ANATOMY AND BASIC FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS Know these endocrine organs of the cat: thymus, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Review and know microslides, hormones, and structures of the thyroid and parathyroid glands: THYROID Follicles Parafollicular cells (C-cells) PARATHYROID Parathyroid cells Formerly called Chief cells. Oxyphil cells Observe and know the microslides, hormones and structures of the pancreas: PANCREAS Acinar cells Pancreatic islets Formerly the Islets of Langerhans. Observe and know the microslides, hormones and structures of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. PITUITARY A/k/a hypophysis. The master gland of the endocrine system. Anterior lobe Acidophil cells Basophil cells Chromophobe cells Posterior lobe Observe and know the microslides, hormones and structures of the adrenal glands. ADRENALS (SUPRARENALS) Capsule ADRENAL CORTEX: Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata 7
Zona reticularis ADRENAL MEDULLA: Medullary cells Medullary vein 8
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Know these vocabulary terms: Respiration A/k/a pulmonary ventilation or breathing. External respiration Function of the respiratory system: exchange of respiratory gases (CO 2 and O 2 ). Exchange of gases between air sacs and blood. Internal respiration Exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body. Observe and know the microslides and key structures of the trachea, bronchiole and alveoli. TRACHEA Thyroid cartilage TEXT Laryngeal prominence Adam s Apple Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Epithelium MICROSLIDE Goblet cells Lamina propria Seromucous glands Tracheal cartilage BRONCHIOLE (IN LUNG) Epithelium Lamina propria Smooth muscle ALVEOLI (IN LUNG) Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveolus Pl: alveoli. 9
Review and know these respiratory structures of the cat: Thyroid cartilage Central peak = laryngeal prominence (Adam s apple). Cricoid cartilage Trachea Right lung and its lobes Left lung and its lobes Diaphragm In the cat: anterior, middle, posterior, and mediastinal. In the human: superior, middle and inferior. In the cat: anterior, middle, and posterior. In the human: superior and inferior. 10
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Know these terms: GENERAL TERMS Pulmonary ventilation Inspiration Expiration Respirometer (spirometer) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Tidal volume (TV) RESPIRATORY MEASURES (VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Vital capacity (VC) Practice with the spirometers available in our lab. 11
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Know these terms: Physical digestion (mechanical) Chemical digestion Alimentary canal A/ka GI Tract. Absorption Accessory structures Observe and know the microslides and structures: GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION Esophagus Gastroesophageal junction A/k/a cardioesophageal junction. Stomach STOMACH Gastric pits Gastric glands Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Chief cells Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa SMALL INTESTINE (a) DUODENUM-------- NOTE: We do not review slides of the jejunum, only the duodenum and ileum. Villi Goblet cells Intestinal crypts Lamina propria 12
Mucosa Submucosa Duodenal glands Muscularis externa (b) ILEUM-------------- Villi Mucosa Submucosa Peyer s patches Muscularis externa LARGE INTESTINE (COLON) Goblet cells Review the mixed salivary gland slide and know the structures: SALIVARY GLANDS Mucous cells Serous Cells Review microslides and know the structures of the liver: LIVER Liver lobule TEXT: Central vein Sinusoids CT Septum MICROSLIDE: Lobules Triad region Kupffer cells Hepatocytes 13
Review the microslides and know the structures and hormones of the pancreas: PANCREAS Acinar cells Pancreatic islets Know these digestive structures of the cat: Esophagus Stomach Duodenum of small intestine Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Lesser omentum Greater omentum Colon (large intestine) Mesentery Rectum 14