Learning Relative permanent changes in an organism s behavior resulting from an interaction with the environment. Who was Wundt? How long would it take you to learn the material for the first exam?
Classical Conditioning or Respondent Conditioning Ivan P. Pavlov Russian Physiologist not a psychologist Nobel Prize Winner. Some behaviors happen naturally You do not have to learn how to blink. An Unconditioned Stimulus brings about an Unconditioned Response or Reflex Pair this UCS (US) with a neutral stimulus and what happens? Learning to give the response to a new Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus when paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus over a period of trials will bring about a Conditioned Response Joe (Neutral) Blow (UCS) BLINK (UCR) Joe (CS) Blink (CR) The Paradigm CS UCS UCR. Proper way for Classical Conditioning to occur.
Automatic response elicited by the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US). Reflex- an innate, involuntary behavior elicited or caused by an antecedent environmental event. Examples: 1. Blushing 2. Shivering 3. Being startled 4. Salivating 5. Others?
CR and UCR are rarely identical. They are Similar but rarely Identical. CR is the body s preparation for the US. Fear Conditioning Electric shock-animal squeals and its heart beats faster this is the UR. When the animal sees the CS its response (CR) is different. It freezes, tenses its muscles and its heartbeat slows. This reaction is a fearful anticipation.
Dog salivating UCR is much richer in digestive enzymes in comparison to salivation in response to the tone or bell (CS). CS is a signal to get ready. The UCS is about to arrive.
Most phobias have their source in Classical Conditioning. What are some examples of classical conditioning in real life? Taste Aversion? Advertising? Christmas commercials. Conditioned Fear? Watson s Little Albert.
Whenever Jim s father drinks too much, he gets very violent and beats Jim severely. This has happened on several occasions. Now, just the smell of beer makes Jim fearful. (UCS) Beating (UCR) Pain Smell of beer + beating (CS) + (UCS) (CS) Smell of beer and (CR) Fear
2) The first time Janice ate German Chocolate cake was at her best friend s birthday party. The night after the party, Janice got a head cold and got so sick she missed three days of school. Now, she can t even look at German Chocolate cake without feeling nauseous. (US) Head cold (UR) Getting sick German Chocolate Cake + Head Cold (CS) + (UCS) (CS) German Chocolate Cake and (CR) Nausea
Higher (Secondary) Order Conditioning
Acquisition (Reinforcement) Extinction Rest what does this mean? Spontaneous Recovery Why does this happen? Behavior did not completely extinguish. Did we learn a NEW behavior? What would this graph look like?
Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Conditioning. John Watson, B. F. Skinner Learning (emitting NOT eliciting) a new behavior. Shaping through Successive Approximation. Teaching a child to talk or walk or write. R S Rf+ How do we teach a dog to sit?
Skinner Box
Principles that apply to both. Discrimination and Generalization Graphs Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous versus Partial or Intermittent Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI)
What happens with extinction when we use each of these schedules? What is a partial or intermittent schedule of reinforcement? Skinner developed these as a result of a need to save food pellets.
Reinforcement and Punishment What is a reinforcement? What is a punishment? Positives and Negatives. Give (ADD) versus Take Away (REMOVE) Think of it as a math function rather than good or bad.
Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Description ADD a positive stimulus Example Getting a hug, smile, or praise Negative Reinforcement REMOVE an aversive stimulus Fastening seat belt to turn off car buzzer
Punishment Positive Punishment Description ADD a negative stimulus Example Getting hit or slapped Negative Punishment REMOVE a pleasant stimulus Take away the car
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Sensation Process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus from the environment.
Perception Awareness or interpretation of sensation. Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize and give meaning to objects and events. More complex compared to sensation.
Transduction Transforming stimulus energies into neural impulses Retina in the eye and cochlea in the ear
THE EYE
Cornea The transparent tissue covering the front of the eye. Look at your eye in the mirror. You will notice a clear surface covering the iris (the colored part of the eye) and pupil. This is the cornea. The cornea is as smooth and clear as glass but as strong and durable as plastic. It helps the eye in two ways: The cornea provides a physical barrier that shields the inside of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful matter. It acts as the eye's outermost lens.
Iris The colored part of the eye Helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye. When there is bright light, the iris closes the pupil to let in less light. And when there is low light, the iris opens up the pupil to let in more light. Similar to the aperture of a camera.
Pupil The dark center opening in the middle of the iris. Changes size to adjust for the amount of light available (smaller for bright light and larger for low light). Similar to the iris--like the aperture in most 35 mm cameras which lets in more or less light depending upon the conditions.
Sclera - The white outer coat of the eye, surrounding the iris. Protects the eye. Vitreous Humor - The clear, gel type of substance which fills the central cavity of the eye. Optic Nerve - A bundle of more than a million nerve fibers carrying visual messages from the retina to the brain.
Lens - Focuses light rays onto the retina. The lens is transparent, and can be replaced if necessary. Our lens deteriorates as we age, resulting in the need for reading glasses. Retina contains the sense cell for vision.
RODS AND CONES MORE RODS COMPARED TO CONES 120 MILLION RODS 6.5 MILLION CONES HOW DISTRIBUTED ON THE RETINA CONES AT THE FOVEA Color vision RODS AT THE PERIPHERY Cannot detect color More for night vision
Depth Cues Monocular Cues Primary non- learned Accommodation Secondary--Learned Texture gradient Linear perspective Aerial perspective Interposition Binocular Cues-both are primary Convergence Retinal Disparity
Texture Gradient
Relative Height
Linear Perspective B A A B
Aerial Perspective-minimized on a clear day
Interposition
Convergence
M.C. Escher
Julian Beever 3-D Optical Illusions
Human Visible Spectrum
THE EAR
The semicircular canals and vestibule function to sense movement (acceleration and deceleration) and static position. The three semicircular canals lie perpendicular to each other. Why perpendicular?
Altered States Sleep and Dreaming Depends on age and habit 4-5 dreams a night About 90 minutes total First dreams are short-get longer as sleep progresses REM Extension of every day life External stimulation can effect--tv
What happens after one day without dreaming? Two to three nights Seven nights Sleep Deprivation Psychosis Need to catch up Starts dreaming almost immediately
75 year-olds have spent 18-24 years sleeping and 5-7 years dreaming Human record: 11 days without sleep. Rats kept from sleeping for 2-5 weeks die (depressed immune system)
ESP Telepathy Reading someone s mind/thoughts. Psychokinesis Moving objects without touching them. Precognition Reading the future. Clairvoyance Via unusual sensation. Fallacy of Positive Instances
Drugs and Behavior Psychoactive Drugs Alter human functioning Give me examples
Alcohol Most abused recreational Drug Central Nervous System Depressant BAC Implicated in about 50% of all auto fatalities Disorders Physiological dependence First thing that is lost when we drink is our judgment
Standard Drink Depends really on the proof of the alcohol 1 ½ oz. of hard liquor, 6 oz. of wine, 12 oz. of beer.08 level-presumptive level of intoxication.25.35.50
Barbiturates Physiological dependence Downers or depressants How to get off of them slowly! Phenobarbital, Seconal Amphetamines Uppers or stimulants Psychological Dependence Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methodize, Cocaine
Narcotics Analgesics or pain killers Greek word for stupor Bind at opiate receptors Pain meds, heroin Cocaine and Marijuana often classified as "narcotics" in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) neither bind opiate receptors nor produce morphine- like effects Physiological dependence
Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline (peyote cactus), psilocybin (certain mushrooms) Effects are unpredictable--depends on amount taken, the user's personality, mood, and expectations, and the surroundings in which the drug is used. Usually, the user feels the first effects of the drug 30-90 minutes after taking it. Flashbacks
Marijuana Cannabis sativa THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) tetrahydrocannabinol) Most commonly abused illicit drug More effects on body than smoking 2005--16.5% of eighth graders, 34.1% of tenth graders, and 44.8% of twelfth graders reported lifetime use of marijuana-decrease Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Schedule I drugs are classified as having a high potential for abuse
Hypnosis Researchers agree on the following: Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized than on skill of the hypnotist. Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.
Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis. Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory