skeleton. 8. Place the bones of the body in the correct skeletal division. 9. Identify articulated and disarticulated bones by correct name. 10. List and define 7 terms that describe depressions and openings. 11. List and define 3 types of processes that form joints. 12. List and define 7 terms that describe landmarks on bones. 13. Define Palpation. The following are the basics of structural anatomy, which are essential for understanding clinical anatomy. When writing medical chart notes, you must communicate in a language common to all medical practitioners. As a body worker, one must understand the body s structure and how it moves. Throughout this course, students will learn about the different movements of the body, where movements occur, and how movement is produced. 1) BASICS OF STRUCTURAL ANATOMY a) Terms i) ANATOMY: the study of the structure of the body ii) KINESIOLOGY: the study of human movement Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 1 of 8
iii) Anatomical position - The most widely used of the reference positions; standing with arms at sides; palms face forward. This is an important concept as all of the terms used in kinesiology are defined from this position. iv) Midline of the body an imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body from the top of the head to the feet while the body is facing forward. b) PLANES OF THE BODY: i) Movement occurs around the five planes of the body. (1) Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right parts (2) Midsagittal (median) plane: divides body into equal left and right halves (3) Coronal (frontal) plane: divides body into front and back parts (4) Horizontal (transverse) plane: divides body into upper and lower parts (5) Oblique plane: is a plane at an angle to any of the above c) TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP: reference the body in relation to anatomical position. i) anterior (ventral, front of the body) ii) posterior (dorsal, behind) iii) palmar (volar, towards the palm) iv) dorsal (surface of hand) v) plantar (sole of foot) vi) dorsal (top surface of foot) vii) superior (cephalic, cranial, above) viii) inferior (caudal, below) ix) medial (closer to midline) x) lateral (further away from midline) xi) prone (laying face down) xii) supine (laying face up) Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 2 of 8
d) TERMS OF COMPARISON: compare particular part of body in relation to another part of body i) proximal (closer to attachment point) distal (farther from point of attachment) ii) superficial (closer to surface) deep (more internal, into the body) iii) interior (inside) exterior (outside) iv) ipsilateral (same side) contralateral (opposite side) 2) GENERAL ANATOMICAL DEFINITIONS: Terms used to describe certain body regions. a) Shoulder: Junction of arm and trunk; Includes the proximal humerus, clavicle and scapula. b) Arm (brachium): Part of the upper extremity between the shoulder and elbow. c) Forearm (antebrachium): Part of the upper extremity between the elbow and wrist. d) Wrist (carpus): Area between the forearm and the metacarpus; Includes the 8 carpal bones. e) Metacarpus: The part of the hand between the wrist and fingers. f) Hand: Upper extremity distal to the forearm; Consists of wrist, metacarpus, and fingers. Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 3 of 8
g) Hip: The area of the body lateral to and including the hip joint (consists of the joint, head, neck, and greater trochanter). h) Thigh: Portion of lower extremity between hip and knee. i) Leg (crus): Portion of lower extremity between knee and ankle. j) Calf (sura): Fleshy mass on the back of leg below the knee. k) Foot (pes): Distal portion of lower extremity; Consists of the ankle, metatarsus, and toes. l) Ankle (tarsus): Joint between leg and metatarsus; Includes the 7 tarsal bones. m) Metatarsus: The part of the foot between ankle and toes. n) Finger/Toe: Digits or Phalanges (singular: Phalanx) Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 4 of 8
3) BONY SKELETON OVERVIEW: a) Classification of bones: i) Long Bones Long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends (arm, leg). ii) Short Bones Small, cubital shaped, solid bones (wrist, foot). iii) Flat Bones Thin, flat bones (shoulder blades, chest bone). iv) Irregular Bones Irregular shaped bones that do not really fit into any other category. They serve a variety of purposes (spine, pelvis). v) Sesamoid Bones Small bones imbedded within a tendon. b) Skeletal regions: The human skeleton is divided into two regions: i) Axial Skeleton: These bones make up the head, neck and trunk of the body. Skull (22 bones) Ear Ossicles Middle Ear Bones (3 per ear = 6 bones) Hyoid Bone (1 bone) Vertebral (Spinal) Column (26 bones): Cervical spine (7 bones) Thoracic spine (12 bones) Lumbar spine (5 bones) Sacrum and Coccyx Thoracic (Rib) Cage (25 bones) = 80 bones ii) Appendicular Skeleton: These bones make up the extremities of the body. Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle (4 bones): Clavicle Scapula Upper Extremities (Arms) (60 bones): Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones (16 bones) Metacarpals (10 bones) Digits (Phalanges) (28 bones) Pelvic Girdle Os Coxa Lower Extremities (Legs) (60 bones): Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsal bones (14 bones) Metatarsals (10 bones) Digits (28 bones) 126 bones Axial Skeleton (80) + Appendicular Skeleton (126) = 206 bones Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 5 of 8
4) AXIAL SKELETON: These bones make up the head, neck and trunk of the human body. a) SKULL: i) Cranial bones (1) Frontal (Pertaining to the front) (2) Parietal (Pertaining to the wall of a cavity) (3) Occipital (Pertaining to the occiput) (4) Temporal (Pertaining to the temple) (5) Sphenoid (Wedge like) (6) Ethmoid (Sieve like) ii) Facial Bones: (1) Maxilla (2) Zygomatic (cheekbone) (3) Nasal (4) Vomer iii) Mandible b) HYOID BONE c) VERTEBRAL COLUMN i) Cervical Vertebrae = C1 C7 ii) Thoracic Vertebrae = T1 T12 iii) Lumbar Vertebrae = L1 L5 iv) Sacrum (5 fused segments) = S1 S5 v) Coccyx (4 fused segments) = CC1 CC4 d) THORACIC CAGE i) Sternum ii) Ribs = R1 R12 Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 6 of 8
5) APPENDICULAR SKELETON UPPER: These bones make up the upper extremities. a) SHOULDER GIRDLE i) Scapula shoulder blade ii) Clavicle collar bone b) ARM, FOREARM, WRIST & HAND i) Humerus ii) Radius: Lateral forearm bone iii) Ulna: Medial forearm bone iv) Carpals v) Metacarpal bones and Phalanges 6) APPENDICULAR SKELETON LOWER: These bones make up the lower extremities. a) THE PELVIS: Composed of 4 bones of both appendicular and axial skeletons: i) Os Coxa (Hip Bone) ii) Sacrum iii) Coccyx b) THE PELVIC GIRDLE: Like the shoulder girdle, this connects the lower extremity to the trunk. i) Os Coxa (singular: ox coxa) composed of three fused bones = ilium, ischium & pubis (1) Ilium (2) Ischium (3) Pubis c) THIGH, LEG, ANKLE & FOOT (60 Bones) i) Femur ii) Patella iii) Tibia: Medial leg bone iv) Fibula: Lateral leg bone v) Tarsals vi) Metatarsals and Phalanges Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 7 of 8
7) DEFINITIONS: These are general anatomical terms used to identify various anatomical structures and landmarks. a) Depressions and Openings: These are holes through which blood vessels or nerves travel or shallow grooves where muscles attach. i) Fissure a narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass ii) Fontanel space between skull bones at birth that is filled with fibrous connective tissue; the so-called soft spot on a baby s skull iii) Foramen an opening through which blood vessels nerves/ligaments pass iv) Foramina a smaller opening than a foramen (or plural foramen) v) Fossa a depression in or on a bone vi) Meatus (canal) a tube-like opening or passageway within a bone vii) Sinus a cavity within a bone b) Processes that form joints: These will be found at the ends of bone! a. Condyle a large, rounded articular prominence b. Facet a smooth, flat surface ( little face ) c. Head a rounded, articular projection supported on the proximal (usually) end of a long bone c) Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach: a. Crest a prominent border or ridge of bone b. Epicondyle a prominence that lies above a condyle (see above) c. Linea (line) - a less prominent ridge than a crest d. Spinous Process - a short, slender process e. Trochanter - a very large projection found only on the femur f. Tubercle a small rounded process g. Tuberosity - a large rounded, usually roughened process 8) PALPATION: The act of feeling with the hand; the application of light pressure with the fingers to the surface of the body for the purpose of determining the consistency or condition of the parts beneath the surface during physical assessment. Updated: 2/11 Blue Sky School of Professional Massage and Therapeutic Bodywork Page 8 of 8