Chapter 9: Darwin, Galton, Cattell, James, and Hall Chapter Outline Charles Darwin Darwin s Early Life The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin s Theory of Evolution Malthus Huxley Wallace The Great Oxford Debate on Evolution Wilberforce v. Huxley Continuity Mechanism Darwin s Psychology Francis Galton Galton s Early Life Galton s Measurements of Individual Differences Anthropometric Laboratory Galton as a Hereditarian Milestone s in the History of Statistics Galton s Eminent Families Nature and Nurture Twins Raised Apart/Twins Raised Together Galton and Eugenics Galton s Inquiries into Human Faculties Galton s Far-Reaching Interests Psychology Finds a Home in the United States James McKeen Cattell Early career Cattell s Other Research Psyche Cattell The Controversial Cattell Cattell as an Editor and Publisher Cattell s Involvement in Professional Affairs William James James s Early Life James Enters Psychology James s Principles of Psychology James as an Eclectic James as a Philosopher James as a Psychologist The stream of consciousness The James-Lange theory of emotion Habit 1
The Moral Equivalent of War Memory Mary Whiton Calkins Granville Stanley Hall Hall s Professional Education Hall s Early Academic Career Hall and the American Journal of Psychology Hall and Clark University Hall and the American Psychological Association Hall as a Developmental Psychologist Storm and Stress: The Hall-Mead Imbroglio Hall and Eugenics Hall s Students The Clark Conference Hall s Life and Confessions Suggested Activities and Assignments Few theories have impacted as many disciplines as Darwin s theory of evolution. Ask students to seek examples of this impact in some other discipline, especially by contacting a professor in that area. Perhaps award extra credit to the student(s) who find its impact in the most unexpected area (e.g., art, music, agriculture). Although Darwin s book is prohibitively lengthy, Wallace s paper on evolution is both short and readily accessible (http://www.zoo.uib.no/classics/varieties.html). Ask students to read it and bring to class their comments on both its content and Wallace s writing style. Many of Darwin s writings, in whole or in part, are available in libraries or on the web. Ask students to read some excerpt of Darwin s writing and report to class what they read and how it relates to psychology. Students may find Darwin s writing style to be surprisingly easy to read and understand (especially relative to Wallace). Demonstrate the normal curve by collecting the heights of all your students. If your class is large enough, collect each gender separately. A fairly quick tally is sufficient to create a plot with each height value (e.g., 5 3, 5 4, 5 5 ) on the x axis and number of people on the y axis. A more involved demonstration, of correlations, could also be done just as it was by Galton. Ask students to get the heights of their biological parents and average them together. Turn in this average parent eight along with their own height. Create a scatterplot of all data by placing student heights along the x axis and average parent height along the y axis. A clear positively-sloping trend will be revealed. Assign students the task of finding five issues to which the nature-nurture debate has been applied. In class, create a list of all their responses. See if any of the issues has any conclusion other than a little bit of both. 2
Students should read some of James s writing to get a flavor for what all the fuss was about. Perhaps the best selection is Chapter IX of Principles, on The Stream of Thought. Various library and web sources provide this opportunity. Open class up for a discussion of the merits and problems of eugenics. Is a moral eugenics possible? What are the pros and cons? What of China s eugenics policies? Is there a better solution for their population dilemma? Web Links http://human-nature.com/darwin/ A great site on Darwin and all things evolutionary http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/departments/darwin/ The Darwin Correspondence Project, with the full text of letters to and from Darwin http://www.galapagos.org/ The Charles Darwin Foundation, promoting research and conservation on the Galapagos http://www.human-nature.com/darwin/origin/contents.htm The full text of Darwin s Origin of Species http://www.human-nature.com/darwin/voyage/contents.html The full text of Darwin s Voyage of the Beagle http://www.human-nature.com/darwin/descent/contents.htm The full text of Darwin s The Descent of Man http://www.human-nature.com/darwin/emotion/contents.htm The full text of Darwin s The Expression of Emotions In Man and Animals http://www.zoo.uib.no/classics/varieties.html http://human-nature.com/darwin/archive/arwallace.html Two of several sites with the full text of Wallace s (1858) paper on evolution http://groups.yahoo.com/group/evolutionary-psychology/ http://groups.yahoo.com/group/james_william/?yguid=70674758 Yahoo has one group devoted to evolutionary psychology and another to William James http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/chagasdisease/factsht_chagas_disease.htm The CDC s description of Chagas Disease, which Darwin likely contracted http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html A paper by J.R. Lucas on the legendary encounter of Wilberforce and Huxley http://www.westminster-abbey.org/ 3
Read about Darwin and see his burial site at Westminster Abbey http://www.williamcalvin.com/bookshelf/down_hse.htm Pictures and information about the Darwin Museum at Down House http://www.maps.jcu.edu.au/hist/stats/galton/ http://www.mugu.com/galton/ http://www.abelard.org/galton/galton.htm Lots of interesting information about Francis Galton can be found at these sites http://www.francisgalton.com/ The entirety of M. Bulmer s biography of Galton can be downloaded here http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/difference5/index2.html University of Sydney s Individual Differences program http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/author.htm#g Full text of several of Galton s works can be found at this Classics in Psychology site http://www.mugu.com/galton/books/hereditary-genius/ The entire Hereditary Genius text http://ovrt.nist.gov/projects/cardlab/vrmlhead.htm Learn about modern anthropometrics http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/quetelet.html http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/pearson.html Information about the mathematicians Quetelet and Pearson http://www.psych.umn.edu/psylabs/mtfs/ Homepage of the Minnesota Twin Family Study http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/ Image archive of the American eugenics movement http://www.eugenics.net/ This Future Generations webpage advocates a modern, humanitarian eugenics http://www.africa2000.com/endx/endx.htm This Eugenics Watch webpage warns of the dangers of modern eugenics http://www.maps.jcu.edu.au/hist/stats/galton/meteor3.htm Information about Galton s contributions to meteorology http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/author.htm#c Numerous articles by Cattell can be read at this Classics of Psychology webpage 4
http://www.cattell.duke.edu/ Learn about The James McKeen Cattell Fund, established by Cattell in 1942 http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/jcattell.html http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/pcattell.html Biographical information about James and Psyche Cattell http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/ciis.html Short description of Psyche Cattell s Infant Intelligence Scale, the CIIS http://www.psychcorp.com/ Webpage of The Psychology Corporation http://www.emory.edu/education/mfp/james.html Probably the best place to start if interested in William James http://www.xrefer.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=552470 Another really good James web resource http://www.williamjames.com/ James-related website with a bent toward his parapsychology and mysticism http://www.pragmatism.org/societies/william_james.htm Homepage for the William James Society http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/author.htm#j Text of many of James s works at this Classics of Psychology site http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agassiz.html Information about the biologist Louis Agassiz http://www.pragmatism.org/ Read about James and other pragmatists at this Pragmatism Cybrary http://www.constitution.org/wj/meow.htm Text of James Moral Equivalent of War speech http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-g/yag40.htm See the USS Granville S. Hall, probably the only navy ship named after a psychologist http://www.clarku.edu/offices/library/archives/hallcollection.htm The G. Stanley Hall collection at Clark University http://www.clarku.edu/offices/library/archives/freud&jung.htm Clark University s entry about Freud and Jung s visit and lectures 5
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/author.htm#h A few articles written by G. Stanley Hall http://www.apa.org The webpage of the American Psychological Association http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/field-samoa.html Information and illustrations of Mead s journey to Samoa from the Library of Congress 6