Prologue: The Story of Psychology
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1 Prologue: The Story of Psychology 1
2 Psychology s Roots Prescientific Psychology In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas. 2
3 Prescientific Psychology Confucius ( B.C.) In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind. home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg 3
4 Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body. 4
5 Prescientific Psychology Socrates ( B.C.) and Plato ( B.C.) Socrates Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. Plato 5
6 Prescientific Psychology Aristotle ( B.C.) Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. 6
7 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes ( ) Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind) body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. 7
8 Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon ( ) Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. 8
9 Prescientific Psychology John Locke ( ) biografieonline.it/img/bio/john_locke.jpg Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. 9
10 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Titchner ( ) Wundt ( ) Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in
11 Psychological Science is Born Functionalism Mary Calkins James ( ) Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. 11
12 Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud ( ) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. 12
13 Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Skinner ( ) Watson ( ) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. 13
14 Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Rogers ( ) Maslow ( ) 14 Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.
15 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 15
16 The Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin ( ) 16
17 Psychology s Three Main Levels of Analysis 17
18 Psychology s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavior genetics How the body and brain enables emotions? How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one s genes? How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? 18
19 Psychology s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic Behavioral How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How we learn observable responses? How can someone s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? 19
20 Psychology s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 20
21 Psychology s Subfields: Research Psychologist Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social What she does Explore the links between brain and mind. Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Investigate our persistent traits. Explore how we view and affect one another. 21
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