Bile > acts as a detergent to break up fats like dish soap. It is produced by the liver.

Transcription

1 Unit 13 Gastrointestinal: Glossary, Pronunciation, & Construction Word Pronunciation Definition and Construction Achalasia > ak-ah-lay-zee-ah > when a sphincter fails to relax, in the case of the LES, this would allow food to collect in the esophagus causing an esophagomegaly. Amylase > am-il-ace > enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates. Anasarca > an-ah-sahr-ka > systemic infiltration of fluids into all the subcutaneous tissues (body-wide edema). Ascites > ah-sigh-tez > accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal sac secondary to liver failure. Bile > acts as a detergent to break up fats like dish soap. It is produced by the liver. Buccal > buc-kal > pertaining to the cheeks. Carbohydrates > kahr-bow-hi-draytz > sugars and starches in our foods, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Cementum > seh-men-tum > tough connective tissue surrounding the root of the tooth. Cheiloschisis > key-low-ski-sis > cleft lip, split lip. Cholangiogram > ko-lan-gee-oh-gram > record of the study of the bile duct. Cholecystitis > ko-leh-sis-tie-tis > inflammation of the bile sac (gallbladder). Cholecystokinin > ko-leh-sis-toe-ki-nin (CCK) > GI hormone released by the duodenum in the presence of a fatty meal. It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

2 Choledocholith > ko-leh-doe-ko-lith > stone in the bile duct. Choledocholithotripsy > ko-leh-doe-ko-lith-oh-trip-see) > to break up (fragment) the stone in the bile duct. Cirrhosis > sear-oh-sis > abnormal condition of the liver (cirrh = yellow in Latin). Colectomy > ko-lek-toe-me > surgical removal of the colon. Colonoscopy > ko-lon-os-ko-pee > instrument to look into the colon. Colopexy > ko-low-pek-zee > to surgically fix the colon in place. Colorectal > ko-low-rek-tal > pertaining to the descending colon and rectal area. Colostomy > ko-los-toe-me > to surgically create a new opening, typically bringing the colon up to skin level for evacuation into a colostomy bag. Constipation > kon-sti-pay-shun > infrequent bowel movements that tend to be small and hard. Crohn s > kronz disease > inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Defecation > def-eh-kay-shun)> discharge of feces, a bowel movement or stooling. Dental > pertaining to the teeth, used primarily to denote anatomy. Diarrhea > die-ah-re-ah > flow through (literally), the passage of watery stool on a regular basis. Diastema > die-ah-steh-mah > space between adjacent teeth. Diverticula > die-ver-tik-u-lah > hernias of the mucosa and submucosal layers of the colon. Diverticulosis > die-ver-tik-u-low-sis > abnormal condition of turning away.

3 Duodenitis > dew-oh-den-eye-tis > inflammation of the C-loop of the small intestines. Esophagitis > eh-sof-ah-jie-tis > inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagogastroanastomosis > eh-sof-ah-go-gas-tro-ah-nas-toe-mow-sis > surgical formation of a connection between the esophagus and stomach. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy > eh-sof-a-go-gas-tro-due-oh-deh-nos-ko-pee > diagnostic procedure to evaluate the inner mucosal surface for masses, ulcers, bleeding and other conditions. Gastric ulcer > peptic ulcers occur in the stomach rarely because the mucosa is designed for acid BUT a Helicobacter pylori infection can make it happen. Gastroenteritis > gas-tro-en-tur-eye-tis > inflammation of the stomach and small intestines. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) > when gastric acid is able to splash up on to the esophagus. Gastromegaly > gas-tro-meg-ah-lee > over eating may cause enlargement of the stomach. Gastroparesis > gas-tro-par-ee-sis > when the gut stops due to inflammation, injury, medication, or neurologic changes. Churning stops as does peristalsis Gingivitis > jin-ji-vie-tis > inflammation of the gums which can occur with vitamin deficiency and medication side-effects. Glossitis > glos-sigh-tis > inflammation of the tongue. Glossotrichia > glos-so-trik-i-ah > hairy tongue which occurs due to use of chewing tobacco.

4 Glucagon > glue-ka-gon > endocrine hormone secreted by pancreas, increases the level of glucose in the blood from stored energy when food is not available. Glucose > glue-kos > functional carbohydrate used by all cells for energy production. Haustra > haws-trah > pouches, the colon has a series of these pouches which push the feces up and around and enable water reabsorption. Haustrum is singular. Hematemesis > he-mah-tem-ee-sis > bloody vomit associated with UGI bleeding. It can be bright red or coffee-ground appearance (older blood). Hematochezia > hem-ah-toe-key-zi-ah > passage of bloody stool, bright red from local mass or hemorrhoids. Hemoccult > hem-ok-kult > a method to check stool for blood. Hemorrhoids > hem-or-oydz > the varicose (var-i-kos) veins of the anus. Hepatitis > hep-ah-tie-tis > inflammation of the liver. Hepatoma > hep-ah-toe-mah > tumor of the liver. Hepatomegaly > hep-at-oh-meg-ah-lee > enlargement of the liver. Ileus > il-ee-us > a mechanical or adynamic obstruction of the intestines. Incisal > in-sigh-zal > pertaining to the biting edges of the incisor teeth. Insulin > in-sue-lin > endocrine hormone secreted by pancreas. It reduces the level of glucose in the blood by enabling glucose to cross the cell walls.

5 Interproximal > between neighboring surfaces of the adjacent teeth. Intussusception > in-tu-sue-sep-shun > telescoping of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction. Current-like stool (blood + mucus). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) > specific to the motility of the colon. Jaundice > jahn-dis > collection of bile pigments in the dermis and eye sclera that indicates liver malfunction. Jejunoplasty > jeh-jun-oh-plaz-tee > repair of the jejunum. Labiogingival > lay-be-oh-jin-ji-val > pertaining to the lips and gums. Lacteal > lak-tee-al > specialized lymph tissue that resides in the center of each microvilli. It absorbs chyle (kile) (emulsified fat) from the duodenum. Lingual > ling-gwal > pertaining to the tongue. Lipase > lie-pace > enzymes that break fats into monoglyceride (mon-oh-glis-er-ides) and two fatty acids. Malocclusion > mal-oh-klue-shun > poor alignment of the bite or chewing. Megacolon > meh-ga-ko-lon > an enlarged colon. Melena > meh-leh-nah > passage of tarry (black) stool indicating bleeding higher up the GI tract. Mesentery > mes-en-tear-ree > middle area of the peritoneum.

6 Microvilli > my-krow-vil-lie > tiny finger-like structures on the surface of the small intestines. Nasogastric lavage > nay-zo-gas-trik la-vahj > irrigation of the stomach via a tube (NG tube) placed down the nasopharyngeal route. Nausea > naw-zee-ah > sensation of a queasy stomach, the sensation of needing to vomit. Obstipation > ob-sti-pay-shun > an intestinal obstruction due to severe constipation. Obstruction > ob-struk-shun > blockage of any sort from masses, stool impaction, volvulus or intussusception. Odontiasis > o-don-tea-ah-sis > teething > multiple eruptions of baby teeth. Oral > or-al > pertaining to the mouth. Orthodontist > or-tho-don-tist > specialist who straightens teeth. Orthognathic > or-thog-nath-ik > pertaining to the straightness between the maxilla and mandible (chin > gnath/o) Palatoplasty > pal-ah-toe-plaz-tee > repair of the palate is a surgery to effect snoring. Pancreatectomy > pan-cree-ah-tek-toe-me > excision or removal of a part of the pancreas. Pancreatic > pan-cree-at-ik cancer > arise in the exocrine glands of the pancreas Pancreatitis > pan-cree-ah-tie-tis > inflammation of the pancreas. It is associated with some medications, alcoholism, tobacco use, and the presence of gallbladder disease.

7 Peristalsis > pear-ee-stal-sis > rhythmic squeezing that moves food (the bolus) down the alimentary canal. Esophagospasm is the term used when the rhythm is broken. Peritoneoclysis > pear-i-toe-nigh-ok-lie-sis > to flush out or rinse the peritoneum to remove pus and debris. Peritoneum > pear-i-toe-knee-um > to stretch over, the double-layer serous membrane that lines the abdomen and covers most of its organs. Peritonitis > pear-i-toe-nigh-tis > inflammation of the peritoneal sac or space due to inflammation of another organ such as the appendicitis or enteritis. Polyposis > pol-ee-poe-sis > abnormal condition of multiple polyps, these are more likely to be convert to a cancer. Proteases > pro-tee-ayses > enzymes to break down proteins are secreted by the exocrine functions of the pancreas Protein > pro-teen > combination amino acids, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and carboxyl group. Pyloric stenosis > pie-lor-ik sten-oh-sis > narrowing of the sphincter between the stomach and duodenum. Regurgitation > ree-gur-gi-tay-shun > to bring food up or burping. Retroperitoneal > ret-row-pear-i-toe-kneel > behind the peritoneum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, and the kidneys with the adrenal glands are protected and steadied by this deep position in the trunk

8 Sialodochoplasty > sigh-ah-low-do-ko-plaz-tee > repair of the salivary duct. Sialolithiasis > sigh-ah-low-lee-thigh-ah-sis > infestation of salivary gland stones. Sphincter > sfink-ter > a band, like a purse string, the GI tract has several rate limiters which open and close depending on hormone, mechanical, and some voluntary controls. Stoma > stoy-mah > opening, this refers to the artificial opening of the colon to the skin level to bypass a portion of the colon. Stomatitis > stoy-mah-tie-tis > inflammation of the mouth. Sublingual > sub-ling-gwal > under the tongue > used typically for medication delivery. Triglyceride > tri-glis-er-ide > most abundant fat of the body made up of a glycerol and three fatty acids. Ulcerative Colitis > ul-ser-ah-tiv ko-lie-tis (UC) > inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Volvulus > vol-vyu-lus > a twisting of the intestines that causes an obstruction. Vomiting > emesis (em-e-sis) > violent expulsion of the chyme from the stomach.