Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 was a humanist, believed in hierarchy of needsneeds at a lower level dominate an individual's motivations Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 was a humanist, believed in hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivations Albert Bandura 1925-present sociocultural, pioneered in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others invented the Bobo Doll Alfred Adler 1870-1937 neo-freudian, believed in inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation. Anal Stage 2nd stage. Child's development during which bowel control is the primary conflict ages 1-2
Applied Psychologist Psychologists who use the knowledge in an attempt to solve human problems Ex: Pavlov's ideas used to help people with addictions/helps Archetypes Universal belief that we model after patterns Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Independence and selfsufficiency Behavioral Approach An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned Ex: Positive/ negative reinforcement or punishment Behaviorism A theory based on that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
B.F. Skinner A leading behaviorist, who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior The Big Five Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion. Biopsychological Approach an approach that views behavior as strongly influenced by nervous system functions Blank Slate idea that there were no fears at birth, all comes from environment Cardinal Trait Allport's term to describe personality traits that dominate an individual's life
Carl Jung 1875-1961 was a Neo-Freudian he believed people had conscious and unconscious awareness, archetypes, collective unconscious. Carl Rogers 1902-1987 humanistic, he founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the quality of humans especially their potential for personal growth Central Trait Allport's idea of personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual Charles Darwin 1809-1882 English scientist whose came up with the theory of evolution through natural selection. Ex: Inspired the study of psychology Classical Conditioning A type of learning where they learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events to another event
Clinical/Counseling Psychology research on the causes of mental disorders and offer services to help troubled people overcome those disorders Ex: in private clinics, mental hospitals, homeless shelters Cognitive Approach behavior is a result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment, and decision making collective unconcious Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memories. Conscious The person's awareness to the world around them Defense Mechanisms In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety. such as denial
Developmental/Child Psychologist study child development, help disturbed children and their parents who are trying to understand problems they face Ex: Works in Clinics, or private practices or Universities Eclectic Approach An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy Ex: using the Cognitive approach, Behavioral approach as treatment for a patient Ego The rationalist self, the mediator between id and superego Ego-Identity vs. Role confusion achieve knowing who you are and how you fit into the rest of society and avoid confusion Emotional Stable able to handle stress (mental health) Social - need to socialize calm at stressful stituations
Engineering/Human Factors Psychologist do research on how people function best with machines, and to design effective layouts of stores Extraversion A personality indicating they are "outgoing" in nature Free Association Technique used to reveal the unconscious Generativity vs. Stagnation 30-60 years: To achieve the life goals established for oneself, while considering welfare of others Genital Stage Conflicts from childhood reappear. focus on relationships ages: Adolences onward
Gordon Allport 1897-1967 trait theory of personality, 3 levels of traitscardinal, central, and secondary Hans Eysenck 1916-1997 stated that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion Humanistic Psychology Idea of the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth Humanistic Psychology A theoretical view of human nature which stresses a positive view of human nature The Iceburg Metaphor The Conscious was the layer on top and the Unconscious is all that is hidden underneath
Id Contains basic needs and drives, devil-like Industrial/Organizational Psychologist deal with relationships between people and their work environment to help employees who have problems Ex: works usually in large companies or industries Industry vs Inferiority 6-12 years. Children need to cope with new academics success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of incompetence Inferiority Complex Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy due to childhood experiences Initiative vs Guilt 3-6 yrs. Initiates new activities and considers new ideas and is interest in exploring.
Integrity vs. Despair Maturity 64-Death sense life satisfaction and to face death without despair Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) The stage at which meaningful and intimate relationships are developed. Ivan Pavlov 1891-1951 he was the first to research into learned behavior (conditioning) Ex: Developed Classical Conditioning John B. Watson 1878-1958 American psychologist who founded behaviorism. He believed in the study of observable behavior and rejecting the mental process theory. Ex: Little Albert experiment/ Published a book about child rearing Karen Horney 1885-1952 A neo-freudian who focused on more equal representation of men and women and also the role of basic anxiety as a motivating force
Latency Stage ages 6-preadolences. Conflicts from earlier stages remain subdued. No conflicts Libido Freud's term for sexual urge or desire/ energy force Nature-Nurture Issue The debate between which affects us more our parents or the environment around us Ex: parents or others that affect our behavior more Oedipus Complex a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings hate for the father Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or lessened if followed by a punisher
Oral Stage 1st stage. First year of life, primary conflict is teething Personality A person's characteristics or patterns of thinking. Phallic Stage 3rd Stage. Freud's concept of ages 2-6 tension begins to be an attraction to the parent of the opposite sex. Preconscious Freud's idea of a level of awareness that contains material just beneath the conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved. Projective Test A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that helps lead into possible therapy
Psychiatry A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders Psychoanalysis A therapeutic approach that focuses on analyzing their thoughts Ex: Free association Psychoanalysis A therapeutic approach that focuses on analyzing their thoughts Psychoanalytic Theory Freud's theory to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders using the unconscious determinants of behavior Psychology The scientific study of human or animal behavior and mental processes
Psychosexual Stages Developmental periods that effect and model your personality Punishment An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Raymond Cattell 1905-1998 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test) Reinforcement An event following a response that increases the tendency to make that response. Reliability A test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
Research Psychologist Rorschach Inkblot Test School/Educational Psychologist Psychologists who study the cause of certain behaviors or the origin of the behavior Ex: Pavlov's Operant Conditioning A projective personality test where individual interprets the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots and are analyzed. involved with teachers and students, help those with learning disabilities Ex: Works primarily in K-12 education Secondary Trait Allport's idea of specific traits that influence behavior in few situations Self-Actualization Maslow idea of psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
Sigmund Freud Known as the founder of psychoanalysis, focused animal-like behaviors Sigmund Frued Founder of Psychoanalysis, proposed that dream images are disguised in the unconscious, and the internal energy force Ex: Believed in libido, Free association, Defense mechanisms Sociocultural Approach An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior Superego "Moral mind" the perfectionist/ Angel The Talking Cure By talking through a bad experience it will help make the pain go away.
Thematic Apperception Test A projective test where people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about scenes. Theories Broad explanations based on observation, and experimenting. Theory A idea backed up by research and data gathered Trait Theory A theory of personality that focuses on identifying and measuring individual differences in behavior Trust vs Mistrust A conflict in early life that deals with trusting others and the world
Unconditional Positive Regard Rogers idea of an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Unconscious According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories. Validity A test that measures exactly what you intend to measure Wilhelm Wundt He was a physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science he also opened the first psychology research laboratory William James 1842-1910 believed in functionalism, he studied how humans use perception to function in our environment Ex: Published a widely used 1400 pg textbook of pysch, Developed Functionism