TABLES OF MUSCLE ACTIONS, INNERVATIONS, AND ATTACHMENTS Table 1-1 ERECTOR SPINAE MUSCLES Intrinsic muscles producing extension and/or lateral of the spine Muscle Joint and Action Innervation Inferior Attachment Superior Attachment Iliocostalis group Spine intervertebral and facet joints: extension and lateral Dorsal rami Pelvis (iliac crest); sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae (spinous Ribs (angles), and thoracic and cervical vertebrae (transverse Longissimus group Spine intervertebral and facet joints: extension and lateral Dorsal rami Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae (transverse Ribs (lateral to tubercles), cervical vertebrae (transverse, and skull (mastoid process) Spinalis group Spine intervertebral joints: extension Dorsal rami Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae (spinous Thoracic and cervical vertebrae (spinous and skull (occipital bone). Table 2-1 POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES I Muscles moving the scapula on the trunk Trapezius Superior to scapular spine Opposite scapular spine Inferior to scapular spine Scapula on trunk: retraction, elevation Scapula on trunk: retraction Scapula on trunk: retraction, depression Spinal accessory Skull (occiput), T2-C2 vertebrae (spinous T3 to T7 vertebrae spinous T8-T12 vertebrae (spinous Scapula (acromion and spine) Levator scapulae Scapula on trunk: elevation Dorsal scapular C4-C1 vertebrae (transverse Scapula (medial border superior to spine) Rhomboideus minor Scapula on trunk: retraction and elevation Dorsal scapular T1-C7 vertebrae (spinous Scapula (medial border opposite spine) Rhomboideus major Scapula on trunk: retraction and elevation Dorsal scapular T5-T2 vertebrae (spinous Scapula (medial border inferior to spine) Adapted from Clinical Anatomy: The Logical Approach. T. Van Houten, 1997. All rights reserved
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 2 Table 2-2 POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES II Shoulder joint extension and other motions Latissimus dorsi Shoulder: extension, adduction, and medial rotation Thoracodorsal T12-T6 vertebrae (spinous Thoracolumbar fascia Humerus (intertubercular groove) Teres major Shoulder: extension and medial rotation Subscapular Scapula (inferior angle) Humerus ( intertubercular groove) Deltoid Scapular part Acromial part Clavicular part Shoulder: extension Shoulder: abduction Shoulder: Axillary Scapula (spine) Scapula (acromion) Clavicle (lateral 1/3) Humerus (deltoid tuberosity) Table 2-3 POSTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES III Posterior rotator cuff muscles, shoulder joint stabilization, and rotation Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Shoulder: stabilization, abduction (first 15 to 30 o ), and lateral rotation Shoulder: stabilization and lateral rotation Shoulder: stabilization and lateral rotation Suprascapular Scapula (supraspinous fossa) Humerus ( greater tubercle) Suprascapular Scapula ( infraspinous fossa) Humerus (greater tubercle) Axillary Scapula ( lateral border) Humerus (greater tubercle * The fourth anterior rotator cuff muscle is subscapularis, which appears below under anterior shoulder muscles. Table 2-4 POSTERIOR BRACHIAL MUSCLE Elbow joint extension Triceps brachii Long head Elbow: extension Scapula (infraglenoid tubercle) Radial nerve Ulna (olecranon process) Lateral head Medial head Elbow: extension Elbow: extension Humerus (lateral shaft) Humerus (medial shaft) 2
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 3 Table 2-5 POSTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP Elbow and/or wrist and/or digital joint extension, other motions including supination Muscle Joint and Action Innervation Distal attachment Anconeus Elbow: extension Radial Brachioradialis Elbow: Radial Humerus (lateral epicondyle Humerus (lateral supracondylar ridge) Ulna (olecranon process) Radius (styloid process) Extensor carpi radialis longus Wrist: extension and radial deviation Radial Humerus (lateral supracondylar ridge) Digit 2 metacarpal (base) Extensor carpi radialis brevis Wrist: extension and radial deviation Radial (deep branch) Humerus (lateral Digit 3 metacarpal (base) Extensor digitorum Wrist: extension Digit 2-5 MCP*, PIP, DIP joints: extension Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Proximal attachment Digit 2-5 extensor Extensor digiti minimi Wrist: extension Digit 5 MCP. PIP, DIP joint: extension Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Humerus (lateral Digit 5 extensor expansion Extensor carpi ulnaris Wrist: extension and ulnar deviation Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Humerus (lateral Digit 5 metacarpal (base) Supinator Radioulnar joints: supination Radial (deep branch) Humerus (lateral Ulna (proximal) Radius (anterior shaft) Table 2-6 POSTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Extension or abduction of digit I (pollux) or extension of digit II (index) Abductor pollicis longus Digit 1 CMC joint: abduction Wrist: abduction Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Ulna (midshaft) Radius (midshaft) Metacarpal 1 Extensor pollicis brevis Digit 1 CMC, PIP joint: extension Wrist: abduction Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Radius (distal shaft) Digit 1 proximal phalanx Extensor pollicis longus Digit 1 CMC, PIP, DIP joints: extension Wrist: extension Radial (posterior interosseous branch) Ulna (distal shaft) Digit 1 distal phalanx Extensor indicis 3 Digit 2 CMC, PIP joint: extension Radial (posterior interosseous) branch) Ulna (distal shaft) Digit 2 extensor expansion CMC = carpometacarpal joint, PIP = proximal interphalangeal joint, DIP = distal interphalangeal joint
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 4 Table 3-1 POSTERIOR HIP MUSCLES I Gluteal muscles, hip joint abduction and other motions Gluteus medius Hip: abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (external surface) Femur (greater trochanter) Gluteus minimus Hip: abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (external surface) Femur (greater trochanter) Gluteus maximus Hip: extension and lateral rotation Inferior gluteal Ilium (external surface) Sacrum and coccyx Sacrotuberous ligament Femur (gluteal tuberosity) Iliotibial tract, a condensation of the fascia lata Tensor fasciae latae Hip: assists in abduction Superior gluteal Ilium (lateral iliac crest) Iliotibial tract Table 3-2 POSTERIOR HIP MUSCLES II (Hip `Rotator Cuff ) Hip joint lateral rotation Piriformis Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to piriformis Sacrum (anterior surface) Femur (greater trochanter) Obturator internus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to obturator internus Pelvis (edges of obturator foramen and obturator membrane) Femur (greater trochanter) Superior gemellus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to obturator internus Pelvis (ischial spine) Femur (greater trochanter) Internal obturator tendon Inferior gemellus Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus femoris Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Femur (greater trochanter) Quadratus femoris Hip: lateral rotation Nerve to quadratus femoris Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Femur (intertrochanteric crest) 4
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 5 Table 3-3 POSTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint extension, knee joint, and rotation Biceps femoris Long head Hip: extension and lateral rotation Tibial Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Knee: Fibula (head) Femur, linea aspera Knee: Short head Fibular Semitendinosus Hip: extension and medial rotation Knee: Tibial Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Tibia (proximal) Semimembranosus Hip: extension and medial rotation Knee: Tibial Pelvis (ischial tuberosity) Tibia (medial condyle) Table 3-4 POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP Knee joint and/or ankle joint plantar Gastrocnemius Lateral head Medial head Knee: Ankle: plantar Tibial Femur (lateral condyle) Femur (medial condyle) Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Plantaris Knee: Ankle: plantar Tibial Femur (superior to the lateral Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Soleus Ankle: plantar Tibial Tibia (soleal line) Fibula (head, neck, and proximal shaft) Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon 5
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 6 Table 3-5 POSTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Ankle joint plantar and other motions Popliteus Knee: Tibial Femur (lateral condyle) Tibia (proximal surface) Flexor hallucis longus Ankle: plantar Digit 1 MCP, PIP, DIP joint: Tibial Fibula (distal shaft) Digit 1 (distal phalanx) Flexor digitorum longus* Ankle: plantar Digit 2, 3, 4, 5 MCP, PIP, DIP joint: Tibial Tibia (middle shaft) Digits 2, 3, 4, 5 (distal phalanges) Ankle: plantar Tibia (proximal surface) Tibialis posterior Tibial Intersal: foot inversion Fibula (proximal surface) *Functionally similar to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in the upper limb Tarsals (navicular and cuneiform) Table 3-6 LATERAL CRURAL MUSCLES Ankle joint plantar and intertarsal joint eversion Fibularis longus Ankle: plantar Intertarsal: eversion Superficial fibular Fibula (proximal shaft) Tarsus (medial cuneiform) Digit 1 metatarsal Fibularis brevis Ankle: plantar Intertarsal: eversion Superficial Fibular Fibula (middle and distal shaft) Digit 5 metatarsal 6
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 7 Table 4-1 ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint, knee joint extension, and other actions Sartorius Hip:, lateral rotation Femoral Pelvis (anterior superior iliac spine) Tibia (proximal shaft) Knee: Rectus femoris Hip: Knee: extension Femoral Pelvis (anterior inferior iliac spine) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Vastus lateralis Knee: extension Femoral Femur (lateral shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Vastus intermedius Knee: extension Femoral Femur (anterior shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Vastus medialis Knee: extension Femoral Femur (medial shaft) Tibia (tuberosity) via the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Table 4-2 ANTERIOR HIP MUSCLES Hip joint and other actions Iliopsoas Psoas major Lumbar intervertebral joint: Hip: Lumbar ventral rami (L1, L2, L3) and femoral Lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs Femur (lesser trochanter) Iliacus Hip: Femoral Pelvis ( iliac fossa) Pectineus Hip: and adduction Femoral Pubis (superior ramus) Femur (pectineal line) 7
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 8 Table 4-3 MEDIAL THIGH MUSCLES Hip joint adduction and other motions Gracilis Hip: adduction Knee: Obturator Pubis (body and ischiopubic ramus) Tibia (proximal shaft) Adductor longus Hip: adduction Obturator Pubis (body) Femur (linea aspera) Adductor brevis Hip: adduction Obturator Pubis (body) and ischiopubic ramus Adductor magnus Hip: adduction Obturator Ischium (ischial tuberosity) and ischiopubic ramus Femur (linea aspera) Femur (linea aspera and adductor tubercle) Obturator externus Hip: adduction and lateral rotation Obturator Pelvis (obturator foramen and obturator membrane) Femur (trochanteric fossa) Table 4-4 ANTERIOR CRURAL MUSCLES Ankle joint dorsi and other motions Tibialis anterior Ankle: dorsi Deep fibular Tibia (proximal shaft) Tarsus (medial cuneiform) Intersal: inversion Digit 1 metatarsal (base) Extensor hallucis longus Ankle: dorsi Digit 1 MCP, PIP joints: extension Deep fibular Fibula (middle shaft) Digit 1 distal phalanx Extensor digitorum longus Ankle: dorsi Digits 2-5 MCP, PIP, DIP joints: extension Deep fibular Fibula (head and proximal shaft) Tibia (lateral condyle) Digits 2-5 middle and distal phalanges Fibularis tertius Ankle: dorsi Deep fibular Fibula (distal shaft) Digit 5 metatarsal Intersal: eversion 8
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 9 Table 5-1 ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES II Shoulder flexor and other motions Pectoralis major Shoulder joint: adduction,, and medial rotation. Medial and lateral pectoral nerves Sternum (manubrium and body) Costal cartilages 1-7 Humerus (intertubercular groove) Clavicle (medial half) Table 5-2 ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES I Muscles moving the scapula on the trunk Pectoralis minor Scapula on trunk: protraction, depression Medial pectoral Ribs 3-5 near costochondral joints Scapula (coracoid process) Serratus anterior Scapula on trunk: protraction, draws vertebral border of scapula toward thoracic wall. Long thoracic Ribs 1-9 laterally Scapula (medial border) Table 5-3 ANTERIOR SHOULDER MUSCLES III Anterior rotator cuff muscle*, shoulder stabilization and medial rotation Subscapularis Shoulder: stabilization Shoulder: medial rotation *The posterior rotator cuff muscles appear above. Subscapular Scapula (subscapular fossa) Humerus (lesser tubercle) 9
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 10 Table 5-4 ANTERIOR BRACHIAL MUSCLES Shoulder joint and/or elbow joint Coracobrachialis Shoulder: Musculocutaneous Scapula (coracoid process) Humerus (midshaft) Biceps brachii Long head Shoulder: Elbow:, ssupination when the elbow is flexed Musculocutaneous Scapula (supraglenoid tubercle) Radius (tuberosity) Short head Elbow:, supination when elbow is flexed Scapula (coracoid process) Antebrachial fascia Brachialis Elbow: Musculocutaneous, contribution from radial Humerus (anterior surface) Ulna (tuberosity) Table 5-5 ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL GROUP Wrist joint and/or digital, and other motions including pronation Pronator teres Radioulnar joint: pronation Median Humerus (medial Radius (midshaft) Ulna (coronoid process) Flexor carpi radialis Wrist: Wrist: abduction Median Humerus (medial Digit 2 metacarpal Palmaris longus Wrist: Median Humerus (medial Palmar aponeurosis Flexor digitorum superficialis Wrist: Digit 2-5 MCP and PIP joints: Median Humerus (medial Ulna (coronoid process) Digit 2-5 middle phalanges Radius (proximal shaft) Flexor carpi ulnaris Wrist: Wrist: adduction Ulnar Humerus (medial Ulna (olecranon and proximal shaft) Carpus (pisiform and hamate) Digit 5 metacarpal 10
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 11 Table 5-6 ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES, DEEP GROUP Wrist and/or digital and other motions including pronation Flexor pollicis longus Wrist: Median Radius (proximal shaft) Digit 1 distal phalanx Digit 1 MCP, IP joints: Flexor digitorum profundus Wrist: Tendons to digits 2 and 3 Digit 2-3 MCP PIP, and DIP joints: Median Ulna (most of shaft) Digit 2-5 distal phalanges Tendons to digits 4 and 5 Digit 2-3 MCP PIP, and DIP joints: Ulnar Pronator quadratus Radioulnar joints: pronation Median Ulna (distal shaft) Radius (distal shaft) Table 6-1 INTRINSIC DORSAL HAND MUSCLES MCP joint and extension, DIP and PIP extension Dorsal interossei (2 heads) Digit 2-4 MCP joints: abduction and Digit 2-4 PIP and DIP joints: extension Ulnar Digit 1-5 metacarpals (adjacent surfaces) Digit 2-4 extensor Table 6-2 INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, THENAR GROUP Digit 1 CMC joint abduction and opposition and CMC and MCP joint Abductor pollicis brevis Digit 1 CMC joint: abduction Median Carpus (scaphoid and trapezium) Digit 1 proximal phalanx Flexor pollicis brevis Digit 1 CMC, MCP joint: Median Carpus (trapezium) Digit 1 proximal phalanx Opponens pollicis Digit 1 CMC joint: opposition Median Carpus (trapezium) Digit 1 metacarpal 11
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 12 Table 6-3 INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, HYPOTHENAR GROUP Digit 5 MCP joint abduction,, and opposition Abductor digiti minimi Digit 5 MCP joint: abduction Ulnar Carpus (pisiform) Digit 5 proximal phalanx Flexor digiti minimi brevis Digit 5 MCP joint: Ulnar Carpus (hamate) Digit 5 proximal phalanx Opponens digiti minimi Digit 5 MCP joint: opposition Ulnar Carpus (hamate) Metacarpal 5 Table 6-4 INTRINSIC PALMAR HAND MUSCLES, INTERMEDIATE GROUP Digit 1 CMC joint adduction or MCP joint adduction and and PIP and DIP extension Adductor pollicis Digit 1 CMC joint: adduction Ulnar Carpus (capitate), digit 2 and 3 metacarpals Digit 1 proximal phalanx (base) Palmar interossei Digit 2, 4, 5 MCP joint: adduction and Digit 2,4,5 PIP and DIP joint: extension Ulnar Digit 2,4, 5 metacarpals (palmar axial surfaces) Digit 2,4,5, extensor Lumbricals to digits 4 and 5 Digit 4 and 5 MCP joint: Digit 4 and 5 PIP joint: extension Ulnar Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Digit 4 and 5 extensor Lumbricals to digits 2 and 3 Digit 2 and 3 MCP joint: Digit 2 and 3 PIP and PIP joints: extension Median Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Digit 2-3 extensor 12
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 13 Table 7-1 INTRINSIC DORSAL FOOT MUSCLES Digital extension, other motions Muscle Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment Extensor digitorum brevis* Digits 2-4 MTP, PIP, DIP joints: extension Deep fibular Calcaneus (dorsolateral surface) Digit 2-4 extensor Extensor hallucis brevis Digit 1 MTP joint: extension Deep fibular Calcaneus (dorsolateral surface) Digit 1 proximal phalanx Dorsal interossei (4) (2 heads) Digit 3-5 MTP joint: abduction and Digits 3-5 PIP and DIP joints: extension Lateral plantar nerve Digit 1-5 metacarpals (adjacent surfaces) Digits 3-4 extensor Table 7-1 INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, `HALAR GROUP Digit 1 MTP joint abduction or abduction Muscle Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment Abductor hallucis Digit 1 MTP joint: abduction, Medial plantar Calcaneus, medial process of tuberosity Digit 1 proximal phalanx Flexor hallucis brevis Digit 1MTP joint: Medial plantar Small tarsal bones, cuboid and lateral cuneiform Digit 1 proximal phalanx Table 7-1 INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, `HYPOHALAR GROUP Digit 5 MTP joint abduction or Muscle Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment Abductor digiti minimi Digit 5 MTP joint: abduction, Lateral plantar Calcaneus, lateral process of tuberosity Digit 5 proximal phalanx Flexor digiti minimi Digit 5 MTP joint: Lateral plantar Digit 5 metatarsal Digit 5 proximal phalanx 13
APPENDIX A. MUSCLES GROUPS AND TABLES 14 Table 7-1 INTRINSIC PLANTAR FOOT MUSCLES, INTERMEDIATE GROUP Digit 1 CMC joint adduction or MCP joint adduction and and PIP and DIP extension Digital, other motions Muscle Action Innervation Proximal attachment Distal attachment Flexor digitorum brevis* Digit 2-4 MTP and PIP joints: Medial plantar Calcaneus (tuberosity) Digit 2-4 middle phalanges Quadratus plantae Supports longitudinal arch of foot Digit 2-4 digital Lateral plantar Calcaneus (tuberosity) Flexor digitorum longus tendon Adductor hallucis Oblique head Transverse head Digit 1 CMC joint: adduction Lateral plantar Cuboid, lateral cuneiform Digit 2-4 MTP joint capsule Digit 1 proximal phalanx Plantar interossei Digit 3,4,5 MCP joints: adduction and Digit 3,4,5 PIP and DIP joints: extension Lateral plantar Digit 3-5 metatarsals (axial surfaces) Digit 3-5 extensor Digit 4 and 5 lumbricals Digit 4 and 5 MTP joint: Digit 4 and 5 PIP and DIP joint: extension Lateral plantar Flexor digitorum longus tendons Extensor expansion Digit 2 and 3 lumbricals Digit 2 and 3 MTP joint: Digit 2 and 3 PIP and DIP joint: extension Medial plantar Flexor digitorum longus tendons *Functionally similar to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in the upper limb Extensor expansion 14