World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences 11 (1): 34-41, 2015 ISSN 1817-3047 IDOSI Pulictions, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjs.2015.11.1.1842 Prevlence of Colletotrichum spp. Infecting Fruits in Southern Ethiopi 1 2 3 Yohnnes Mekonnen, Alemyehu Chl nd Smuel Alemyehu 1 Deprtment of Biology, College of Nturl nd Computtionl Sciences, Jigjig University, Ethiopi 2 Hwss University, School of Plnt nd Horticulturl Sciences, Hwss, Ethiopi 3 Deprtment of Biology, College of Nturl nd Computtionl Science, Mekelle, University, Ethiopi Astrct: Colletotrichum is n importnt fungl genus infecting severl crops including vocdo, ppy nd nn. The current study ws conducted to i) ssess the incidence nd severity of nthrcnose of in vocdo nd ppy fields of southern Ethiopi; ii) identify the Colletotrichum species infecting oth crops. For this purpose, field surveys were crried out in Wolit, Wondo Genet nd Ziwy fruits with nd without visile symptoms of nthrcnose were collected; isoltes were identified to species level nd chrcterized sed on their phenotypic fetures. Results of the field surveys reveled the prevlence of nthrcnose in ll the loctions. However, oth disese incidence nd severity vried mrkedly cross the loctions. Both incidence nd severity of vocdo nd ppy nthrcnose were found to e highest in Wondo Genet (45 nd 22% for vocdo nd 39.7 nd 22% for ppy, respectively) followed y Wolit (32.4 nd 16.8% for vocdo nd 36 nd 16.6% for ppy, respectively). However, oth nthrcnose incidence nd severity were lowest t 23.99% on vocdo nd 31.8% ppy nd 13.33% on vocdo nd 13.67% on ppy, respectively, in Ziwy. Men monthly nd nnul rinfll positively nd significntly (p<0.05) correlted with oth incidence nd severity of nthrcnose. Bsed on morphologicl fetures, Colletotrichum isoltes from oth vocdo nd ppy fruits were identified s C. gloeosporioides. The ssocited Colletotrichum isoltes grew optimlly t 25 C (39.55mm/two dys nd 39.26mm/two dys for isoltes from vocdo nd ppy, respectively) nd 30 C, which resulted in growth of isoltes t rte of 39.37mm/two dys nd40.3 mm/two dys for isoltes from vocdo nd ppy, respectively. Conidil germintion ws significntly nd positively correlted with temperture for oth vocdo (r=0.559) nd ppy (r=0.562) isoltes. Key words: Anthrcnose Quiescent infection Colletotrichum Perse mericn Cric ppy INTRODUCTION Ethiopi possesses diverse gro-ecologicl zones, suitle for grow severl fruit crops [1]. The mjor tropicl fruits produced in Ethiopi re nn, vocdo, mngo, ornge nd ppys, which re minly, cultivted in the Rift Vlley region [2]. These fruits re typiclly cultivted to supplement household income from their min crops nd re considered importnt to humn helth ecuse they supply essentil nutrients including vitmins, minerls nd other necessry compounds such s ntioxidnts [3-4]. However, the shelf-life of most tropicl nd sutropicl fruit crops is limited y their high susceptiility to posthrvest diseses prticulrly those cused y Colletotrichum spp [5]. Other constrining fctors include low production nd productivity, lck of dequte pest control, poor soil fertility mngement prctices, lck of ttention to product qulity nd prevention of physicl dmge, s well s the lck of storge nd pckging fcilities [6-8]. Colletotrichum is lrge genus of scomycete fungi to which the mjor pthogens of fruit crops cusing economiclly importnt losses in temperte, sutropicl nd tropicl regions of the world elong, which cuses nthrcnose in wide rnge of hosts including cerels, legumes, vegetles nd fruits [9]. Anthrcnose cused y Colletotrichum species is chrcterized y sunken necrotic tissue, where ornge conidil msses re produced. Anthrcnose diseses pper in oth developing nd mture plnt tissues giving rise to two distinct types of diseses i.e. those ffecting developing fruit in the field (pre-hrvest) nd those dmging mture fruit during storge (post-hrvest). Corresponding Author: Yohnnes Mekonnen, Deprtment of Biology, College of Nturl nd Computtionl Sciences, Jigjig University, Ethiopi. 34
The ility to cuse ltent or quiescent infections hs with n elevtion of 1643m..s.l. nd the men nnul grouped Colletotrichum mong the most importnt post- temperture is 19.98 C. Annul rin fll rnges from 600 to hrvest pthogens in the gloe [10-11]. Colletotrichum 800mm/yer nd the economy of the town is sed on infects fruits throughout the period of fruit growth ut fishing nd horticulture [15]. remins quiescent for weeks or months while the fruit is immture. Quiescent infection ppers to e fungl Survey of Anthrcnose on Avocdo nd Ppy: Field response to dverse physiologicl conditions temporrily surveys were conducted in the forementioned loctions imposed y the host [11]. Environmentl conditions hve (Wolyt, Wondo Genet nd Ziwy) to gther informtion lso their own contriution for Colletotrichum infection on the incidence nd severity of nthrcnose in the study [12]. Control of nthrcnose is primrily y fungicides, res. A totl of 60 vocdo nd ppy fields (15-25 per pplied oth efore nd fter hrvest. But in most loction) were surveyed rndomly in the three loctions. countries the use of fungicides is ecoming incresingly Ten vocdo nd ppy fruits were collected from ech restricted prticulrly in the cse of those fungicides of the three fruit trees for ssessment of nthrcnose pplied posthrvest [13]. Southern Ethiopi produces incidence s the percentge of vocdo nd ppy fruits lrge mount of ppy, mngo, nn, vocdo nd in the field showing visile symptoms out of 30 collected other fruits for locl consumption nd sells to other prts fruits from ech type of fruit t ech frm of the selected of the country. Colletotrichum species re known to loclity. On the other hnd, nthrcnose severity ws infect fruits including vocdo nd ppy nd cuse ssessed s the verge fruit re covered y the oth pre- nd post-hrvest nthrcnose. However, symptom of nthrcnose mong the collected fruits infection my remin quiescent for some time during fruit infected with nthrcnose in ech frm. In ddition, up to development nd pper in storge or while the fruits re 10 vocdo nd ppy fruits without visile nthrcnose sold on mrkets. Nevertheless, the wreness of frmers symptoms were collected from ech field mking the totl on protection of fruits from infection during growth in the fruits collected 300. Besides the ltitude, ltitude nd field nd posthrvest cre during gthering, longitude of ech field were recorded during field surveys trnsporttion nd storge is little or lcking in mny nd wether dt of the three loctions were otined instnces. The min ojective of this study ws to ssess from the Ntionl Meteorologicl Agency, Hwss prevlence of Colletotrichum spp. infecting fruits in rnch. Pthogen Isoltion nd Species Identifiction: Southern Ethiopi nd give pproprite recommendtions Colletotrichum isoltes were isolted from 5mm pieces of for effective mngement of nthrcnose nd future tissues tht were surfce sterilized with 70% ethnol for reserch. 1min nd rinsed in three series of sterilized distilled wter nd dried on sterilized filter pper. The surfce sterilized MATERIALS AND METHODS tissues were pltted on potto dextrose gr (PDA) nd incuted t 25±2 C for seven dys. At the end of the 7 th Description of The Study Ares: The study ws dy of incution typicl Colletotrichum conidi s were conducted from in three loctions found in southern prt visile on the culture pltes. The totl numer of isoltes of Ethiopi: Wolyt, Wondo Genet nd Ziwy. Wolyt isolted from symptomtic fruits is 187 (93 from vocdo is locted t 6 40-7 58 N ltitude nd 37 14-37 56 E nd 94 isoltes from ppy). longitudes nd 390km South of Addis A nd 170km The morphologicl fetures used in the identifiction from Hwss. Altitude of the re vries from 1000 nd process included conidi shpe, colony colour descried 2900m..s.l. Averge nnul temperture nd rin fll using the degree of pigmenttion of the colonies, edge rnge from 16 C to 20 C nd 800mm to 1300mm, morphology (colony mrgin) nd presence /sence of respectively [14]. Wondo Genet is situted 263 km South sectoring (concentric ring) fter five dys of incution t of Addis A nd 13km southest from Shshemene in 25 C. West Arsi Zone of Oromi Regionl Stte nd out 38km from Hwss town. It is situted etween 38 37-38 42 E Chrcteriztion of Colletotrichum Isoltes Infecting longitude nd 7 02-7 07 N ltitude nd n ltitude of 1600-2500 m..s.l. Annul rinfll rnges from 700 to 1400 mm. Ziwy is town locted 160km South of Addis A in the Misrq Shew zone of the Oromi region of Ethiopi t ltitude nd longitude of 7 56'N 38 43'E, respectively, Avocdo nd Ppy: Pure cultures of Colletotrichum isoltes isolted from oth vocdo nd ppy nd representing different species nd geogrphic origins were chrcterized in terms of colony morphology, growth rte nd conidil shpe. Pure cultures of isoltes were 35
trnsferred to PDA nd incuted t 25 C in the drk. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After seven dys of incution, 5mm of myceli plugs ws tken from the ctively growing edges of the colonies, Field Assessment of Anthrcnose: Survey results trnsferred to the centre of fresh PDA pltes nd reveled the incidence of nthrcnose on oth Avocdo incuted under drk t three temperture conditions (20, nd ppy cross the three loctions (Tle 2). However, 25nd 30 C). The experiment hs completely rndomized oth disese incidence nd severity vried significntly design with three replictions. (p<0.05) mong the survey loctions. The highest incidence nd severity of nthrcnose were recorded t Conidil Germintion: Suspensions of conidi from 30 Wondo genet (Incidence: 45% on vocdo nd 39.7% on rndomly selected vocdo nd ppy isolte (10 from ppy; Severity: 22% on vocdo nd 22% on ppy), ech loction) were trnsferred to ELISA pltes in 100ml followed y Wolyt (32.4% nd 36% incidence on sterilized distilled wter for incution t different vocdo nd ppy, respectively; nd severity of 16.8% temperture (20, 25 nd 30 C) in three replictes. After nd 16.4% on vocdo nd ppy, respectively). Both 48hr nd 96hr of incution, 5ml of the conidil nthrcnose incidence nd severity were the lowest t suspension ws tken, mounted on slide nd then the 23.99% on vocdo nd 31.8% ppy nd 13.33% on conidi were exmined under light microscope. The vocdo nd 13.67% on ppy, respectively, in Ziwy. numer of germinted conidi from the totl conidi ws The lowest nthrcnose incidence nd severity in Ziwy counted t 40X mgnifiction nd chnged the percentge could e ttriuted to the effective ppliction of of conidil germintion ws determined s proportion of fungicides in the government fruit frm. Furthermore, germinting conidi per smple. Finlly the men lower rin fll in Ziwy could e proly the cuse for percentge germinted conidi per isolte-temperture low incidence nd severity of nthrcnose in the loction. condition ws used for sttisticl nlysis using the SAS This ws in greement with [16-18], who reported softwre (SAS 9.1). Besides, correltion nlysis ws vritions in nthrcnose incidence in other prts of the done to ssess the impct of temperture on conidil world. germintion of Colletotrichum. Correltion Anlysis: Incidence of vocdo nthrcnose Dt Anlysis: The collected dt on incidence nd hd positive nd significnt correltion with monthly severity, Rdil growth, Colony color nd mrgin nd nd nnul rin fll (r=0.675 nd r=0.666, respectively) Growth rte were sujected to sttisticl nlysis using (Tle 3). Besides, disese severity hd lso significnt the SAS softwre. Correltion nlysis ws done to see positive correltion with monthly nd nnul rin fll the impct of temperture on the growth rte of the (r=0.545nd r=0.535, respectively). These results suggest isoltes. the significnt impct of rinfll on vocdo nthrcnose. Tle 1: Numer of Colletotrichum isoltes from vocdo nd ppy collected from the three loction nd GPS dt Fruits nd No of isoltes ------------------------------------------------------ Loction Avocdo Ppy Bnn Altitude Ltitude Longitude Wolyt 33 36 1731-1754m N 07 03.720 - N 07 42.222 E037 42.193 - E 037 47.497 Wondo Genet 35 30 1713-1733m N 06 59.340 - N 07 03.653 E038 34.485 - E 038 36.701 Ziwy 25 28 1646-1649m N 07 56.426 - N 07 57.399 E038 42.245 - E 038 43.130 Tle 2: Incidence nd nd severity of vocdo nd ppy t different survey loctions of southern Ethiopi Avocdo Ppy ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Loctions Incidence(%) Severity (%) Incidence (%) Severity (%) Wolyt 32.4±6.84 16.80±4.30 36±6.52 16.4±4.69 Wondo genet 45.0±5.87 22.0±4.41 39.7±5.06 22±4.97 Ziwy c 23.99±5.80 c 13.33±3.09 c 31.8±5.89 13.67±3.52 CV (%) 13.96 19.66 14.84 24.58 LSD(0.05) 3.14 2.26 3.49 2.81 Mens in column followed y the sme letter re not significntly different t p<0.05 36
Tle 3: Person correltion result for field survey incidence nd severity of the two fruit type with rinfll Fruit Disese prmeter Monthly rin fll Annul rin fll Avocdo Incidence 0.675**** 0.666**** Severity 0.545**** 0.535**** Ppy Incidence 0.341** 0.426*** Severity 0.532**** 0.469**** **Significnt t P<0.01, ***Significnt t P<0.001, **** significnt t P<0.0001. Tle 4: Colony chrcteristics of isoltes found from vocdo Colony color ------------------------------------------------------------ Loction Isolte no Upper surfce Reverse side Concentric ring Mrgin Conidil shpe Wolyt 1,10 Gry Cottony Drk gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 2,11 Gry cottony Gry center nd drk mrgin Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 3,13 gry cottony Drk gry Present Irregulr cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 4,12 gry cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with pointed nd otuse end 6-9,14-15 White cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse Wondo-genet 17,21,23,29 White cottony Gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 18, 20 White cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 19, 24-25,30 White cottony White gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 26,28 Gry cottony Drk gry Present Irregulr Cylindricl conidi with pointed nd otuse ends 16,22,27 Gry cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse Ziwy 31,38-39,41,45 White cottony Gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 32,35-36,40 Gry cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 33,43,44 White cottony Gry Asent Irregulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse nd pointed ends 34,37,42 White cottony Gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse There ws reltively lower nd yet significntly positive identifiction). The morphologicl groupings of isoltes correltion etween the incidence of nthrcnose on used in the current study re presented in Tles 4 nd 5. ppy nd monthly nd nnul rin fll (r=0.341 nd Isoltes from vocdo from Wondo Genet nd Wolyt r=0.426, respectively). Further to this, nthrcnose were clssified into five morphologicl groups ech while severity on ppy hd lso significntly positive those from Ziwy were ctegorized into four groups correltion with oth monthly nd nnul rin fll (r=0.532 (Tle 4). Mjority of the isoltes showed diverse upper nd r=0.469, respectively) further confirming the influence nd reverse side colony chrcteristics from white of rin fll on the development of ppy nthrcnose. cottony to gry nd to drk gry despite cylindricl Correltion nlysis ws not done for temperture since conidi with the mjority hving oth ends otuse nd temperture of Wondo Genet loction ws not found from some with one otuse nd other pointed end. In ddition, meteorologicl gency. the mjority of the isoltes hve regulr mrgin nd without concentric ring. Besides, the isoltes were found Species Identifiction nd Morphologicl to grow fster, which is the chrcteristics of C. Chrcteriztion: A totl of 69, 65 nd 53 isolted of gloeosporioides unlike tht of C. cuttum [6]. The Colletotrichum were isolted from fruits in Wolyt, conidil shpe, the colony color nd growth rte of the Wondo Genet nd Ziwy loctions, respectively. The tested isoltes indicted tht the Colletotrichum spp. isoltes were identified to species level on the sis of infecting vocdo in southern Ethiopi were C. their morphologicl fetures s descried y [19]. gloeosporioides since the morphologicl chrcteristics is typicl of C. gloeosporioides since ll of them Grouping of the Colletotrichum Isoltes Bsed on displyed the description of [19]. The morphologicl Morphologicl Chrcters: Forty-five isolted from vocdo nd 45 from ppy (15 t ech loction) were rndomly chosen for morphologicl nlysis (species chrcteristics in the current study lso confirmed tht there is intr-species diversity mong Colletotrichum isoltes in southern Ethiopi. 37
Tle 5: Colony chrcteristics of isoltes found from ppy Colony color ----------------------------------------------------------- Loction Isolte no Upper surfce Reverse side Concentric ring Mrgin Conidil shpe Wolyt 1,2,6,9,11,14,15 Gry cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 3,5,8,12,13 White cottony Gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 4,7,10 White cottony Gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse nd pointed ends Wondo 1718,23,24,28,29 Gry cottony Drk gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends Genet 19,20-22 White cottony Gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 16,25,27 White cottony Gry Present Irregulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 26,30 Gry cottony Centrlly gry nd drk gry edge Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends Ziwy 31,32,44 White cottony Gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 35,37,38,40 White cottony Gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with oth ends otuse 36,43,45 Gry cottony Drk gry Asent Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 33,39, 41,42 White cottony Gry Present Irregulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse ends 34 White cottony Drk gry Present Regulr Cylindricl conidi with otuse nd pointed ends Three, four nd five groups of Colletotrichum temperture of 25 C nd 30 C were found to e most were isolted from ppy from Wolyt, Wondo Genet fvorle in supporting the growth of isoltes. On the nd Ziwy, respectively (Tle 5). The Colletotrichum other hnd, temperture of 20 C resulted in significntly isoltes showed diverse upper nd reverse side colony the lowest growth rte (37.7mm/48hr). A positively chrcteristics from white cottony to gry nd to drk significnt correltion (r=0.582, p<0.0001) ws lso gry colony color. In ddition, the mjority of the isoltes estlished etween growth rte of isoltes nd hve regulr mrgin nd lmost hlf of the isoltes hve incution temperture greeing with the results otined concentric ring. However, there ws no much difference for isoltes from vocdo. Differences in growth rtes of etween shpes of conidi of different isoltes in which Colletotrichum isoltes grown t the sme temperture ll of them displyed the description of [10, 19] s eing my e n indiction for presence of intr-specific oth ends round (mjority) or pointed t one end nd vrition etween different groups of C. gloeosporioides rounded t the other end. Besides, the isoltes were found [21] hs reported tht mximum growth of C. to hve higher growth rte, which is the chrcteristics of gloeosporioides ws oserved t 30 C nd good growth C. gloeosporioides unlike tht of C. cuttum (Tle 5). ws supported y temperture rnging from 20 to 30 C The colony color, shpes of conidi s nd growth rte of wheres lest growth of isoltes from ppy ws the isoltes were typicl of C. gloeosporioides. The recorded t 10 C(22) lso confirmed tht temperture of morphologicl chrcteristics in the current study lso 25 nd 30 C to e fvorle for growth of C. confirmed tht there is intr-species diversity mong gloeosporioides. Colletotrichum isoltes in southern Ethiopi. Conidil Germintion: Conidil germintion ws Effect of Temperture on Growth Rte of Colletotrichum quntified t the second nd fourth dys fter plting, Isoltes: There ws significnt vrition (p<0.05) in using microscope. Men conidil germintion of growth rte of isoltes collected from the three loctions (Tles 6). For vocdo isoltes the mximum men growth rte t different tempertures rnged from 37.3mm t 20 C to 39.6mm t 25 C. This ws in greement with nother study y this nother study [20], who reported temperture rnge from 25-30 C s fvorle for good growth of C.gloeosporioides isoltes. In ddition, the growth rte of vocdo isoltes hd positively significnt correltion with incution temperture (r=0.403, p<0.0001). Men growth rte of Colletotrichum isoltes of ppy increses with temperture nd Colletotrichum isoltes from vocdo rnged etween 39% t 20 C nd 48% t 30 C suggesting liner increse in conidil germintion with incution temperture [8]. Likewise men conidil germintion of Colletotrichum isoltes from ppy increses with the smllest (37.4%) nd the fstest (46.6%) otined t tempertures of 20 nd 30 C [9]. Incution temperture of 25 C hd more or less similr effect (45.30% conidil germintion) on conidil germintion s tht 30 C. But results lso indicted significnt vritions in conidil germintion of the tested isoltes incuted t the sme temperture 38
Tle 6: Men growth rte/48hr of isoltes of vocdo t different Tle 7: Men growth rte/48 hr of isoltes of ppy t different temperture nd t different loction temperture nd t different Loction Loction 20 C 25 C 30 C Loction 20 C 25 C 30 C Wolyt 37.38±1.64 39.73±1.97 40±1.88 Wolyt 37.33±2.05 39.38±1.92 41.4±1.66 Wondo genet 36.93±1.59 39.11±2.0 39.0±2.03 Wondo genet 38.62±1.89 38.95±1.57 40.35±1.3 Ziwy 37.58±1.41 39.8±1.9 39.1±1.68 Ziwy 37.4±2.1 39.44±1.84 39.13±1.81 c CV (%) 3.29 3.60 4.12 CV (%) 4.46 3.94 3.45 LSD(0.05) 0.51 0.60 0.68 LSD (0.05) 0.71 0.65 0.58 Mens in column followed y the sme letter re not significntly different Mens in column followed y the sme letter re not significntly different t p<0.05. t p<0.05. Tle 8: Conidil germintion of Colletotrichum isoltes of vocdo nd ppy t different tempertures Avocdo Ppy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Loction 20 C 25 C 30 C 20 C 25 C 30 C Wolyt 37.38±1.64 39.73±1.97 40±1.88 37.33±2.05 39.38±1.92 41.4±1.66 Wondo genet 36.93±1.59 39.11±2.0 39.0±2.03 38.62±1.89 38.95±1.57 40.35±1.3 Ziwy 37.58±1.41 39.8±1.9 39.1±1.68 37.4±2.1 39.44±1.84 c 39.13±1.81 CV (%) 3.29 3.60 4.12 4.46 3.94 3.45 LSD(0.05) 0.51 0.60 0.68 0.71 0.65 0.58 Mens in column followed y the sme letter re not significntly different t p< 0.05 regrdless of host of origin (Tles 8). This result in infecting vocdo nd ppy fruits in southern Ethiopi greed with [23] reported tht temperture rnging from in terms of growth rte nd conidil germintion t 25-30 C fvored good sporultion of C. gloeosporioides. different incution tempertures. In ddition, Correltion nlysis etween conidil germintion nd tempertures of 25 nd 30 C re found to e fvorle for incution temperture reveled significntly (p<0.0001) growth rte nd conidil germintion of Colletotrichum positive impct of the ltter on the former (r=0.559 for isolted from the vocdo nd ppy fruits in southern vocdo isoltes nd r=0.562 for isoltes from ppy). Ethiopi. So this indicted tht temperture plyed n importnt role on myceli growth nd conidil CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS germintion. The ssessment conducted during field surveys Recommendtions: showed tht the disese nthrcnose is prevlent on oth vocdo nd ppy in ll the surveyed loctions. Field survey results indicted tht Colloettrichum Nevertheless, oth disese incidence nd severity vried infection is common prolem on vocdo nd significntly cross the loctions. Besides, wether ppy in southern Ethiopi. So due ttention vriles prticulrly rin fll ws found plying higher should e given to effective mngement of role for nthrcnose development. This suggested nthrcnose. However, most of the frmers tht helthy vocdo nd ppy fruits from the field my produce these fruit crops in the region re smll scle hror the pthogen to storge houses, which my further susistence frmers nd thus the cost effectiveness ecome possile cuse for post hrvest loss of vocdo of control mesures should e considered to ensure nd ppy fruits y in southern Ethiopi. The doption y frmers. Fruits re eten fresh nd hence morphologicl chrcteristics of Colletotrichum isoltes emphsis in controlling fruit diseses including found from vocdo nd ppy fruits including colony nthrcnose must e given on non-chemicl options color, concentric ring, mrgin nd conidil shpes s much s possile. Integrting disese indicted tht the Colletotrichum spp. infecting vocdo mngement strtegies (prehrvest nd post hrvest) nd ppy in southern Ethiopi ws Colletotrichum like sprying of fungicide, using resistnt vriety of gloeosporioides. The results of the morphologicl the fruits, mintennce of tree hygiene, storing fruit nlysis suggest high degree of similrity in terms of t low temperture nd controlled ripening my lso conidil shpe nd colony color. On the other hnd, there ply n importnt role in controlling the disese in n ws intr-species diversity mong Colletotrichum efficient, cost effective nd sustinle mnner. 39
In generl hrvesting fruits during or soon fter rin 9. Biley, J.A. nd M.J. Jeger, 1992. Colletotrichum: must e voided, trees nd fruits must e llowed to Biology, Pthology nd Control. UK: Common dry efore hrvesting nd during hrvesting nd welth Mycologicl Institute, Wllingford, those with visile nthrcnose symptoms should e pp: 289-307. removed to void cross infection the fruit y 10. Freemn, S., T. Ktn nd E. Shi, 1996. Colletotrichum spp. Besides, cre should e tken during trnsporttion of fruits to the mrket to prevent fruits from nthrcnose dmge. Studies conducted on quiescent nthrcnose re importnt for effective prevention nd control of Chrcteriztion of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isoltes from vocdo nd lmond fruits with moleculr nd pthogenicity tests. Appl. nd Env. Micro., 62: 1014-1020. 11. Prusky, D. nd A. Lichter, 2007. Activtion of Colletotrichum. So due ttention should e given to quiescent infections y posthrvest pthogens study quiescent infection of fruits for controlling during trnsition from the iotrophic to the nthrcnose nd to reduce post hrvest loss of necrotrophic stge, Federtion of Europen vocdo nd ppy fruits in southern Ethiopi. Microiologicl Societies let, 268: 1-68. Temperture studies indicted tht Colletotrichum 12. Nelson, S., 2008. Anthrcnose of Avocdo, will grow preferly t temperture of 25 C nd 30 C. College of Tropicl Agriculture nd Humn So fruits should e stored t low temperture to resources (CTAHR). Plnt Disese, 58: 1-6. hinder growth of Colletotrichum. However, further 13. Cotes, L., S. Willinghm, K. Pegg, T. Cooke, studies re needed to determine the most optimum J. Den, nd P. Lngdon, 2002. Field nd posthrvest tempertures for the growth nd development of the mngement of vocdo fruit diseses. Queenslnd fungus. Horticulture Institute, Deprtment of Primry REFERENCES 1. Tesfye, B., V.A. Kumr nd A. Kumr, 2006. Hi-Tech Horticulture: A lue print for development. In: Proceedings of the inugurl nd first Ethiopin Horticulturl Science Society conference. L. Deslegn, G. Endle, et l., (ed.s). 27-30 Mrch 2006, Addis A, Ethiopi, pp: 20-25. 2. Seifu, G.M., 2003. Sttus of commercil fruit production in Ethiopi. Ethiopin Agriculturl Reserch Institute, pp: 91. 3. Timoteos, H., 2009. Chllenging impossile-looking hurdles. Netherlnds Development Orgniztion, Ethiopi, pp: 1-4. 4. Ary, A. nd A.E. Perell, 2010. Mngement of fungl pthogens, CAB interntionl, Wllingford. 5. Kidus, M. nd Z. Awol, 2010. Hrvesting nd Post Hrvest Hndling Technology nd Qulity control of mngo, trining mnul. Arek Agriculturl Reserch Center, Ethiopi, pp: 7-68. 6. FAO/WHO, 2004. Work shop; Report on fruit nd vegetles for helth, Koe, pp: 7-12. 7. Jy, J.M., 2000. Modern food microiology sixth ed. Aspen Pulishers, Inc. Githersurg New York, pp: 160-286. 8. Aguiler-Montñez, J.L. nd S. nd Slzr-Grci, 1991. The vocdo industry in Michocn, Mexico. South Africn vocdo growers ssocition yer ook, 14: 94-97. Industries, pp: 2-11. 14. CSA, 2004. The 2001/2002 Ethiopi griculture smple enumertion (EASE), Executive Summry, Addis A, Ethiopi, pp: 13-15. 15. CSA, 2008. Report on re nd production of mjor crops, Agriculturl smple enumertion survey. Addis A, Ethiopi, 1: 11-15. 16. Aruz, L.F., Wng, A., Durn, J.A., Monterrey, 1994. Cuses of post hrvest losses of mngo t the wholesle mrket level in Cost Ric. Agronomi Costrricens, 18(1): 47-51. 17. Snders, G.M., L. Korsten nd F.C. Wehner, 2000. Mrket survey of post-hrvest diseses nd incidence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on vocdo nd mngo fruit in South Afric. Tropicl Science Journl, 40(4): 192-198. 18. Jitreert, P., C. Wongs-Aree nd S. Sngchote, 2006. Detection of quiescent infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on green mngo fruit y polymerse chin rection. Act Horticulture (ISHS), 712: 927-936. 19. Whiley, A.W., B. Schffer nd B.N. Wolstenholme, 2002. The Avocdo Botny, Production nd Uses. CAB Pulishing Wllingford, pp: 299-301. 20. Sngeeth, C.G. nd R.D. Rwl, 2009. Temperture Requirement of Different Isoltes of C. gloeosporioides isolted from Mngo, Americn-Eursin Journl of Scientific Reserch, 4(1): 20-25. 40
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