The Structure of Medical Language

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Chapter 1 The Structure of Medical Language Measure Your Progress: Learning Objectives After you study this chapter, you should be able to Identify the five skills of medical language communication. Describe the origins of medical language. Recognize common Latin and Greek singular nouns and form their plurals. Describe characteristics of combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes. Give the medical meaning of common word parts. Divide medical words into word parts and build medical words from the word parts. Spell and pronounce common medical words. Describe the format and contents of the medical record. Dive deeper into medical language by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.mymedicalterminologylab.com. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. 1

It All Starts with Word Building Medical language is all about medical words and their word parts. Jump right into this chapter by learning some of the combining forms and their definitions that you will encounter in this chapter. append/oarthr/ocardi/ocutane/oesthes/ogastr/ohepat/olaryng/omamm/oneur/opneumon/opsych/othyroid/otonsill/otrache/ourin/o- ven/o- appendix joint heart skin sensation; feeling stomach liver larynx (voice box) breast nerve lung; air mind thyroid gland tonsil trachea (windpipe) urine; urinary system vein 2 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Word Search Complete this word search puzzle that contains Chapter 1 words. Look for the following words as given in the list below. The number in parentheses indicates how many times the word is found in the puzzle. communication medical (2) CPR origin diagnosis patient EPR (2) plural etymology (2) prefix Greek record (2) HIPAA (2) suffix language treatment Latin (3) word (2) listen (2) A P S R T C W O R D R O C E R G R E E K L I S T E N O P Z P X E S C G Q R N C Y M S R L E K F W O R D E T Y M O L O G Y V I H R V I B K U C L R J M G D X H D T L A N G U A G E E O P I I A R A I O N L T D W L L O F P U L C J S I H I P A A O R F A E A I G M T C N W T R M I U A T L D F O A E L I N U Y G S I F Q E O L L P N C D L T I O T N E M T A E R T X Z P E N H I R V B D I A G N O S I S Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 3

Crossword Puzzle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 14 16 4 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Across 1. A is an allied health professional who responds to emergency calls in the community. 5. Medical words are derived from the and Latin languages. 7. The prefix means against. 8. The prefix means slow. 9. The combining form means vein. 11. A is the process of using an instrument to examine the stomach. 14. A is the foundation of a medical word 16. Medical language skill #4 involves writing (or typing) and the ability to correctly words. Down 1. The combining form means lung; air. 2. The suffix means one who specializes in. 3. In this textbook, you will study medical. 4. It is important to be able to spell medical words correctly when you them in the patient s medical record. 6. is the study of the heart. 10. A tumor on a nerve is a. 12. The suffix means surgically created opening. 13. The history and family history are two headings in the patient s medical record. 15. The suffix means process of cutting or making an incision. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 5

Underline the Accented Syllable Read the medical word. Then review the syllables in the pronunciation. Underline the primary (main) accented syllable in the pronunciation. 1. anesthesia (an-es-thee-zha) 2. subcutaneous (sub-kyoo-tay-nee-us) 3. neuroma (nyoor-oh-mah) 4. cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-meg-ah-lee) 5. hypothyroidism (hy-poh-thy-royd-izm) 6. appendectomy (ap-en-dek-toh-mee) 7. cardiology (kar-dee-aw-loh-jee) 8. postnasal (post-nay-zal) 9. pneumonia (noo-mohn-yah) 10. polyneuritis (paw-lee-nyoor-eye-tis) 11. psychosis (sy-koh-sis) 12. tachycardia (tak-ih-kar-dee-ah) 13. tonsillitis (tawn-sil-eye-tis) 14. endotracheal (en-doh-tray-kee-al) 15. colostomy (koh-law-stoh-mee) 6 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Word Surgery Read the medical word. Break the medical word into its word parts and give the meaning of each word part. Then give the definition of the medical word. 1. arthropathy 2. bradycardia 3. cardiomegaly 4. postnasal 5. endotracheal Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 7

6. gastrointestinal 7. epidermal 8. hypothyroidism 9. intravenous 10. pericardial 11. pneumonia 8 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

12. polyneuritis 13. subcutaneous 14. appendectomy 15. urination Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 9

Chapter Quiz Multiple Choice 1. Effective communication involves A. reading and writing. B. listening and speaking. C. thinking and analyzing. D. All of the above. 2. A prefix A. can be found at the beginning of a medical word. B. can be found at the end of a medical word. C. is present in every medical word. D. is combined with a consonant. 3. A root followed by a vowel (usually an o) is known as a A. stem. B. combining form. C. suffix. D. prefix. 4. Which of the following is a combining form? A. ven/o- B. urin/o- C. gastr/o- D. All of the above. 5. Which of the following is a suffix? A. peri- B. -ar C. pneumon/o- D. cardi/o- 10 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6. When building a medical word, A. use a combining form plus a suffix. B. start with a suffix. C. end with a prefix. D. use a prefix immediately followed by a suffix. 7. When analyzing the word cardiology, you find A. a prefix and suffix. B. combining form and a suffix. C. a suffix meaning lungs. D. a prefix and a combining form. 8. A prefix often gives information about A. location or direction. B. amount, number, or speed. C. degree or quality. D. All of the above. 9. Medical words can have A. no word parts. B. a prefix plus a combining form and a suffix. C. no prefix. D. All of the above. 10. To analyze a medical word, begin A. with the prefix. B. with the combining form. C. with the suffix. D. with the combining vowel. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 11

Fill in the Blank 1. The prefix that means around is. 2. The prefix that means below; deficient is. 3. When a medical word ends in -um, make it plural by changing the -um to. 4. HIPAA stands for. 5. Although CPR can stand for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in the context of medical records it means. 6. is the abbreviation for diagnosis. 7. The plural of bronchus is. 8. The word part post in postnasal is a. True/False 1. Prefixes and suffixes modify the meaning of the combining form. 2. Occasionally a medical word contains two prefixes. 3. The prefixes a- or an- mean painful. 4. Analyzing a medical word begins by finding the meaning of the prefix. 5. Gastrointestinal contains two prefixes and one suffix. 6. To make the plural form of phalanx, change the -nx to -nxes. 7. An informed consent is a document that describes the purpose of the proposed surgery and informs the patient of alternatives, risks, and possible complications. 8. In the see-and-say method of pronunciation used in the textbook, the syllable that is emphasized (accented syllable) is in capital letters. 9. The etymology of a medical word is how it is pronounced. 10. The suffixes -ic, -al, -ar, and -ous all mean pertaining to. 12 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pronunciation Checklist Read each word and its pronunciation. Practice pronouncing each word. Verify your pronunciation by listening to the Pronunciation List on www.mymedicalterminologylab.com. Check the box next to the word after you master its pronunciation. o abdominal (ab-daw-mih-nal) o alveoli (al-vee-oh-lie) o alveolus (al-vee-oh-lus) o anesthesia (an-es-thee-zha) o antibiotic (an-tee-by-aw-tik) o apex (AA-peks) o apices (AA-pih-seez) o appendectomy (ap-en-dek-toh-mee) o areola (ah-ree-oh-lah) o areolae (ah-ree-oh-lee) o arthritis (ar-thry-tis) o arthropathy (ar-thraw-pah-thee) o aspermia (aa-sper-mee-ah) o atria (AA-tree-ah) o atrium (AA-tree-um) o bacteria (bak-teer-ee-ah) o bacterium (bak-teer-ee-um) o bilateral (bi-lat-er-al) o bradycardia (brad-ee-kar-dee-ah) o bronchi (BRONG-ki) o bronchus (BRONG-kus) o bursa (BER-sah) o bursae (BER-see) o calculi (KAL-kyoo-lie) o calculus (KAL-kyoo-lus) o carcinoma (kar-sih-noh-mah) o carcinomata (kar-sih-noh-mah-tah) o cardiac (KAR-dee-ak) o cardiology (kar-dee-aw-loh-jee) o cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-meg-ah-lee) o colonoscope (koh-law-noh-skohp) o colostomy (koh-law-stoh-mee) o communication (koh-myoo-nih-kay-shun) o conjunctiva (con-junk-ty-vah) o conjunctivae (con-junk-ty-vee) o cortex (KOR-teks) o cortices (KOR-tih-seez) o decubiti (dee-kyoo-bih-tie) o decubitus (dee-kyoo-bih-tus) o dementia (deh-men-sha) o diagnoses (dy-ag-noh-seez) o diagnosis (dy-ag-noh-sis) o digestion (dy-jes-chun) o digestive (dy-jes-tiv) o diverticula (dy-ver-tih-kyoo-lah) o diverticulum (dy-ver-tih-kyoo-lum) o dysphagia (dis-fay-jee-ah) o endotracheal (en-doh-tray-kee-al) o epidermal (ep-ih-der-mal) o epididymides (ep-ih-dih-dim-ih-deez) o epididymis (ep-ih-did-ih-mis) o etymology (et-ih-maw-loh-jee) o euthyroidism (yoo-thy-royd-izm) o fibroma (fy-broh-mah) o fibromata (fy-broh-mah-tah) o ganglia (GANG-glee-ah) o ganglion (GANG-glee-on) o gastric (GAS-trik) o gastrointestinal (gas-troh-in-tes-tih-nal) o gastroscopy (gas-traw-skoh-pee) o glomeruli (gloh-mair-yoo-lie) o glomerulus (gloh-mair-yoo-lus) o gyri (JY-rye) o gyrus (JY-rus) o haustra (HAW-strah) o haustrum (HAW-strum) o hemiplegia (hem-ee-plee-jah) o hepatic (heh-pat-ik) o hila (HY-lah) o hilum (HY-lum) o hypertension (hy-per-ten-shun) o hypothyroidism (hy-poh-thy-royd-izm) o index (IN-deks) o indices (IN-dih-seez) o intercostal (in-ter-kaw-stal) o intestinal (in-tes-tih-nal) o intracardiac (in-trah-kar-dee-ak) o intranasal (in-trah-nay-zal) o intravenous (in-trah-vee-nus) o irides (IH-rih-deez) o iris (EYE-ris) o labia (LAY-bee-ah) o labium (LAY-bee-um) o language (LANG-gwij) o laparotomy (lap-ar-aw-toh-mee) o laryngitis (lair-in-jy-tis) o leiomyoma (lie-oh-my-oh-mah) o leiomyomata (lie-oh-my-oh-mah-tah) o malnutrition (mal-noo-trih-shun) o mammogram (MAM-oh-gram) o mammography (mam-aw-grah-fee) o medical (MED-ih-kal) o mitocondria (my-toh-con-dree-ah) o mitochondrion (my-toh-con-dree-on) o muscular (MUS-kyoo-lar) o neurology (nyoor-aw-loh-jee) o neuroma (nyoor-oh-mah) o nuclei (NOO-klee-eye) o nucleus (NOO-klee-us) o ova (OH-vah) o ovum (OH-vum) o paramedic (pair-ah-med-ik) o patella (pah-tel-ah) o patellae (pah-tel-ee) o pelvic (PEL-vik) o pericardial (pair-ih-kar-dee-al) o petechia (peh-tee-kee-ah) o petechiae (peh-tee-kee-ee) o phalanges (fah-lan-jeez) o phalanx (FAY-langks) o pneumonia (noo-mohn-yah) o polyneuritis (paw-lee-nyoor-eye tis) o polyneuropathy (paw-lee-nyoor-aw-pah-thee) o postnasal (post-nay-zal) o premenstrual (pree-men-stroo-al) o psychiatry (sy-ky-ah-tree) o psychology (sy-kaw-loh-jee) Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 13

o psychosis (sy-koh-sis) o psychotherapy (sy-koh-thair-ah-pee) o quadriplegia (kwah-drih-plee-jah) o respiration (res-pih-ray-shun) o ruga (ROO-gah) o rugae (ROO-gee) o scapula (SKAP-yoo-lah) o scapulae (SKAP-yoo-lee) o sclera (SKLEER-ah) o sclerae (SKLEER-ee) o spirometry (spih-raw-meh-tree) o subcutaneous (sub-kyoo-tay-nee-us) o sulci (SUL-sigh) o sulcus (SUL-kus) o tachycardia (tak-ih-kar-dee-ah) o testes (TES-teez) o testis (TES-tis) o therapist (THAIR-ah-pist) o thrombi (THRAWM-by) o thrombus (THRAWM-bus) o tonsillectomy (tawn-sil-ek-toh-mee) o tonsillitis (tawn-sil-eye-tis) o transvaginal (trans-vaj-ih-nal) o trigeminal (try-jem-ih-nal) o urinary (YOOR-ih-nair-ee) o urination (yoor-ih-nay-shun) o uterine (YOO-ter-in) o venous (VEE-nus) o vertebra (VER-teh-brah) o vertebrae (VER-teh-bree) o villi (VIL-eye) o villus (VIL-us) 14 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer Key Word Search A P S R T C W O R D R O C E R G R E E K L I S T E N O P Z P X E S C G Q R N C Y M S R L E K F W O R D E T Y M O L O G Y V I H R V I B K U C L R J M G D X H D T L A N G U A G E E O P I I A R A I O N L T D W L L O F P U L C J S I H I P A A O R F A E A I G M T C N W T R M I U A T L D F O A E L I N U Y G S I F Q E O L L P N C D L T I O T N E M T A E R T X Z P E N H I R V B D I A G N O S I S Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 15

Crossword Puzzle P A R A M E D I C L W N S A 5 6 7 G R E E K C A N T I N I U A G T M 8 B R A D Y U 9 10 V E N O D N A N I E 12 13 G A S T R O S C O P Y U E T O L R O C O 15 T O C O M B I N I N G F O R M Y A Y M A 16 S P E L L Y 3 4 11 14 1 2 16 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Underline the Accented Syllable 1. anesthesia (an-es-thee-zha) 2. subcutaneous (sub-kyoo-tay-nee-us) 3. neuroma (nyoor-oh-mah) 4. cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-meg-ah-lee) 5. hypothyroidism (hy-poh-thy-royd-izm) 6. appendectomy (ap-en DEK-toh-mee) 7. cardiology (kar-dee-aw-loh-jee) 8. postnasal (post-nay-zal) 9. pneumonia (noo-mohn-yah) 10. polyneuritis (paw-lee-nyoor-eye-tis) 11. psychosis (sy-koh-sis) 12. tachycardia (tak-ih-kar-dee-ah) 13. tonsillitis (tawn-sil-eye-tis) 14. endotracheal (en-doh-tray-kee-al) 15. colostomy (koh-law-stoh-mee) Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 17

Word Surgery 1. arthropathy Suffix and its meaning: -pathy disease Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: arthr/o- joint Medical word definition: Disease of a joint 2. bradycardia Suffix and and its meaning: -ia condition; state; thing Prefix and its meaning: brady- slow Combining form and its meaning: cardi/o- heart Medical word definition: Condition of a slow heart 3. cardiomegaly Suffix and its meaning: -megaly enlargement Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: cardi/o- heart Medical word definition: Enlargement of the heart 4. postnasal Suffix and its meaning: -al pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: post- after; behind Combining form and its meaning: nas/o- nose Medical word definition: Pertaining to behind the nose 5. endotracheal Suffix and its meaning: -al pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: endo- innermost; within Combining form and its meaning: trache/o- trachea (windpipe) Medical word definition: Pertaining to within the trachea 18 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6. gastrointestinal Suffix and its meaning: -al pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: gastr/o- stomach Combining form and its meaning: intestin/o- intestine Medical word definition: Pertaining to the stomach and the intestines 7. quadriplegia Suffix and its meaning: -ia condition; state; thing Prefix and its meaning: quadri- four Combining form and its meaning: pleg/o- paralysis Medical word definition: Condition of four (limbs with) paralysis 8. hypothyroidism Suffix and its meaning: -ism process; disease from a specific cause Prefix and its meaning: hypo- below; deficient Combining form and its meaning: thyroid/o- thyroid gland Medical word definition: Disease from a specific cause of deficient thyroid gland (hormone) 9. intravenous Suffix and its meaning: -ous pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: intra- within Combining form and its meaning: ven/o- vein Medical word definition: Pertaining to within a vein 10. pericardial Suffix and its meaning: -al pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: peri- around Combining form and its meaning: cardi/o- heart Medical word definition: Pertaining to around the heart Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 19

11. pneumonia Suffix and its meaning: -ia condition; state; thing Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: pneumon/o- lung; air Medical word definition: Condition (of infection) in the lung 12. polyneuritis Suffix and its meaning: -itis inflammation of; infection of Prefix and its meaning: poly- many; much Combining form and its meaning: neur/o- nerve Medical word definition: Inflammation of many nerves 13. subcutaneous Suffix and its meaning: -ous pertaining to Prefix and its meaning: sub- below; underneath Combining form and its meaning: cutane/o- skin Medical word definition: Pertaining to underneath the skin 14. appendectomy Suffix and its meaning: -ectomy surgical removal Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: append/o- appendix Medical word definition: Surgical removal of the appendix 15. urination Suffix and its meaning: -ation a process; being or having Prefix and its meaning: none Combining form and its meaning: urin/o- urine; urinary system Medical word definition: A process (of making and expelling) urine 20 Chapter 1 Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Quiz Multiple Choice 1. D 4. D 7. B 9. D 2. A 5. B 8. D 10. C 3. B 6. A Fill in the Blank 1. peri- 2. hypo- 3. a (or a) 4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 5. computerized patient record 6. Dx 7. bronchi 8. prefix True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False (they mean without) 4. False (begin with the suffix) 5. False (two combining forms and one suffix) 6. False (change -nx to -nges ) 7. True 8. True 9. False 10. True Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Structure of Medical Language 21

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