Country Report Fruit Flies in Cambodia

Country Report Fruit Flies in Cambodia I. Background Information 1.1. The National IPM Programme The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) initiated the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme from 1993 after The Environment and IPM workshop was held at the Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh. At this time Cambodia joined 12 other Asian countries as part of the FAO Inter- Country Programme in Rice IPM in South and Southeast Asia with technical assistance and financial support from FAO (under TCP arrangements), IDRC and IRRI. FAO supported GOC in the implementation of a season long Training of Trainers Course (TOT), a Farmer Trainer Orientation Course (FTOC) and Farmer Field Schools (FFS) in 1996 before Cambodia joined the FAO Southeast Asia Regional Vegetable IPM Programme (GCP/RAS/168/AUL) in 1997. The National IPM Programme is positioned within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and its General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA) is responsible for its implementation. The National Programme is currently operating in 18 major agricultural production provinces plus Phnom Penh municipality. The implementation of the Programme has been in close co-operation and collaboration with other concerned ministries, provincial departments of agriculture, local and international organizations and research institutions at all levels. The overall goal is to improve food security and safety through the promotion of Integrated Pest and Crop Management skills at the farm level. IPM enables farmers to grow healthy crops considering production sustainability and socio-economic effectiveness, while safeguarding human health and protecting the natural environment. 1.2. Current Status of the vegetable and fruits area, production and productivity 1.2.1. Current Status of the vegetable areas Vegetable crops are the second most important commodity after rice. Vegetables provide an affordable source of nutrition for lower income families. As short duration crops, vegetables are also a source of much needed cash for farmers, especially those with access to irrigation water from rivers, lakes, creeks and open wells. The major vegetable crops include cabbage, Chinese cabbage, onion, lettuce, and tomato, cucumber, squash, shallot, gourds, beans and chilies. The major vegetable producing provinces are Kandal, Kampot, Siem Reap, Takeo, Kampong Cham and Battambang. Table 1. Vegetables Production in the Year 2009-2010 Description Wet season Dry season Total Cultivated area 28,474 ha 21,804 ha 50,278 ha Average Yield 5.744 tons/ha 7.30 tons/ha 6.419 tons/ha Production 163,555 tons 159,176 tons 322,731 tons (Source: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, April 2010) 1

1.2.2. Current Status of the fruit areas There are several fruit tree growing in Cambodia. Table 2 showed the production areas in each kind of fruit tree are infested by Fruit Fly. Mango crop is the largest production in Cambodia and usually are seriously infested by fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Normally, farmers are growing fruit tree crops in bigger farms in up land than low land areas. The total areas of growing fruit tree are174,533 hectares (MAFF April, 2010). The detail crop grow in each province is in annex 1. Table 2: Area of Fruit and Permanent Crop (ha) Crops Longan Mango Milk Jujube Sapota Custard Orange Guava fruit apple Area (ha) 2,376 23,734 1,216 20 2052 3,218 3,553 1,745 (Source: MAFF April 2010 and Report from Kandal) II. Internal trades and exports (Volumes and destination) Currently, fruit and vegetable produces in Cambodia are not enough for supplying local markets. So that, Cambodian imports many kinds of vegetables and fruits from Vietnam and Thailand for feeding markets demand. Moreover, we also import some fruits from Europe and Unite State as well such as apple and grape. In 2009, Cambodian farmers produced only 322,731 Tons of vegetables in 50,278 ha (MAFF April 2010). According to MAFF 2008, approximately 20% of rural households engage in some vegetable production which can generate higher returns than rice. For example, US$ 400/ha for cauliflower, US$1,400/ha for lettuce, and US$3,000/ha for black pepper, compared to US$100-300/ha for rice. According to estimates, Cambodia import up to 70% of vegetable consumed from Vietnam. The main vegetable varieties imported are onions, red garlic, carrots, potatoes, cabbage and Chinese cabbage. Volumes imported vary from 40t/day between December and March to 160t/day between April and November. The vegetable originate from Ho Chi Mich City market or from producer in Dalat province. Approximately 60% of the vegetable cross the border at Trapeang Phlong in Kampong Cham province and 20% at Bavet in Svay Rieng province. Presently, chili are mainly growing Kampong Cham and Kadal province for exporting to Thailand and supplying to local markets. However, there is no official data for this exporting chili produces III. Occurrences and seasonality of various fruit flies in Cambodia (esp. Oriental Fruit Fly, Borsalis and melon fly, B. cucurbitae) 3.1. Vegetable Crop (Melon fly, B. cucurbitae) The vegetable crops are infested by melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) are bitter gourd, cucumber, pumpkin, water melon, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, ask gourd, bottle gourd, eggplant, tomato and chilli. Based on the reports from Kampong cham and Kandal province, the foresaid vegetable crops have been growing almost the whole year where accessible water expect chili that normally grown after flooded season. Water melon is planted from late wet season until early wet season. Among all above crops, bitter gourd was the highest percentage of infested and damage by the B. cururbitae. The peak melon fly, B. cucubitae on vegetable crops during the dry season. The detail data is in the Annex 2. 2

3.2. Fruit crop (Oriental Fruit Fly, B. dorsalis) In Cambodia, the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) usually attacks the fruit crops where farmers have grown in small area near their house or in big farms such as Mango, orange, Guava, Logan, Sapota, Custardapple, Jujube and Star apple. These crops normally are infested during late fruiting stage, mostly nearly ripening. The seasonality of peak infestation are varying based on crop cycle, for instant, mango fruit was attacked by fruit flies during the dry season in the ripening stage, and orange heavy damaged in wet season. The detail data is in the Annex 3. IV. Current management strategies employed by smallholder farmers & cost benefit ratios The methods mostly used by farmers are to spray pesticide. Farmers in Kandal province spray pesticides mixing 4-6 kinds for controlling melon fly in Bitter gourd production. Those pesticides are namely Abamectin, Dithan, Ridomyl (Mancozeb+Metalaxyl), Mancozeb, Actara (Thiamethoxam) and Cypermethrin. Farmers used these pesticides up to more than 10 times per cropping season and spent from 30% to 40% of the total expanses in bitter gourd production. The incomes from vegetable production are varying from time to time based on market price. Some time farmers made money from their production, and some time they lost when the supply exceed the market demand. Some farmers have also used attractive trap, Methyl-eugenol (ME) for controlling B. dorsalis and Cuelure for controlling melon fly. Some vegetable farmers still use chemical pesticides in bitter gourd production, although he uses the trap. One bitter gourd farmers in Kean Svay district, Kandal province, he used both traps (Vizubon) and chemical pesticides namely: Mancozeb, Abamectin, Actara and Cypermethrin for controlling the melon fly. Regarding with fruit trees, some farmers have used the trap or chemical pesticides to control the fruit fly. Jujube and Mango crops have been seriously infested by Fruit Fly (B. dorsalis) that farmers use a lot of chemical pesticides. Farmers, who grow mango in Kean Svay district, Kandal province, spray Abamectin, Dithan, Cypermetrin and Carate every 07-10 day after flowering for controlling the fruit fly. Farmers also use chemical pesticides in Jujube production to control the flies as well. Some guava farmers are covering guava fruits with plastic for protecting from the fruit fly infestation. However, many fruit crops farmers did not take any intervention to control the fruit fly on milk fruit, custard apple, sapota. longan, guava, orange and mango where growing in small area near their house. V. Indigenous knowledge/practice on fruit fly management Indigenous knowledge of managing melon fly in bitter gourd production is covering by paper and clothes for protecting from the infestation. Presently, some bitter gourd farmers still cover the bitter gourd fruits with paper for protecting the fruits without pesticide use or using lest chemical pesticide. Many fruit crops farmers ignore the infestation from the fruit fly. VI. Brief on the existing phytosanitary laws related to the fruit flies in Cambodia 3

Cambodia still inadequate information about fruit flies in the whole country, because no systematic survey has been conducted. SPS Agreements requires Cambodia as a prospective exporting country and their target market to provide scientific evidence to substantiate any claims regarding to the presence or absence of pests. Training and pest surveillance are needed in the application of SPS in trade and fruit fly specific information comes out regularly at meetings when discussing quarantine and trade liberalization. Under sub-degree on Phytosanitary No. 15 OR NOR. BROR BOR, Dated13 March, 2003 The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for implementation of plant quarantine which Plant Quarantine Authority of General Directorate of Agriculture is implementing the activities. All plant quarantine materials bringing or transport into, exit from or transit in the territory of Kingdom of Cambodia must be inspected and followed the Phytosanitary Treatment. The plant quarantine authority is empowered to inspect and monitor the fruit flies use of plant quarantine materials since they are brought into the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia. VII. Review past project carried out to address the fruit fly management. 7.1. FAO Project: Under the FAO support, a project title: Strengthening the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Services, Project Code: TCP/CMB/3104(D), which started in Nov 2008 and ended in December 2009, trained to technical officers from Department of Plan Protection, CARDI and Royal University of Agriculture, all the participants learnt as following points: Pest surveillance and Objectives Surveillance ISPM 6, Fruit fly surveillance Fruit flies Background Type of Surveillance Identify target area districts, sites and Climate Identify target pests and hosts Status of host pest Mango, fruit flies Fruit Fly Surveillance Methodologies and Sampling How to use GPS Insect classification and identification. Duration and setting of fruit flies specimens Guideline for species identification. Identification of collected specimen /GPS mapping / data entry. 7.2. CARF: The Fruit Flies in Mango Management in Cambodia The project is being implemented in order: - To identify fruit fly species present in mango orchards in Cambodia 4

- To identify and quantify damage incurred in mango orchards due to fruit fly. - To determine current population levels of these species in Cambodia. - To estimate extent of damage due to fruit fly infestations in mango crops in Cambodia. - To develop effective control measures for fruit fly in Mango orchards. - To effectively disseminate this information to technical staff, extension workers and farmers. During the period the project has conducted on the surveillance including presence, population density, spread and damage of fruit flies on mango in Takeo and Kampot province. The fruit fly species recorded are: 1-Bactrocera dorsalis 2- Bactrocera correcta 3- Bactrocera cucurbitae 4- Bactrocera tau 5- Bactrocera caudata 6- Dacus logicornis 7- Bactrocera dorsalis complect 8- Bactrocera tubercolata Pictures of the fly are shown in the annex 4 VIII. Priority Activities The priority activities for managing and controlling the fruit fly in Cambodia as following: - Conducting baseline surveys on Fruit Fly surveillance in some main fruit and vegetable production provinces - Setting up participatory researches for finding out the better management and control fruit fly in Cambodia - Conducting training of trainer for IPM trainers - Organizing Farmer Field Schools for educating farmers on fruit fly - Collaborate with international experts on melon and fruit fly to find out methodology to manage and control these pests - Developing the technical documents IPM on fruit fly and establishing networks among Asian fruit fly professionals; - Enhancing knowledge and experiences of participants in plant quarantine regulations pertaining to in-field and post-harvest management of fruit flies to minimize trade restrictions in marketing fruits and vegetables 5

Annex 1: Area of Fruit and Permanent Crop 2009 (ha) Province name Longan Mango Milk Fruit Sapodilla Jujube Custard apple Orange Guava Total 1 Banteay Mean Chey 20 748 190 205 265 210 65 1,703.00 2 Battambang 380 1212 165 497 368 1875 210 4,707.00 3 Kompong Cham 34 2391 69 123 247 392 70 3,326.00 4 Kompong Chhnaing 6 618 77-181 14 896.00 5 Kompong Speu 1525 2470 147 252 65 36 48 4,543.00 6 Kompong Thon 25 235 120 16 122 75 94 687.00 7 Kompot 11 3935 176 88 440 116 97 4,863.00 8 Kandal 103 1260 67 585 20 45 50 271 2,401.00 9 Koh Kong 45 543 15-66 151 115 935.00 10 Kratie 9 2241-13 30 70 11 2,374.00 11 Mondulkiri 15 569 13 8 39 31 675.00 12 Phnom Penh City 8 80 20 2 - - 110.00 13 Preah Vihea - 59-3 - 13 75.00 14 Prey Veng 11 395 20 1 32 6 100 565.00 15 Pursat 23 820 5 17 125 87 193 1,270.00 16 Rattankiri - - - - - - - 17 Siem Reap 40 3025 88 123 208 175 80 3,739.00 18 Sihanouk ville 9 596 - - 403-20 1,028.00 19 Steung Treng 98 379-99 231 200-1,007.00 20 Svay Reing 2 885 5 - - 21 164 1,077.00 21 Takeo 7 798 24 12 335 25 175 1,376.00 22 Otdar Mean Chey 2 72 3 3 12 6 20 118.00 23 Kep - 26 5 1 4-12 48.00 24 Pailin 3 377 7 4 - - - - 391.00 Total 2376 23734 1216 2052 20 3218 3553 1745 37,914.00 Source: MAFF 2010 and Report from Kandal 6

Annex 2: Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in kompong Cham and Kandal Province No. Province Name Common name Area vegetable type (Ha) Season of the crop Peak Melon fly infestation months Current management (C = Chemical; B= Biological ; L = Local) Severity in 2009-10 Severity in 2004-5 Infested area Yield losses Infested area Yield losses 1 Kampong Cham 2 Kandal pumpkin 170 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 50% 5% 50% 5% Sponge gourds 125 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 L 70% 20% 65% 15% Ridge gourd 185 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 70% 20% 65% 15% Cucumber/Ghirkins 460 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 70% 25% 65% 20% Eggplant 240 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 60% 20% 55% 20% chilli, 490 10 to 07 11 to 07 C + L 50% 15% 45% 10% Ash gourd 250 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 60% 20% 65% 15% Tomato 210 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 50% 10% 45% 10% bottle gourd 90 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 40% 5% 40% 5% Bitter gounrd 150 5-10/10-02 6-10/11-02 C + L 80% 35% 80% 35% Water melon 310 10 to 06 10 to 06 C + L 60% 10% 55% 10% pumpkin 20 Nov- Apr Jan- Feb C + L 60% 5% 60% 5% Sponge gourds 30 Nov- Apr Jan- Feb C + L 40% 5% 50% 10% Ridge gourd 10 Nov- May Jan- Feb L 40% 3% 50% 5% Cucumber/Ghirkins 30 Nov-Feb Jan-Mar C + L 50% 15% 55% 15% Eggplant 20 Oct- May Jan-Mar C + L 20% 5% 30% 10% chilli, 40 Dec- May Jan-Mar C + L 50% 20% 60% 20% Ash gourd 20 Nov-Feb Jan- Feb C + L 40% 9% 50% 12% Tomato 10 Nov-Mar Jan- Feb C + L 30% 4% 40% 6% bottle gourd 5 Nov-Feb Jan-Mar C + L 20% 2% 30% 5% Bitter gounrd 30 Nov-Sep Feb- April C + L 100% 45% 80% 40% Water melon 15 Nov- June Feb-Mar C + L 40% 9% 30% 5% Notes: - The detail data is estimated by the Provincial IPM Coordinator, IPM Trainers and related persons 7

Annex 3: Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dosalis), In Cambodia No. Common name Area by fruit type (Ha) Season of the crop (pl. indicate month nos. 1..12) Peak Fruit fly infestation months Current management (C = Chemical; B= Biological ; L = Local) Severity in 2009-10 Severity in 2004-5 Infested Area Yield losses Infested Area Yield losses 1 Oragnge 3553 01 to 12 7 to 11 C+L 57% 13% 50% 10% 2 Guava 1745 01 to 12 01 to 12 C + L 70% 20% 70% 20% 3 Longan 2376 01 to 12 05 to 12 C + L 55% 10% 50% 10% 4 Sapota 2052 01 to 12 01 to 05 L 45% 8% 40% 5% 5 custard-apple 3218 01 to 12 05 to 09 C + L 70% 25% 60% 20% 6 Jujube 20 01 to 12 04 to 12 C + L 95% 35% 90% 30% 7 Star Apple/Milk fruit 1216 05 to 06 01 to 03 L 65% 15% 60% 10% 8 Mango 23,734 01 to 12 01 to 05 C + L 75% 30% 70% 25% Total 37,914.00 Note: - The data of total area and area of each crop is take from MAFF 2010 - The above detail data is estimate 8

Annex 4: Fruit flies found in Takeo and Kampot Province 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1-Bactrocera dorsalis ; 2- Bactrocera correcta ; 3- Bactrocera cucurbitae ; 4- Bactrocera tau ; 5- Bactrocera caudata ; 6- Dacus logicornis ; 7- Bactrocera dorsalis complect ; 8- Bactrocera tubercolata Trap point 8 9

Annex 5. List of fruit fly species detected in Takeo and Kampot Province. Location Number of trap Species of fruit flies I- Takeo Province 1- Prey Kla Village, Cham Ras Pane Commune, SamRong District 2- Chroy Pro Kho.Village, BaRay Commune, Done Keo District II- Kamport Province 1- Prey Kmom Village, Prey Kmom Commune Tek Chou District 10 10 10 - Bactrocera dorsalis - Bactrocera correcta - Bactrocera tubercolata - Bactrocera cucurbitae - Bactrocera tau - Bactrocera caudate - Bactrocera longicornis - Bactrocera dorsalis complect - Bactrocera dorsalis - Bactrocera correcta - Bactrocera cucurbitae - Bactrocera tau - Bactrocera caudate - Bactrocera dorsalis - Bactrocera correcta - Bactrocera cucurbitae - Bactrocera tau - Bactrocera caudate - Bactrocera hochii - Bactrocera dorsalis complect - Bactrocera longicornis - Bactrocera apicalis 2- Berng Thom Khang Lec Village KanThor Khang Lec Commune Kampong Trach District 10 - Bactrocera dorsalis - Bactrocera correcta - Bactrocera cucurbitae - Bactrocera tau - Bactrocera caudate - Bactrocera longicornis - Bactrocera dorsalis complect 10