Cells are the smallest units of life CH 3

Cells are the smallest units of life CH 3

The Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function. 3. Cells are produced only from existing cells.

All living things have cells Unicellular creatures have 1 cell Multicellular creatures have 2 or more cells

Prokaryotic (Pre) ( Nucleus) Always single- celled lacks organelles Few specialized functions Bacteria are the only group of organisms that are prokaryotic!!!

Eukaryotic (True) ( Nucleus) Single-celled or multi-celled Has many organelles Specialized functions EX: nerve cells: for transmitting info All other living things EX: (Plants, Animals, Fungi) Nerve Cell

CELLS: What do you think these cells are?

Cell Organelles little organs that have specific jobs in a cell

The Differences ANIMAL CELL Roundish Lysosomes Centrioles PLANT CELL Squarish Chloroplast Cell Wall Central Vacuole

A cell is like a cell phone factory

CELL MEMBRANE Function: controls what goes in & out & makes cells waterproof Facts: Selectively Permeable: only lets certain things enter or leave Made of Phospholipid Bilayer Made of lipids & proteins Double layer phospholipid Analogy: Main gate/security booth cell membrane

CYTOPLASM Function: Prevents cell from collapsing Facts: fluid inside the membrane made of water, sugar, protein, etc. framework called a cytoskeleton Analogy: Floor of the Factory cytoskeleton cytoplasm

NUCLEUS Function: Stores genetic information (DNA) Facts: most but not all cells have a nucleus Analogy: CEO/Boss of the factory

Chromatin Function: Is the Genetic information FACTS: Made of Nucleic Acids Unorganized form of DNA Becomes Chromosomes during cell division Analogy: Blueprints for the cell phones

Ribosomes Function: makes proteins Facts: found on rough ER Analogy: factory workers who build the cell phones

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function: passageway for supplies to move about the cell Facts: Also makes lipids & carbs Analogy: Assembly line

Golgi apparatus Function: prepares proteins and other molecules for shipping outside of the cell. Facts: The more molecules a cell makes the bigger the Golgi Analogy: packaging center for cell phones

Mitochondria Function: makes energy for cells Facts: changes Glucose from food into fuel called ATP Analogy: generator for factory

Lysosomes Function: digests old cell parts Facts: Filled with enzymes that break down large molecules Only in animal cells Analogy: Janitors

Centrioles Function: move and organize chromosomes during cell division Facts: Only in animal cells Analogy: filing cabinet for blueprints

Chloroplast Function: makes energy for plant cells Facts: Site of photosynthesis Uses sunlight to change water & Carbon Dioxide into Glucose and Oxygen Analogy: solar panels

CELL WALL Function: Gives structure & support to plant cells Facts: helps plant to grow upright (stiff) Is outside the membrane In bacteria, fungi and plant cells Analogy: Factory building wall

VACUOLE Function: Stores water & nutrients Facts: - Large and in the center in plant cells - Many small ones in animal cells keeps plants from drying out Analogy: Break room Refrigerator

Facts: VESSICLE Function: carries materials around the cell - Made from cell membrane -Don t live very long -Get recycled -Analogy: Plastic grocery bags

The Differences ANIMAL CELL Roundish Lysosomes Centrioles PLANT CELL Squarish Chloroplast Cell Wall Central Vacuole

Cell energy All nutrients must be broken down to GLUCOSE. Breakdown of nutrients to glucose is done by enzymes

Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration and ATP Production Make glucose through Photosynthesis Get glucose from food

WHERE: Chloroplast WHO: plant cells WHY: turns water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen! WHEN: in the presences of light energy (sun)

1. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll 2. Light splits water into H 2 and O 3. Energy from this split is used to make ATP

Steps Calvin Cycle 1. Energy from ATP used to make sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from H 2 O & CO 2 2. Oxygen is leftover

Light energy + 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 GLUCOSE ( Monosaccharide sugar)

Where did they Go? Reactants 6 CO 2 6H 2 O Products C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2

The Big Picture

Photosynthesis Concept Map Cut out the pictures Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during this process Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of photosynthesis

Cell Respiration WHERE: MITOCHONDRIA WHO: All Eukaryotic Cells WHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O and 36 ATP carbon dioxide & water are leftovers

Two Types Aerobic Most Eukaryotic cells needs oxygen makes 36 ATP 3 steps Fermentation Yeast & Bacteria If oxygen isn t available only makes 2 ATP (ok for small things) This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!

It s a 3 STEP PROCESS Why: to slowly release energy without heating up the cell too much! 1. Glycolysis: Happens in the cytoplasm to break down glucose All living things do glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle: In the mitochondria, makes a few ATP (not efficient) 3. Electron Transport: In the mitochondria, makes a lot of ATP

Cellular Respiration Concept Map Cut out the pictures Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during this process Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of cellular respiration Use arrows or color coding to show how the cycles are relayed (hint: look at the equation)

The Big Picture 1. All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose 2. Glucose must be converted to ATP ANALOGY: Money Tokens

The main energy molecule in organisms Energy is held in the Chemical Bonds Breaking a bond releases energy ATP ADP Making a bond stores energy ADP ATP

Cellular Energy in the form of ATP gets used to drive cell processes EX: Cell Division Cell Transport

Several items make Cell Transport possible 1. The Phospholipids ( Cell Membrane) 2. A Concentration Gradient 3. Selective Permeability 4. Membrane Bound Proteins

Selectively Permeability: A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others. Concentration gradient: The difference in the amount of solution on each side of a cell membrane

The Phospholipid HEAD: LOVES WATER hydrophilic Hydro: Water Philia: Love Phobia: Fear or hate TAIL: HATES WATER hydrophobic Heads out, tails in the membrane forms a bi-layer (2)

Types of Cellular Transport Passive Transport Active Transport Diffusion Needs Carrier Proteins Facilitated Diffusion Requires ATP Need Channel Proteins No ATP Endocytosis Exocytosis

Passive transport Diffusion: The tendency of a substance to move from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. across a membrane in which the cell expends no energy. (sliding down a slide) Facilitated Diffusion: the process of transporting molecules by channel proteins during diffusion, requires no energy output (someone else carrying you down the slide)

Active transport Needs: Energy! Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from low conc. to high conc.) using carrier proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP. (walking up the slide)

How Does that Look in a Cell? A: Passive Diffusion B: Facilitated Diffusion (needs channel protein) C: Active Transport (needs ATP & carrier protein)

Types of Active Transport Exocytosis: The release of materials out of the cell (pooping) Endocytosis The taking of materials from outside the cell (eating)

Cell Size and Diffusion Cells must remain small to maximize diffusion The larger a cells volume becomes, the less efficient it becomes. Prokaryotes - Limited by efficient metabolism Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) - Limited by surface area to volume ratio Surface area of cells must be proportionally larger than it s size (volume)

Solvent: a liquid that dissolves the solute, usually water or alcohol Solute: Anything dissolved in a solvent Together they make a Solution

Salt Sucks! When salt is inside or outside the cell, it draws water in its direction. This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty. Same thing applies for all other solutes

Solutions and Cells All solutions want to be equal on both sides of the membrane for homeostasis. Substances dissolved in solution have special vocabulary to describe them Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Hypertonic The conc. of solute outside the cell is higher than the conc. inside The solution outside is hypertonic Water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium is established. The cell will shrink and lose mass

Hypotonic The conc. of solute outside the cell is lower than the conc. inside The solution outside is hypotonic Water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. The cell will get bigger and gain mass

Isotonic The conc. of solute outside and inside the cell are equal The solution outside is isotonic Water diffuses into and out at equal rates No net change in size or mass

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O CHO CHO H 2 O CHO CHO H 2 O H 2 O CHO H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O CHO H 2 O H 2 O CHO H 2 O H 2 O CHO H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O Water moves out Cell Shrinks Water moves in Cell Swells Water moves in and out Cell Size remains same Why doesn t the Glucose (CHO) move into the cell?