Glioblastoma
Swapan K. Ray Editor Glioblastoma Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Current Therapeutic Strategies
Editor Swapan K. Ray Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, SC USA swapan.ray@uscmed.sc.edu ISBN 978-1-4419-0409-6 e-isbn 978-1-4419-0410-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0410-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927498 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Glioblastoma is the most malignant brain tumor that even now remains incurable. It is such a deadly disease that patients in most cases do not survive more than a few months after the diagnosis. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the formation of glioblastoma is rapidly advancing so as to provide us clues for devising rational therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this malignancy. It is important that we continue to increase our knowledge about the aberrant molecular markers for pathogenesis of this devastating disease and thereby explore new areas ultimately to find successful therapeutic strategies. This book has a collection of chapters that include the latest understandings of histopathology, molecular genetics, aberrant signaling pathways, cytoskeleton dynamics, epigenetics, and role of stem cells in gliomagenesis, and also promising treatment strategies with the contributions from the prominent basic scientists and clinicians, who persistently work hard to make a difference and give fresh hope to the glioblastoma patients to survive longer. Various approaches such as sophisticated imaging techniques, improved surgical procedures, and new strategies for radiation therapy, combination chemotherapy, immunotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, dietary therapy, and nanobiotherapy are being explored for the treatment of glioblastoma. All the contributors to this book have explicated their earnest desire to make use of the latest knowledge about the pathogenesis of glioblastoma to indicate the novel targets and innovative therapeutic strategies. It is keenly contemplated that this book will be an important source of information on glioblastoma to the graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, principal investigators, and clinicians, who are interested and engaged in finding a cure for glioblastoma. Columbia, SC Swapan K. Ray v
Contents Overview of the Molecular Genetics and Molecular Chemotherapy of GBM... 1 Herbert B. Newton Primary Brain Tumors: Characteristics, Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches... 43 Kraig Moore and Lyndon Kim Pathology of Glioblastoma Multiforme... 77 Abhik Ray-Chaudhury Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis in Glioblastoma and Current Therapeutic Strategies... 85 Cynthia T. Welsh Aberrant Signalling Complexes in GBMs: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications... 95 Giorgio Carrabba, Debabrata Mukhopadhyay, and Abhijit Guha Role of Aberrant Cell Cycle in the Growth and Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma... 131 Rajiv Janardhanan, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Adult Neural Stem Cells and Gliomagenesis... 153 Nader Sanai Divide and Invade: The Dynamic Cytoskeleton of Glioblastoma Cells... 167 Jim Cardelli and Omar Skalli Aberrations of the Epigenome in Gliomas: Novel Targets for Therapy... 185 Vinay K. Puduvalli vii
viii Contents Chemotherapy for Glioblastoma: Past, Present, and Future... 203 Pierre Giglio Role of Angiogenesis in the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma and Antiangiogenic Therapies for Controlling Glioblastoma... 217 Subhasree Roy Choudhury, Surajit Karmakar, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Antiangiogenic Strategies for the Treatment of Gliomas... 243 Elena Bazzoli and Antonio M.P. Omuro Retinoids for the Treatment of Glioblastoma... 265 Arabinda Das, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Molecular Mechanisms of Taxol for Induction of Cell Death in Glioblastomas... 283 Joseph George, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Current Endeavors for Enhancing Efficacy of Paclitaxel for Treatment of Glioblastoma... 299 Surajit Karmakar, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Dietary Polyphenols as Preventive and Therapeutic Agents in Glioblastoma... 325 Hao Jiang, Subhash C. Gautam, Feng Jiang, Peiyu Pu, and Michael Chopp Targeting Energy Metabolism in Brain Cancer with Restricted Diets... 341 Thomas N. Seyfried, Michael A. Kiebish, and Purna Mukherjee Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma... 365 Azizul Haque, Mitzi Nagarkatti, Prakash Nagarkatti, Naren L. Banik, and Swapan K. Ray Potential of Nanobiotechnology in the Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme... 399 Kewal K. Jain Index... 421
Contributors Naren L. Banik Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Elena Bazzoli Service of Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Jim Cardelli Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Giorgio Carrabba Division of Neurosurgery, The Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Michael Chopp Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, USA Arabinda Das Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Subhash C. Gautam Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Joseph George Pierre Giglio Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA ix
x Contributors Abhijit Guha Division of Neurosurgery, The Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Azizul Haque Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Kewal K. Jain Blaesiring 7, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland Rajiv Janardhanan Feng Jiang Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Hao Jiang Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Surajit Karmakar Michael A. Kiebish Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA Lyndon Kim Section of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School H8-532, 55 Lake Avenue, N, 02184, Worcester, MA, USA Kraig Moore Section of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School H8-532, 55 Lake Avenue, N, 02184, Worcester, MA, USA Purna Mukherjee Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA Debabrata Mukhopadhyay Division of Neurosurgery, The Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Mitzi Nagarkatti
Contributors xi Prakash Nagarkatti Herbert B. Newton Dardinger Neuro-Oncology Center and Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, 1654 Upham Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Antonio M.P. Omuro Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Peiyu Pu Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People s Republic of China Vinay K. Puduvalli Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Swapan K. Ray Abhik Ray-Chaudhury Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Subhasree Roy Choudhury Nader Sanai Institute for Regeneration Medicine and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Thomas N. Seyfried Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA Omar Skalli Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Cynthia T. Welsh Departments of Pathology and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA