Chapter 13 Skeletal System and Joint Movements Susan G. Salvo Introduction Skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints 206 bones in the body Bone is living tissue Skeletal system is the roadmap for locating muscles during massage 1 2 Physiology Classification of Bones Supports body through a bony framework Protects vital organs Provides movement by giving leverage through muscle attachments Produces blood cells Stores fat Stores minerals Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid 3 4 Anatomy of a Long Bone Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis cylindrical shaft Epiphyses two ends Metaphysis where diaphysis and epiphyses meet Epiphyseal plate growth plate in immature bone Epiphyseal line replaced plate when bone growth is complete 5 Medullary cavity center of diaphysis Periosteum CT sheath surrounding diaphysis; contains vascular tissue and bone-forming cells Articular cartilage covers articular surface of bone; hyaline cartilage Interosseous ligament connects select bones such as radius and ulna 6 1
Anatomy of a Long Bone Histology Vascular channels: Haversian canals run longitudinally Volkmann s canals run horizontally Histology study of tissues Cells within skeletal system: Osteoblasts bone-forming cells Osteoclasts cells that break down bone tissue Osteocytes mature osteoblasts that become embedded in bone matrix 7 8 Histology Bone Development Types of bone: Spongy found in center of long bones Compact forms periphery of all bones and a portion of the shaft of long bones Ossification process of bone development where preexisting connective tissue is replaced with osseous tissue Intramembranous formation of bone from membrane; found on roof and sides of skull Intracartilaginous formation of bone from cartilage; found in bones of extremities 9 10 Bone Health, Exercise, and Aging Exercise stresses bones, which strengthens them Stimulates secretion of calcitonin Stimulates osteoblasts to produce more tissue Aging process osteoclasts break down bone faster than osteoblasts can rebuild it Skeletal Distribution 11 12 2
Skeletal Distribution Axial skeleton: Skull 29 bones Vertebral column 26 bones in adult; 31 or 33 in embryo Sternum 1 bone in adult; 3 in embryo Ribs 24 bones Skeletal Distribution Appendicular skeleton: Shoulder (pectoral) girdle 4 bones Upper limbs 60 bones Pelvic girdle 2 bones in adult; 6 in embryo Lower limbs 60 bones 13 14 Bony Markings Articulations Bones have bumps, holes, and depressions Marks located where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach, and where nerves and blood vessels pass Also known as bony landmarks or surface markings 15 Articulation, arthrosis, and joint are synonymous terms Purposes: Hold bones together Allow rigid system to move 16 Articulations Synovial Joints Synarthroses (fibrous): movement is absent or limited Joints between skull bones Amphiarthroses (cartilaginous): slightly moveable Joints between ribs and breastbone Diarthroses (synovial): freely moveable joints Shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee 17 18 3
Synovial Joints Articular cartilage decreases friction and helps absorb shock as bones move Joint capsule sleeve around joint Joint cavity inner area lined with synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid Synovial fluid viscous fluid providing nutrition and lubrication Bursae saclike structure lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid 19 Flexion bends or decreases the angle of a joint Extension straightens or increases the angle of a joint 20 Abduction movement away from the midline Adduction movement toward the midline Supination lateral or outward rotation of forearm Pronation medial or inward rotation of forearm 21 22 Plantar flexion toes pointing downward Dorsiflexion toes pointing toward the shin Inversion elevation of medial edge of foot; sole is turned inward Eversion elevation of the lateral edge of foot; sole is turned outward 23 24 4
Circumduction distal end moves in a coneshaped ROM and proximal end is fixed Rotation circular movement in which bone moves around its central axis Elevation raising or lifting a body part superiorly Depression lowering or dropping a body part inferiorly 25 26 Protraction movement forward or anteriorly Retraction movement backward or posteriorly Opposition tip of thumb touches tip of any other finger of same hand Lateral deviation side to side movement 27 28 Pelvic Angles Pelvic Angles Tilt an anterior or posterior tilting of the entire pelvis in the frontal plane Rotation one side of the pelvis is further forward than the other around a central axis Obliquity one side of the pelvis is higher than the other side in the horizontal plane 29 30 5
Types of Synovial Joints Types of Synovial Joints Monoaxial joints Hinge Pivot Biaxial joints Ellipsoidal Saddle Triaxial joints Gliding Ball-and-socket 31 32 Classification of Levers Classification of Levers 33 34 Ankylosing spondylitis Baker s cyst Bunion Bursitis Dislocation Fractures Simple Compound Stress Gouty arthritis Hammertoe 35 36 6
Herniated disk Kyphosis Lordosis Lyme disease Osgood-Schlatter disease Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Rhuematoid arthritis Scoliosis Separation Spondylolisthesis Spondylosis 37 38 Summary Sprain First degree Second degree Third degree Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Whiplash Skeletal system composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints Massage therapists use knowledge of skeletal system for the following: Leverage Bony markings Movements allowed by joints Skeletal pathologies that contraindicate massage 39 40 7