Intro to Animal Structure & Function Convergence on streamlined swimming shape 1
Epithelial tissue 2
Exocrine glands Cilia Unicellular glands (goblet cells) Basement membrane (a) Goblet cells Skin (b) Sweat gland (C) Compound gland SBM Fig. 37.01 Endocrine glands (45.6) 3
2 tissues unique to animals Organ: groups of tissues Communication & Control Brain Nerves Spinal cord (4) THE NER- VOUS SYSTEM consists of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. This is the principal reg- ulatory system. Pineal Thyroid Parathyroids Thymus Adrenals Pancreas (islets) Ovaries Testes (5) THE ENDO- CRINE SYSTEM consists of the ductless glands that release hor- mones. It works with the nervous system in regulat- ing metabolic ac- tivities. Arteries Hypothalamus Pituitary Heart Veins (6a) THE CIRCU- LATORY SYS- TEM includes the heart and blood vessels. Trans- ports materials; defends body against disease organisms. SBMFig. 37.05b left 4
Protection, support, movement Hair Skin Fingernails (1) THE INTEGUMEN- TARY SYSTEM consists of the skin and the stru- tures such as the nails and hair that are derived from it. This system protects the body, helps to regulate body temperature, and receives stimuli such as pressure, pain, and tem- perature. (2) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM consists of bones and cartilage. This system helps to support and protect the body. (3) THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM consists of the large skeletal muscles that enable us to move, as well as the cardiac mus- cle of the heart and the smooth muscle of the internal organs. Toenails SBM Fig. 37.05a left Reproduction Kidney Ureter Prostate gland Urinary bladder Urethra (9) THE URINARY SYSTEM is the main excretory system of the body and helps to regulate blood chemistry. The kidneys remove wastes and excess materials from the blood and produce urine. Oviduct Ovaries Uterus Vagina Vas deferens Penis Testes (10) MALE AND FEMALE REPRO- DUCTIVE SYSTEMS. Each reproduc- tive system consists of gonads and associated structures. The reproduc- tive system maintains the sexual characteristics and passes on genes to the next generation. SBM Fig. 37.05b right Gas Exchange Nutrition Thymus Thoracic duct Lymph node Spleen Lymph vessels (6b) THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM is a subsystem of the circulatory sys- tem; it returns excess tissue fluid to the blood and defends the body against disease. Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat) Lungs Pharynx Oral mouth (mouth) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Diaphragm (7) THE RESPIRA- TORY SYSTEM consists of the lungs and air pas- sageways. This system supplies oxygen to the blood and excretes carbon dioxide. Oral cavity Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (8) THE DIGESTIVE SYS- TEM consists of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. This sys- tem mechanically and enzymatically breaks down food; functions in nutrient absorption; eliminates wastes. SBM Fig. 37.05a right 5
Transport & Internal Protection Brain Nerves Spinal cord (4) THE NER- VOUS SYSTEM consists of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. This is the principal reg- ulatory system. Pineal Thyroid Parathyroids Thymus Adrenals Pancreas (islets) Ovaries Testes (5) THE ENDO- CRINE SYSTEM consists of the ductless glands that release hor- mones. It works with the nervous system in regulat- ing metabolic ac- tivities. Arteries Hypothalamus Pituitary Heart Veins (6a) THE CIRCU- LATORY SYS- TEM includes the heart and blood vessels. Trans- ports materials; defends body against disease organisms. SBM Fig. 37.05b left Transport & Internal Protection Thymus Thoracic duct Lymph node Spleen Lymph vessels (6b) THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM is a subsystem of the circulatory sys- tem; it returns excess tissue fluid to the blood and defends the body against disease. Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat) Lungs Pharynx Oral mouth (mouth) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Diaphragm (7) THE RESPIRA- TORY SYSTEM consists of the lungs and air pas- sageways. This system supplies oxygen to the blood and excretes carbon dioxide. Oral cavity Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (8) THE DIGESTIVE SYS- TEM consists of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. This sys- tem mechanically and enzymatically breaks down food; functions in nutrient absorption; eliminates wastes. SBM Fig. 37.05a right Excretion Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (9) THE URINARY SYSTEM is the main excretory system of the body and helps to regulate blood chemistry. The kidneys remove wastes and excess materials from the blood and produce urine. Oviduct Ovaries Uterus Vagina Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Testes (10) MALE AND FEMALE REPRO- DUCTIVE SYSTEMS. Each reproduc- tive system consists of gonads and associated structures. The reproduc- tive system maintains the sexual characteristics and passes on genes to the next generation. SBM Fig. 37.05b right 6
(homeotherm) (poikilotherm) Remember for temperature also : ectotherm vs. endotherm Sometimes ectotherms can be warmer than endotherms Regulator vs. Conformer not just about temperature: salt 7
Elements of feedback mechanism Sensor/ receptor Integrator Effector Negative feedback Positive feedback (rare) Until birth occurs - then negative feedback imposed 8
Set points can change Bioenergetics Lowest metabolic rates BMR = basal metabolic rate (endotherms at a comfortable temp.) SMR = standard metabolic rate (ectotherms at a specified temp.) 9
What do you need for your metabolism? Metabolic rate & body mass Metabolic rate/weight & size (proportional to surface area) Energy budgets: how an organism uses the energy available Physical processes of heat exchange with environment 10
Countercurrent exchange: helps retain heat (& oxygen) going toward core Acclimatization More unusual fever pyrogens torpor daily hibernation estivation 11