Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 9 (4): 363-367, 2010 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2010 Effet of Moring (Moring oleifer) Inlusion in Cssv Bsed Diets Fed to Broiler Chikens 1 2 2 T.S. Olugemi, S.K. Mutyo nd F.P. Lekule Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Ahmdu Bello University, Zri, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Prodution, Sokoine University of Agriulture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tnzni 1 Astrt: The suitility of inluding Moring oleifer lef mel (MOLM) s feed ingredient in ssv (CC) sed roiler diets ws evluted. Seven isonitrogenous nd isolori diets represented s tretments 1 (mize mel sed-ontrol), 2, 3, 4 (20% CC nd 0, 5, 10% MOLM) nd 5, 6, 7 (30% CC nd 0, 5, 10% MOLM) were fed to 378 roiler hiks for 49 dys in ompletely rndomized design. Prmeters mesured were weight, weight gins, finl weight nd feed onsumed. Feed onversion rtio nd feed ost per kilogrm weight gin were lulted. Hemtologil prmeters were lso otined fter e 49 dy tril. A redution in performne ws oserved wi inresing inlusion level of MOLM eyond 5%. Birds on tretment 3 (20% CC, 5% MOLM) did not differ signifintly (p>0.05) in terms of weight gin (2263.62-2428.26 gm), feed onversion rtio (2.57-2.81), finl ody weight t 8 weeks (2342.09-2501.24 gm) nd feed ost per kilogrm weight gin (979.38-1075.78 TSH) from ose on e ontrol, 20 nd 30% diets (tretments 1, 2, 5). The highest feed onsumption (6390.7gm) ws reorded mong irds on tretment 3 ut did not signifintly differ (p>0.05) from ose on tretments 1, 2, 6 nd 7(6002.7-6346.9 gm). It ws onluded t roilers ould e sfely fed ssv sed diets ontining MOLM t mximum level of 5% wiout deleterious effets. Key words: Moring oleifer, lef mel, ssv hips, roiler, utiliztion INTRODUCTION Chikens onstitute one of e most ommonly eten niml speies in developed ountries ut is isn t e se in developing ountries mostly due to e ost whih is eyond e reh of e ommon mn. The WHO reommended niml protein intke of 60gm per dy is hrdly met. Feed ost ounts for up to 80% of e totl ost of prodution nd is very importnt omponent in determining e extent of poultry survivl nd profitility. Mize hs trditionlly een e ingredient of hoie for e supply of energy in monogstri niml diets wi inlusion levels from 50-70% (PAN, 1995). Its importnt role s humn nd industril food ingredient oupled wi drought in some prts of Afri hs sometimes used reltive srity of e ingredient nd n ttendnt inrese in prie invrily leding to n inrese in feed osts. These mongst oer ftors hve prompted e need to disover or re-disover oer potentil energy soures whih re eier not onsumed y humns, not in reltive high demnd or resistnt to drought. One of suh is ssv (Mnihot esulentus) lso known s tpio, mnio, mndio or yu. Cssv is widely grown in most res of Tnzni mostly y smllholder frmers nd wi n rle lnd ouption of 1-3 million hetres produing 6.8 million tons/nnum nd yield of 2.6 tons/hetre (MDB, 1998; FAO, 2000). Limittions to e use of ssv in niml feeds mongst oers re its reltively low protein ontent prtiulrly wi respet to e essentil mino ids nd dustiness. Numerous options hve ontinully een dvoted to llevite ese prolems. These hve inluded e inlusion of syneti mino ids, supplementing wi riher protein soures suh s seed, kes or lefs nd utiliztion of ssv in vrious forms prt from powder. Cssv hips re populr in ttle nd oer livestok feeds ut ere is der of informtion in hip utiliztion in roiler feeds. Most studies hve een on e utiliztion of eier e roots or lef mel in roiler diets. The form of ssv feeding is importnt in e performne of irds (Tewe nd Bokng, 2001). A nturl soure of protein wi gret potentil is Moring oleifer, whih prt from its medil uses is good soure of vitmins nd mino ids. The utiliztion of hips ould solve e prolem of dustiness while some of e nutritionl defiienies ould e llevited wi Moring inlusion erey enhning e utiliztion of ssv nd e esy doption y e ommon poultry frmer. Therefore e ojetives of e present study were to determine e optimum level of MOLM inlusion in ssv sed roiler diets nd its effet on hemtologil prmeters. Corresponding Auor: T.S. Olugemi, Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Ahmdu Bello University, Zri, Nigeri 363
Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (4): 363-367, 2010 MATERIALS AND METHODS Soure nd prodution of MOLM nd CC: Moring oleifer leves were hrvested from n orhrd wiin e premises of e Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Prodution frm unit, Sokoine University of Agriulture, Morogoro, Tnzni. The ut rnhes were spred out on onrete floor nd llowed to dry for period of 3-4 dys under shdy onditions fter whih e leves were seprted from e twigs efore milling in hmmer mill to produe e lef mel. The ssv hips were otined from frmers in Kih distrit of Tnzni. Biohemil nlysis: Smples of e MOLM nd CC were sujeted to proximte nlysis ording to AOAC (1990) meods (Tle 1). The proximte omposition of oer feed ingredients used in formulting e diets ws lso determined s ove. Tle 1: Proximte omposition of MOLM nd CC Nutrients/Prmeters MOLM CC DM (%) 93.70 92.28 Crude protein (%) 27.44 5.13 Crude fire (%) 9.13 4.05 Eer extrt (%) 6.3 1.5 Ash (%) 11.42 6.1 Nitrogen free extrt (%) 45.71 83.22 ME kl/kg 2978 3279 Clium (%) 1.42 0.13 Phosphorus (%) 0.35 0.13 Experimentl diets: Seven isonitrogenous nd isolori experimentl roiler diets were formulted to otin MOLM nd CC omintions s follows: diet 1(0% MOLM, 0%CC), 2(0% MOLM, 20%CC), 3(5% MOLM, 20%CC), 4(10% MOLM, 20%CC), 5(0% MOLM, 30%CC), 6(5% MOLM, 30%CC), 7(10% MOLM, 30%CC) (Tle 2). Mngement of irds: Three hundred nd seventy eight dy old Arore roiler hiks were initilly rooded togeer for one week nd susequently divided into 3 groups of 54 hiks eh nd rndomly lloted to one of 7 tretments in Completely Rndomized Design (CRD). Eh tretment omprised of 3 replites wi 18 hiks per replite kept on floor pens. Feed nd wter were provided d liitum nd ll meditions nd required mngeril prties pplied s t when due. Dily feed intke nd individul weekly ird weights were reorded during e 56 dy experimentl period. Weekly weight gins nd Feed onversion rtio were lulted. Hemtologil evlution: Blood smples were otined from ree irds per replite mking totl of nine per tretment t e eigh week y inserting new sterile needle into e wing vein of e irds nd extrting 2 mls of lood whih ws pled inside sterile test tues ontining Eylene Dimine Tetr Aeti Aid (EDTA). The lood smples were properly shken to mix wi e EDTA in order to prevent ogultion. The smples were en nlyzed for Red Blood Cells (RBC), Pked Cell Volume (PCV), Hemogloin (H) nd White Blood Cells (WBC) s well s differentil ount (Heterophil, Lymphoyte, Eosinophil, Monoyte nd Bsophil). The PCV ws determined using hemtorit wi 75 x 16 mm pillry tues filled wi lood nd entrifuged t 3000 r.p.m. for 5 min. RBCeryroyte ount ws done wi n improved Neuuer hmer using forml itrte s diluent to otin 1:20 lood dilution nd H ws lulted. WBC ws determined using e Bulk dilution meod. The differentil ount of leuoytes ws mde from lood stined wi My-Grunwld-Giesm nd eh type of ell ounted wi ounting hmer. Sttistil nlysis: The dt ws nlyzed using Sttistil Anlysis System (SAS, 1993). Dunn s (1955) Multiple Rnge test ws used to seprte signifint tretment mens nd e following models were used for e grow nd hemtology studies respetively: Y = µ + A + (X - X ) + E ijk ij 2 1 ijk Y ijk = Effet of e i dietry tretment on e j ird in k period µ = Generl men effet A ij = Effet of i dietry tretment on j ird X 2 = Finl group men weight fter k period X 1 = Initil group men weight E = Rndom error ijk Y = µ + T + E ij i ij Y ij = Oservtion on e j ird on e i tretment µ = Generl men effet T i = Effet due to e i dietry tretment E = Rndom error ij RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tretment effets on grow, orgn nd rss prmeters re presented in Tle 3. Grow prmeters: The finl weight nd weight gined delined s MOLM level inresed. Non signifint (p>0.05) differenes existed etween irds on diets 1-3 nd 5. This onforms to e generl oservtions mde y Ash et l. (1992) t inlusion of lef mels in roiler diets ove 5-10% results in depressed performne. Feed intke inresed s MOLM inlusion inresed proly due to inresed ulk nd lower metolisle onentrtion. Alough effiieny of feed utiliztion deresed wi inresed levels of MOLM, ere were no signifint differenes etween irds on most of e tretments. This oservtion is supported y e 364
Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (4): 363-367, 2010 Tle 2: Composition of experimentl diets Diets ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ingredients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CC 0.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 MOLM 0.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 Mize mel 36.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Mize rn 20.00 18.00 18.00 15.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 Cotton seed ke 20.00 24.00 20.00 18.00 27.00 25.00 25.00 Sunflower seed ke 10.00 14.00 13.00 23.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 Fish mel 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 Premix* 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Slt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Lime stone 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 Chemil nlysis (%) DM 93.76 93.49 93.78 93.61 93.73 93.87 93.62 ME (MJ/kg) 12.87 13.22 12.94 12.82 12.85 12.71 13.10 CP 20.00 20.05 20.27 20.48 20.74 20.10 20.78 CF 10.74 11.22 9.84 11.74 10.84 9.33 11.59 EE 6.08 6.20 6.01 6.10 6.16 5.79 5.98 Ash 13.84 13.02 12.99 12.89 12.16 13.19 13.66 C 1.69 1.60 1.90 1.62 1.72 1.84 1.59 P 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.42 *Vitmin minerl premix ontins: vitmin A, 13,340IU; vitmin D 3, 2680IU; vitmin E, 10IU; vitmin K, 2.68 mg; lium D-pntoente, 10.68 mg; vitmin B 12,0.02 mg; foli id, 0.668 mg; holine hloride, 400 mg; mngnese, 133.34 mg; iron, 66.68 mg, zin, 53.34 mg, opper 3.2 mg, iodine 1.868 mg, olt, 0.268 mg; selenium, 0.108 mg Tle 3: Performne prmeters of roilers fed vrying levels of CC nd MOLM Tretments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Initil weight(g) 129 130 131 131 130 130 132 Finl weight (g) 2501 2399 2342 d 2113 2367 2215 d 1979 Weight gin (g) 2428 2354 2272 2001 2264 2099 1956 Feed intke (g) 6270 6285 6391 5826 5814 6003 6347 Feed onversion rtio 2.58 2.67 2.81 2.91 2.57 2.86 3.26 Feedost/wt gin (TSH) 1060 1005 1076 1166 979 1103 1360 Mens on e sme row wi different supersripts differ signifintly (p>0.05). TSH = Tnznin Shilling Tle 4: Effet of tretment on hemtologil prmeters Tretment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PCV (%) 30.82 29.08 29.17 30.14 29.93 27.40 28.33 6 RBC (x 10 /µl) 2.03 2.00 2.20 2.21 2.30 1.84 2.08 HB (%) 8.01 7.62 8.15 8.10 7.64 7.06 7.80 3 WBC (x 10 /µl) 12.45 13.10 12.40 13.00 10.55 12.55 14.50 Lymphoytes (%) 57.00 58.50 56.00 56.14 57.71 58.40 57.17 Monoytes (%) 6.71 7.33 7.50 8.43 7.14 8.40 5.83 Eosinophil (%) 4.14 4.83 5.00 4.43 4.14 4.00 3.33 Bsophil (%) 0.43 0.67 0.67 1.00 0.57 0.80 0.50 Neutrophil (%) 31.71 28.83 30.83 30.00 30.43 28.40 32.50 findings of Rvindrn et l. (1983) in whih feed intke nd feed/gin inresed s ssv lef mel or dehydrted lflf mel lef mels inorported level ws inresed. The hepest feed ost /wt gin were from diets 5 nd 2 representing e 30 nd 20% ssv groups ut did not differ signifintly (p>0.05) from diets 1, 3 nd 6. The inlusion of ssv in e form of hips even t 30% gve good results hene inditing t e form hd no negtive effet on e irds nd ould e good solution to dustiness nd susequent respirtory prolems ssoited wi ssv powder feeding. Yellowing of e olour of e shnk, ek nd skin of e roilers on Moring oleifer lef mel were oserved nd ws more pronouned n for irds on 0.0% MOLM. The yellowing oserved indites effiient sorption nd utiliztion of e pigmenting xnophylls present in MOLM. The vlues otined in e present study for PCV, RBC, H fell wiin e norml rnges s reported y Morton et l. (1993, 1994). There were no differenes (p>0.05) etween tretment mens for ll prmeters, exept for WBC. White lood ells re involved in proteting e 365
Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (4): 363-367, 2010 ody from infetion nd onsist of Lymphoytes, derese in nimls on low protein intke, prsite Monoytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils nd Bsophils. infetion or liver dmge (Lindsy, 1977 In: Adeyemo They mongst oer funtions kill virus-infeted ells, nd Longe, 2007). enhne e prodution of ntiodies nd engulf foreign mterils (ntigens) t enter e ody. A higher Conlusion: The inlusion of Moring oleifer in ssv presene would erefore onnote ret to norml sed roiler diets up to 5% is possile wiout hel nd hene e ody uilds up its defense negtively ffeting produtivity or hemtologil ginst suh rets. Though Moring oleifer hs een indies. Cssv hips re very good form of ssv limed to oost immune systems (Jyvrdhnn et for inlusion in roiler feeds s its utiliztion ws not l., 1994; Fuglier, 1999), it is however most likely t impired. suh properties re ontined nd restrited to e pod whih possesses letin (sustne t modultes e ody defense system). The generl non signifine of e WBC ross tretments prt from tretment 7 might e inditive t mjority of e experimentl diets ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uors re grteful to e Afrin Network of Sientifi nd Tehnologil Institutions (ANSTI) for providing funds to ondut is reserh. neier impired nor enhned e irds ility to wde off infetion. Red Blood Cells (RBC) re responsile for e trnsporttion of oxygen nd ron dioxide in e lood s well s mnufture of hemogloin hene higher vlues indite greter potentil for is funtion nd etter stte of hel. The non-signifint result otined ross tretments implies t e diets did not lter is prmeter. Though ere ws deline in H from e mize sed group (T1) nd C groups (T2, T5), e differenes were not signifint (p>0.05). This is in ontrst to e findings of Tewe (1991) in whih 40% whole ssv mels fed to pigs resulted in signifintly lower H. Cynide whih is ontined in ssv hs gret ffinity for metls suh s opper nd iron nd REFERENCES Adeyemo, G.O. nd O.G. Longe, 2007. Effets of grded levels of ottonseed ke on performne, hemtologil nd rss hrteristis of roilers fed from dy old to 8 weeks of ge. Afr. J. Biotehnol., 6: 1064-1071. Ash, A.J., L. Peti nd H. Ako, 1992. Nutritionl vlue of Sesni grndiflor leves for monogstri nd ruminnts. Tropil Agriulture (Trinidd) 69(3). Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists, 1990. Offiil meods of Anlysis. Wshington, DC. Donkoh, A., C.C. Atuhene, Y. Poku-Prempeh nd I.G. Twum, 1999. The nutritive vlue of hy lef mel (Cnidosolus onitifolius): Studies wi roiler mkes em unville erey reduing e hikens. Anim. Feed Si. Tehnol., 77: 163-172. hemogloin ount nd hene effetive oxygen trnsporttion (Tewe, 1991). The non signifint (p>0.05) oservtion mde in is study is most likely due to e reltively lower ynide ontent nd eptle level for poultry feeding of e CC used (62.33 ug/g) s ompred to e whole plnt used in Tewe (1991) study. The ddition of MOLM in e 20 nd 30% CC diets resulted in higher ut insignifint (p>0.05) H vlues. Though green mterils in generl nd e inlusion of some lef mels suh s hy lef mel (Donkoh et l., 1999), Ipomoe srifoli lef mel (Mduuike nd Ekenyem, 2006) Telfri oidentlis (Nworgu et l., 2007) in roiler diets hve resulted in signifint inreses in H, e results of is study tend to suggest t MOLM does not possess suh lood toni effets. There re eqully no doumented ssertions to e possession of is property in Moring lefs. Tretment hd little or no ering on e mounts of lood ells reltive to e totl volume of lood (PCV) in e ird s ody. The results otined for PCV followed somewht similr pttern wi t of Hemogloin (H) inditing t e diets were nutritionlly dequte Dunn, D.B., 1955. Multiple rnge nd multiple F tests. Biometris, 11: 1-42. FAO, 2000. Chmpioning e use of ssv. FAO Rome. Fuglier, L.J., 1999. The Mirle Tree: Moring oleifer, Nturl Nutrition for e Tropis. Churh World Servie, Dkkr, Senegl, pp: 68. Jyvrdhnn, K.K., K. Suresh, K.R. Pnikkr nd D.M. Vsudevn, 1994. Modulr poteny of drumstik letin on e host defense system. J. Exp. Clin. Cner Res., 13: 205-209. Mduuike, F.N. nd B.U. Ekenyem, 2006. Hemtology nd serum iohemistry hrteristis of roiler hiks fed vrying dietry levels of Ipomoe srifoli lef mel. Int. J. Poult. Si., 5: 09-12. MDB (Mrketing Development Bureu), 1998. Bsi Dt Agriulture nd Livestok Setor (Review). Ministry of Agriulture nd Coopertive, pp: 27. Morton, D.B., D. Aot nd R. Brly, 1993/1994. Removl of lood from lortory mmmls nd irds-first report of e BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement Lortory to meet e protein needs of e irds. Low H onentrtions prt from denoting nemi lso Animls PDF. 27. http://www.ll.org.uk/pdffiles/lood. 366
Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (4): 363-367, 2010 Nworgu, F.C., S.A. Ogungenro nd K.S. Solesi, 2007. Performne nd some lood hemistry indies of roiler hiken served fluted pumpkin (Telfri oidentlis) leves extrt supplement. Amerin- Eursin J. Agri. Environ. Si., 2: 90-98. PAN, 1995. Annul Reports, Poultry Assoition of Nigeri, Lgos, Nigeri. Rvindrn, V., E.T. Kornegy nd J.A. Cherry, 1983. Feeding vlues of ssv tuer nd lef mels. Nutr. Rep. Int., 28: 189-196. SAS Institute In., 1993. SAS users Guide; version 6. SAS Institute, In., Cry, NC. Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie, 1980. Priniples nd proedures of sttistis. MGrw-Hill Book Compny: New York, USA. Tewe, O.O., 1991. Detoxifition of ssv produts nd effets of residul toxins on onsuming nimls. In: Roots, tuers, plntins nd nns in niml feeding. Proeedings of e FAO Expert Consulttion held in CIAT. (Edited y Mhin, D. nd S. Nyvold), Cli, Colomi, 21-25 Jnury 1991. http://www.fo.org/dorep/003. Tewe, O.O. nd M. Bokng, 2001. Cost effetive ssv-plnt sed rtions for poultry nd pigs. Proeedings of e 8 Interntionl Soiety for Tropil Root Crops-Afri Brnh symposium, Idn, Nigeri, pp: 229-234. 367