Module C CHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY REVIEW Note: This module is provided for A&P courses that do not have a prerequisite class which includes chemistry and cell biology. Content covered by required prerequisite courses does not need to be repeated in Anatomy & Physiology. Topic from Atoms & molecules Chemical bonding Inorganic compounds & solutions Organic compounds 1. With respect to the structure of an atom: a. Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons. 1 b. Relate the number of electrons in an electron shell to an atom s chemical stability and its ability to form chemical bonds c. Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic 1 particles. d. Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight. 2. Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes 3. Compare and contrast the terms atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds. With respect to non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds: a. List each type of bond in order by relative strength. b. Explain the mechanism of each type of bond. 1 c. Provide biologically significant examples of each. Application 1 1. Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. 2. Distinguish among the terms solution, solute, solvent, colloid suspension, and emulsion. 3. Define the term salt and give examples of Knowledge & physiological significance. Application 1 4. Define the terms ph, acid, base, and buffer and give Knowledge & examples of physiological significance. Application 1 5. State acidic, neutral, and alkaline ph values. 1. Define the term organic molecule. 2. Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. 1 3. Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis Knowledge & and hydrolysis reactions. Application 1 4. With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: a. Identify the monomers and polymers. b. Compare and contrast general molecular structure. c. Provide specific examples. Application 1 Module C March 2010
Energy transfer using ATP Intracellular organization of nucleus & cytoplasm Membrane structure & function Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes Organelles Protein synthesis d. Identify dietary sources.,6 e. Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body. 5. Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. 6. Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzymecatalyzed reactions. Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell. 1. Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. 1,4 Application 7, 8 Knowledge 2. Explain how cytoplasm and cytosol are different. 1, 2 1. Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. 2. Describe how carbohydrates are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. 3. Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. 1. With respect to the following membrane transport processes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & filtration: a. State the type of material moving in each process. Knowledge b. Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each process. c. Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process. d. Give examples of each process in the human body. Application 2. Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. 1,3,6 3. Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, Application & given appropriate information, predict the outcomes Synthesis of these demonstrations. 6,7 1. Define the term organelle. 2. For each different type of organelle associated with human cells: a. Identify the organelle. Knowledge,7 b. Describe the structure of the organelle. c. Describe the function of the organelle 1. Define the terms genetic code, transcription and translation. 2. Explain how and why RNA is synthesized. 3. Explain the roles of trna, mrna, and rrna in protein synthesis. & Application 2,4 2 Module C March 2010 2
Cellular respiration (introduction) Somatic cell division Reproductive cell division Application of homeostatic mechanisms Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders 1. Define the term cellular respiration. 2. With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location.,2 1. Referring to a generalized cell cycle, including interphase and the stages of mitosis: a. Describe the events that take place in each stage. 1 b. Identify cells that are in each stage. Knowledge 7 c. Analyze the functional significance of each stage.,2 2. Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.,5 3. Describe DNA replication. 1,5 4. Analyze the interrelationships among chromatin, chromosomes and chromatids.,5 5. Give examples of cell types in the body that divide by mitosis and examples of circumstances in the body Application 1,5 that require mitotic cell division. 1. Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. 2. Identify cells that are in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. 3. Compare and contrast the general features of meiosis I and meiosis II. 4. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis. 4. Give examples of cell types in the body that divide by meiosis and examples of circumstances in the body that require meiotic cell division. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how individual cells respond to their environment (e.g., in terms of organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or regulation of cell cycle) in order to maintain homeostasis in the body. 1. Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. 2. Predict the types of problems that would occur if the cells could not maintain homeostasis due to abnormalities in organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. 1 Knowledge 7,5,5 Application 1,5 Application,3,4,5,6 Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Module C March 2010 3
Module S INTRODUCTION TO HEREDITY Note: This module is provided for A&P courses that do not have a prerequisite class which includes information about heredity. Content covered by required prerequisite courses does not need to be repeated in Anatomy & Physiology. Topic from Genetic variability Gene inheritance & expression Genetic testing Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders Describe events that lead to genetic variability of gametes. 1. Define the terms chromosome, gene, allele, homologous, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype and phenotype. 2. Analyze genetics problems involving dominant and recessive alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. 3. Explain how polygenic inheritance differs from inheritance that is controlled by only one gene. 4. Explain how environmental factors can modify gene expression. 5. Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. Describe examples of prenatal and postnatal genetic testing. 1. Predict factors or situations affecting gene inheritance that could disrupt homeostasis. 2. Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if gene structure or chromosome number were altered.,4,5,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,6 Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Module C March 2010 4
Module O METABOLISM Topic from Nutrition Introduction to metabolism Cellular respiration & the catabolism & anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins 1. With respect to nutrients: a. Define nutrient, essential nutrient and nonessential nutrient. b. List the six main classes of nutrients. c. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. d. Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or watersoluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body. e. List the important dietary minerals and describe the major uses of each mineral in the body. 2. Describe the components of a balanced diet including the concept of recommended daily amounts. 3. Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. 4. Explain the significance of nitrogen balance in a healthy diet. Knowledge & Knowledge &,3,6,3,5,3,5,6 1. Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism Knowledge 2. Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions. 3. Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. 4. Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism. 5. Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, and phosphorylation. 1. With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: Application Analysis a. State the overall reaction for glucose catabolism. b. Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb s (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. c. Describe the process of chemiosmosis and its role in ATP production. d. Describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs,6 Module C March 2010 5
and its products and their functions. e. Describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. f. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. g. Predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.,3,3,5,6 Synthesis 3,5,6 Metabolic roles of body organs Energy balance & thermoregulation 2. With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism: a. Describe the basic process of protein synthesis. b. Describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. c. Describe the process of transamination in the interconversion of nutrients. d. Explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. e. Describe the effect of protein metabolism on ammonia and urea production. f. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. 3. With respect to fat metabolism:,5,5,2,5,5,6 a. Name essential fatty acids and their functions. b. Describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. c. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lypolysis, d. Summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis & ketoacidosis. e. Describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. f. Compare and contrast the structure and function of different types of lipoproteins in the body.,5 &,2,5,5,2,5,6 1. Describe the role of the liver in metabolism.,3,5,6 2. Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism.,3,5,6 3. Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism.,3,5,6 1. Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states.,2,3,6 Module C March 2010 6
Application of homeostatic mechanisms Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders 2. Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. 3. Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state.,3,5,6,3,5,6 4. Define calorie and kilocalorie. 5. Discuss the importance of energy (caloric) balance in maintaining healthy body weight.,3,5,6 6. Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. Knowledge 7. Describe factors that affect metabolic rate.,3,5,6 8. Explain the importance of thermoregulation in the body. 9. Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. 1. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. 2. Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. 1. Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. 2. Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis.,3,2,3,5,6 Application,3,4,5,6,2,3,4,5,6 Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Module C March 2010 7