Disorders Perspectives Anxiety Mood Schizophrenia Personality http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/psy
Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be: atypical- not enough in itself disturbing- varies with time & culture maladaptive- harmful unjustifiable- sometimes there s a good reason
Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy- full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal s blood
Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder) Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Bio-psycho-social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders- Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders- Etiology Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety Psychotic disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being in high, exposed places Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder on an closed in, and and airplane in a small place insects lightning Being alone In a house at night Dogs Driving Being a car In a crowd of people Cats Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it
Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation
Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Percentage* Reporting Symptom Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework
Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention
Mood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Mood Disorders Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder
Mood Disorders- Depression Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life 20 15 10 Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 5 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Males Females
Mood Disorders- Depression Percentage depressed 10% 8 Females 6 4 2 0 Males 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years
Mood Disorders- Suicide Suicides per 100,000 people 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Males Females
Mood Disorders- Suicide Increasing rates of teen suicide 12% Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 10 (per 100,000) 8 6 4 2 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Mood Disorders- Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state Depressed state
Mood Disorders- Depression Brain chemistry Mood Cognition Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others
Mood Disorders- Depression Percentage of observations 35% 30 25 20 15 Negative Positive behaviors behaviors Self-ratings A happy or depressed mood strongly influences people s ratings of their own behavior
Mood Disorders- Depression 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 1 Stressful experiences 2 Negative explanatory style The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point 3 Depressed mood
Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation split mind a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus
Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Disorganized: Catatonic: Undifferentiated or residual: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another s speech or movements Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types
Schizophrenia Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic 40 30 20 10 0 General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin
Personality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions
Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer s frontal cortex Normal Murderer
Personality Disorders Percentage of criminal offenders 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Total crime Thievery Violence Childhood poverty Obstetrical complications Both poverty and obstetrical complications
Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Ethnicity Gender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6