Name # Class Date Human Body Systems Take Home Test

Name # Class Date Human Body Systems Take Home Test 1. In the knee, the ends of the leg bones are held together primarily by A) ligaments B) smooth muscle C) tendons D) cardiac muscle 2. Which two structures are directly involved in locomotion in humans? A) visceral muscle and fibrous tendons B) smooth muscle and ligaments C) skeletal muscle and bones D) cardiac muscle and immovable joints 3. The inelastic connective tissue that attaches a muscle in the lower leg to a heel bone is known as A) a tendon B) a ligament C) cartilage D) epidermis 4. Which function is not associated with cartilage? A) producing blood cells B) cushioning joints against impact C) making up most of an embryonic skeleton D) providing flexibility of structures 5. In humans, red bone marrow provides A) structural support for the body B) a source of new blood cells C) an attachment site for muscle tissue D) a site to trap bacteria 6. Leverage, protection, and blood cell production are primarily functions of A) muscles B) tendons C) cartilage D) bone 7. Before starch can enter a cell, it must be A) absorbed by simple sugars B) diffused into simple sugars C) digested to form simple sugars D) actively transported by simple sugars 8. Which molecule can diffuse from the digestive tract into the human bloodstream without first being digested? A) protein B) starch C) fat D) glucose 9. The pancreas, an organ which secretes enzymes directly into the intestine, helps A) break down food in the intestine B) prevent food from being digested in the intestine C) degrade the intestine D) preserve the structure of the intestine 10. Enzymes and acidic juices in the stomach, which break proteins down into smaller molecules, is known as A) circulation B) chemical digestion C) excretion D) mechanical digestion 11. Teeth chewing food into smaller digestible pieces is known as A) chemical digestion B) circulation C) mechanical digestion D) regulation 12. The interaction of which two systems provides the molecules needed for the metabolic activity that takes place at ribosomes? A) digestive and circulatory B) reproductive and excretory C) immune and nervous D) respiratory and muscular 13. The digestion of starch begins in the A) mouth B) stomach C) gallbladder D) small intestine 14. The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct (tube) through which digestive enzymes flow. Why are these enzymes important to the digestive system? A) They form proteins needed in the stomach. B) They form the acids that break down food. C) They change food substances into molecules that can pass into the bloodstream and cells. D) They change food materials into wastes that can be passed out of the body. 15. The digestive system breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars. This is important because A) Sugars are required to maintain the structure of the cell B) Simple sugars are not required by the brain C) Simple sugars are required for metabolism D) Sugars are responsible for all cellular communication in the body 16. The digestion of food and subsequent absorption into the bloodstream is important because A) absorbed food is toxic to the body B) absorbed food stimulates reproduction C) absorbed food is the raw material for metabolism D) absorbed food aids in respiration 17. In gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is reduced to hold 1 ounce of food, instead of 3 pints. This surgery would drastically impact one's A) excretory system B) digestive system C) circulatory system D) respiratory system 18. If a person was unable to break down food particles into molecules that could be absorbed by the body, you would predict A) there is a malfunction with the digestive system B) there is a malfunction with the excretory system C) there is a malfunction with the reproductive system D) there is a malfunction with the circulatory system

19. Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are A) predators B) pathogenic organisms C) parasitic fungi D) decomposers 20. The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function similar to a function of which human system? A) respiratory system B) reproductive system C) circulatory system D) nervous system 21. Which situation indicates a serious organ system malfunction? A) The ovary releases estrogen, which quickly binds to cell receptors. B) Blood flow throughout the entire body is suddenly reduced. C) White blood cells release enzymes in response to the proteins on inhaled pollen. D) Mitochondria stop functioning in a unicellular organism exposed to pollutants 22. Which organ system in humans is most directly involved in the transport of oxygen? A) digestive B) nervous C) excretory D) circulatory 23. In the human body, carbon dioxide reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to cells. Breathing in too much carbon monoxide will most likely result in the production of A) less ATP B) less glucose C) more DNA D) more protein 24. Veins are blood vessels that A) deliver blood to the cells of the body B) contain striated muscle C) carry blood toward the heart D) readily exchange materials between the blood and body cells 25. A pulse can be detected most easily in A) an artery B) a vein C) a capillary D) a lacteal 26. The movement of blood from the legs toward the heart is hindered by gravity. The effect of gravity is counteracted by A) smooth muscle in the capillaries B) cilia lining the blood vessels C) valves in the veins D) lymph nodes near major vessels 27. Which statement best describes arteries? A) They have thick walls and transport blood away from the heart. B) They have thick walls and transport blood toward the heart. C) They have thin walls and transport blood away from the heart. D) They have thin walls and transport blood toward the heart. 28. The failure to regulate the ph of the blood can affect the activity of A) enzymes that clot blood B) red blood cells that make antibodies C) chlorophyll that carries oxygen in the blood D) DNA that controls starch digestion in the blood 29. Which row in the chart below contains an event that is paired with an appropriate response in the human body? A) (1) B) (2) C) (3) D) (4) 30. Which function of human blood includes the other three? A) transporting nutrients B) transporting oxygen C) maintaining homeostasis D) collecting wastes 31. Oxygen transport in humans involves the bonding of oxygen with A) white blood cells B) platelets C) hormones D) hemoglobin molecules 32. Cells of the immune system are able to respond to the presence of invading organisms because they recognize the A) antigens present on the invaders B) antibodies present in invading pathogens C) DNA pattern in the nuclei of viruses D) antibiotics released from microbes 33. A new vaccine was developed and then tested on a large sample of individuals. This new vaccine will be considered effectice if it helps prepare the body to fight future invasion by A) inhibiting the response of red blood cells B) stimulating the reproduction of microbes C) inhibiting the action of immune cells D) stimulating the production of antibodies

34. An infection in the body might result in a sudden A) decrese in the activity of antigens produced by the mitochondria B) decrese in the amount of DNA present in the nuclei of cells C) increase in the activity of white blood cells D) increase in the number of red blood cells 35. The diagram below represents one type of white blood cell. This type of white blood cell ingests microbes. A function of another type of white blood cell is to A) prevent the loss of blood from a wound B) produce specialized molecules that mark invaders C) increase the number of red blood cells in the blood D) cause gene mutations that will increase immune responses 36. Pneumocystisis an organism normally found in the human lungs that can cause pneumonia. It seldom causes problems in individuals with healthy immune systems. However, people with AIDS sometimes become seriously ill with pneumonia. This is most likely due to the fact that individuals with AIDS have A) inherited a tendency to contract pneumonia B) difficulty fighting off infections C) an allergy to this organism D) hormones that strengthen the infection 37. Which type of pathogenic microbe causes AIDS? A) a bacterium B) a virus C) a multicellular fungus D) a single-celled algae 38. An allergic reaction to certain types of natural, unprocessed foods, such as peanuts, is caused by A) a lack of digestive enzymes B) a response to specific antigens C) microorganisms living within the food D) high levels of carbon dioxide in the air 39. Which disorder could develop in the human body when the immune system attacks a usually harmless environmental substance? A) cancer B) AIDS C) an allergy D) an infection 40. High blood pressure can usually be reduced if a person A) eats a diet high in salt and reduces physical activity B) eats a diet high in saturated fats and reduces stress C) reduces physical activity and decreases the consumption of complex carbohydrates D) exercises regularly and lowers the amount of saturated fats consumed 41. A heart attack may be due to all of the following except A) an increase in arterial blood pressure B) oxygen deprivation of cardiac muscle C) narrowing of the arteries transporting blood to the heart muscle D) decreased consumption of complex carbohydrates 42. Which structures filter and moisten air as it passes through the human respiratory system? A) cilia and mucous membranes B) alveoli and cartilage rings C) diaphragm and bronchioles D) epiglottis and bronchi 43. What will most likely happen when food is in the trachea? A) The food will interfere with the passage of air to the alveoli. B) The food will undergo emulsification and deamination. C) The food will be moved down to the stomach by peristalsis. D) The food will be completely digested as a result of enzyme action. 44. Which sequence correctly indicates the branching pattern of the human respiratory system? A) trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli B) trachea bronchioles bronchi alveoli C) alveoli trachea bronchioles bronchi D) alveoli bronchioles trachea bronchi 45. The cellular process which uses oxygen and sugar to produce energy is called A) photosynthesis B) cell division C) cellular respiration D) DNA replication

46. Which line in the graph below best illustrates an effect of the carbon dioxide level in the blood on breathing rate before, during, and after a period of exercise? A) A B) B C) C D) D 47. Which diagram best illustrates the function of an alveolus? A) B) C) D) 48. Which of the following would cause CO2 to build up in the body? A) A malfunction of the circulatory system B) A malfunction of the respiratory system C) A malfunction of the reproductive system D) A malfunction of the digestive system 49. Could an individual unable to absorb oxygen into the body perform cellular respiration? A) No B) Yes C) Maybe D) There is not enough information tell 50. The excretory system is responsible for moving toxic wastes, dissolved molecules, and excess heat. You would conclude that the excretory system contributes to A) circulating molecules around the body B) maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the body C) producing egg and sperm cells in the body D) gas exchange 51. The above picture shows the main organ involved in A) excretion B) digestion C) reproduction D) combating foreign microbes 52. The correct pathway for urine to flow out of the human body is A) bladder ureter kidney urethra B) kidney ureter bladder urethra C) urethra bladder kidney ureter D) kidney urethra bladder ureter

53. A process that occurs in the human body is represented in the diagram below. 57. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement is most closely associated with the diagram? A) Small molecules are obtained from large molecules during digestion. B) Certain molecules are replicated by means of a template. C) Receptor molecules play an important role in communication between cells. D) Energy from nutrients is utilized for waste disposal. Base your answers to questions 54 through 56 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 54. A drug is developed that, due to its molecular shape, blocks the action of substance A. Which shape would the drug molecule most likely resemble? A) B) C) D) 55. Which statement best describes the diagram? A) Nerve cell X is releasing receptor molecules. B) Nerve cell Y is signaling nerve cell X. C) Nerve cell X is attaching to nerve cell Y. D) Nerve cell Y contains receptor molecules for substance A. 56. The process represented in the diagram best illustrates A) cellular communication B) muscle contraction C) extraction of energy from nutrients D) waste disposal Failure of structure A to function properly would most directly disrupt A) autotrophic nutrition B) chromosome replication C) cellular communication D) biological evolution 58. Pregnancy, which is characteristically associated with changes in hormone levels in the body is a process tightly regulated by A) the endocrine and nervous system B) the reproductive system C) the circulatory and respiratory system D) the digestive system 59. Insulin is a molecule, produced by the endocrine system, which regulates sugar concentration in the blood. Most likely, insulin is a A) sugar B) hormone C) DNA D) cell 60. The nucleus of a cell coordinates processes and activities that take place in the cell. Which two systems perform a similar function in the human body? A) nervous and endocrine B) digestive and reproductive C) circulatory and respiratory D) skeletal and muscular

61. Which row in the chart below contains a correct comparison between nervous regulation and chemical regulation? A) A B) B C) C D) D 62. Which statement best describes the chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands? A) They are secreted in one place and most often act at another. B) They are distributed by the nervous system. C) They are found only in vertebrates. D) They are secreted into specialized ducts for transport. 63. An increase in the level of hormone A causes an increase in the level of hormone B. The increase in the level of hormone B then causes a decrease in the level of hormone A. This process is an example of A) a failure to maintain homeostasis B) the breakdown of chemicals C) a disruption in cellular coordination D) a feedback mechanism

64. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the effect of two chemical substances, A and B, in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood in humans. The interaction of substances A and B is an example of A) a genetic mutation B) homeostatic feedback C) an immune response D) active transport Base your answers to questions 65 and 66 on the incomplete chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 67. The graph below shows changes in the concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time. 65. Letter C most likely represents A) neurons in arms and legs B) membranes lining bronchi and bronchioles C) membranes covering the brain and spinal cord D) cells covering arteries and veins 66. Letter B most likely represents A) emphysema B) cerebral palsy C) hemophilia D) stroke Which statement correctly explains these changes? A) High glucose levels cause more insulin to be released. B) High insulin levels cause more glucose to be released. C) Low glucose levels cause more insulin to be released. D) Low insulin levels cause more glucose to be released.

68. The first successful transplant of insulin-producing cells from a living donor pancreas was completed in April 2000 in Japan. This enabled the body of the recipient to A) regulate fat concentration by a feedback mechanism B) provide protection against an infectious disease C) slow down the heart rate after a period of activity ends D) maintain blood sugar levels throughout the day Base your answers to questions 69 and 70 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. One form of diabetes occurs when insulin fails to properly regulate blood sugar levels. Complications from diabetes can include nerve cell damage and poor blood flow, especially in the feet and legs. In individuals with diabetes, wounds usually take longer than normal to heal. 69. One reason for the change in wound healing time in a diabetic is that A) elevated hormone levels block the synthesis of glucose in immune cells B) nerve damage increases absorption of glucose by healthy cells C) poor circulation reduces the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells D) decreased enzyme production slows protein synthesis in pancreatic cells 70. The failure of a cell to react in a normal manner to insulin is most likely the result of a problem with A) vacuoles B) receptors C) mitochondria D) sugars Base your answers to questions 71 and 72 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. A Vaccine to Treat Addiction A vaccine for cocaine addiction has been developed. This vaccine temporarily blocks the effects of cocaine. The vaccine consists of a cocaine molecule attached to the surface of an inactive, harmless cholera protein. Since cocaine molecules alone are too small to stimulate the immune system to create antibodies, they are attached to the cholera protein. When people are injected with the vaccine, their bodies make antibodies against cholera. They also make antibodies against cocaine. When cocaine later enters the bloodstream, the antibodies bind to cocaine and prevent it from leaving the bloodstream, so it does not reach the brain. If the drug does not reach the brain, the user does not feel its effect. When antibodies were blocking the cocaine, people who took cocaine didn't get an effect from it, so the drug lost its appeal. Later, an enzyme breaks down the cocaine and it is flushed out of the body. One problem revealed by the trial was that only 38 percent of vaccinated subjects developed high levels of antibodies against the drug. Additionally, the vaccine's protection seems to last for only about two months. Users need to receive booster shots every few months for approximately two years to make a complete recovery from the addiction. 71. Describe one effect the cocaine vaccine has on the immune system. 72. Identify the two main substances contained in the vaccine.

Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the statement below. The immune system protects against foreign substances and even some cancers. Explain how the immune system functions. 73. Describe the response of the immune system to the vaccine. 74. Identify the substance in a vaccine that stimulates the immune system. 75. Identify one way the immune system fights pathogens.