Chapter 4 - Classical Conditioning (continued) Basic Phenomena

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Transcription:

Chapter 4 - Classical Conditioning (continued) Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities Basic Phenomena Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Disinhibition Generalization & Discrimination Higher-order conditioning & Preconditioning 1

Acquisition Acquisition: The gradual development and strengthening of a CR. The S-R association requires a number of pairings of the CS and US before an CR develops. The more times the CS and US are paired, the stronger the CR. The stronger the US is and the stronger the NS is, the stronger and faster conditioning will be. The strength of the CR will increase up to a certain point, and will then level off. For example, as a dog is repeatedly presented with a tone and food, the amount of salivation increases until it reaches a certain peak, at which point it will remain at that level. Extinction Continually presenting a CS without a US, will result in the elimination of the CR. When the CS no longer elicits a CR, experimental extinction is said to have occurred. Situations where it is useful to extinguish the CR? 2

Factors Aff ecting Extinction 1. The strength of the CR. The stronger the CS- CR bond, the slower the extinction of the CR. 2. Influence of Predictiveness: If the CS is occasionally presented alone during acquisition, resistance to extinction is increased. 3. Exposure to Cs: As the duration of the CS exposure in extinction increases, the strength of the CR weakens. Is the CR completely extinct? How can we tell? Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of the CR after a rest period following extinction. Becomes weaker each time it occurs after extinction. 3

Spontaneous Recovery To Pavlov, extinction is not a matter of unlearning, but of inhibiting (suppressing) the CR. (still exists on some underlying level) Example: Imagine that you have a problem with test anxiety. Part way through taking a test, your anxiety level starts to die down. Then, someone walks into the test late and you experience a fresh wave of anxiety. Evidence for Pavlov s View What causes this? Perhaps the process of disinhibition (the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced). This shows that the CR is still right there, ready to return once your guard is down It also provides evidence for Pavlov s view that extinction is caused by inhibition rather than unlearning. 4

Classical Conditioning: A Refinement It is not very ef ficient to have to learn a separate conditioned response to every single conditioned stimulus that is similar. At other times, it is important only to make the conditioned response to a very particular stimulus. What are these processes called? Generalization and Discrimination Stimulus Generalization: The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS The transfer of the CR to new stimuli The CR is typically weaker in the nontrained stimulus. 5

Examples of Stimulus Generalization Example: someone frightened at the sight of blood may transfer their fear to other red objects. Little Albert -- conditioned fear of white rat that generalized to other white fuzzy things Can lead to the onset of Phobias- Overgeneralization of fears to inappropriate stimuli Generalization and Discrimination continued Stimulus Discrimination: The tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another Example: baby learns that food comes from its Mom (CS=Mom s face) but not from any other person. 6

Extensions of Classical Conditioning Higher Order Conditioning Sensory Preconditioning Higher Order Conditioning Another neutral stimulus that is associated with a CS, can also begin to elicit a CR. First Order Conditioning Whirring sound (NS1): Drill(US) fear (UR) Whirring sound (of drill) (CS1) fear (CR) Second Order Conditioning hairdryer (NS2): Whirring (CS1) fear (CR to Whirring) Hairdryer (CS2) Fear (CR to hairdryer) 7

Characteristics of Higher Order Conditioning The CR is transferred from one CS to another CS The second CS is never actually paired with the US. The second CS (CS2) usually has a weaker CR than the first CS. Very dif ficult to obtain third-order conditioning, but possible. Results in a very weak CR. Higher-Order Conditioning in Humans: Evaluative Conditioning Subjects asked to evaluate stimuli on a likert scale from very disliked to very liked 1 st Order = words that are rated either + or 2 nd Order = nonsense syllables (e.g. pog, giff, tiff) If repeatedly paired with + or word, nonsense syllable later rated consistent with pairing Also done with adjectives and face Subjects rated faces initially paired with + or - adjectives Subjects could not even tell you why they disliked the face Advertising 8

Sensory Preconditioning Similar to second-order conditioning, but the pairing of the 2 stimuli happens prior to the initial first-order conditioning. Preconditioning Phase: Music from Game (NS1) Game controller(ns2) Conditioning Phase 1: Music from Game (NS): graphics(us) sick (UR) Music from Game (CS1) sick (CR) Conditioning Phase 2: Game controller (CS2) sick (CR) NS1 and NS2 have been associated, so when conditioning CS1, it reminds the subject of CS2. Example: associate 2 people you always see together. When finally meet one, you tend to associate impressions with 2nd person as well. Sensory Preconditioning The second CS (CS2) usually has a weaker CR than the first CS. Preconditioning is stronger if NS1 and NS2 have only been paired a few times and not hundreds of times. Works best if NS1 and NS2 are simultaneous rather than sequentially presented. (contrary to basic conditioning where Delayed conditioning trials were best). Learning about stimuli in absence of a behavioral response (latent learning). 9

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