Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning - a type of learning in which one learns to link two stimuli and anticipate events. behaviorism - the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) Stimuli and Responses unconditioned response (UR) - the unrelated naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned stimulus (US) - a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a resonse conditioned response (CR) - the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) conditioned stimulus (CS) - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after associations with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response Other terms acquisition - the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response higher-order conditioning - a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone (also called second-order conditioning) extinction - the diminishing of a conditioned response: occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced spontaneous recovery - the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response generalization - the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses discrimination - the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning Experiments Initial Experiment Experimenter- Ivan Pavlov (Russian scientist) -Originally studying the digestive system Studied dog salivation when eating food -Set out food and would ring bell to get dog s attention -Then would measure the amount of saliva produced while eating Eventually started drooling when the bell was rung (before eating the food) -Pavlov viewed it at first as an annoyance to his experiments Started pairing the food and bell constantly and eventually removed the food -Dog would drool at the sound of the bell After enough times without food, bell no longer produced drool Parts of Experiment 1. Unconditioned Stimulus- Food 2. Unconditioned Response- Salivation 3. Conditioned Stimulus- Bell Sound -Food + Bell Sound 4. Conditioned Response- Salivation 5. Extinction- Stopped drooling when bell was no longer paired with food Basic Experiment 1. US- Passionate Kiss 2. UR- Sexual Arousal 3. CS- Onion Breath -Passionate Kiss + Onion Breath 4. CR- Sexual arousal Taste Aversion 1. US- Drugs 2. UR- Side Effect of Nausea 3. CS- Favorite Food
-Drugs + Favorite Food 4. CR- Side Effect of Nausea Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning - a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher respondent behavior - behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus operant behavior - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences law of effect - Thorndike s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely operant chamber - in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal s rate of bar pressing or key pecking shaping - an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Reinforcer - in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows positive reinforcement - increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response negative reinforcement - increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment) primary reinforcer - an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need conditioned reinforcer - a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer Schedules of Reinforcement continuous reinforcement - reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs partial (intermittent) reinforcement - reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed-ratio schedule - in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses variable-ratio schedule - in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses fixed-interval schedule - in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed variable-interval schedule - in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Punishment - an event that decreases the behavior that it follows 1. Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. 2. Punishment teaches discrimination. 3. Punishment can teach fear. 4. Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems. Cognition and operant conditioning cognitive map - a mental representation of the layout of one s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it latent learning - learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it intrinsic motivation - a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake extrinsic motivation - a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment B.F. Skinner s Experiment Experimenter- B.F. Skinner Would use pigeons, rats, or sometimes primates Wanted to see the effect of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment would have on these animals and how this would motivate them into doing certain actions. The cage required that there was an unconditioned stimulus, such as water or a food pellet. The pigeon would be in the cage. When the light came on, the pigeon would go up and peck the button that was in the cage. This would then give the bird the positive reinforcement of the food pellet. A rat would also be used in which they would press a the button and be given negative reinforcement of having the shocking on the bottom of the cage stop.
Observational Learning Nurture way of looking at learning Children learn from what they see others do (family, teachers, friends, etc.) Bandura s Bo-Bo Doll Experiment - children played normally in a playroom -then watched an adult play in the room (often hitting a balloon clown, shooting toy guns) -children went back into play and imitated the adult (monkey see monkey do)
Credits Emily Myers : Operant Conditioning Definitions Katie Urmann: Classical Conditioning Definitions Kellie Wambold: Classical Conditioning Experiments Leigh Ann Hall: Operant Experiments Ashley Denae- Observational Learning