Lab Exercise #04 The Skeletal System Student Performance Objectives The material that you are required to learn in this exercise can be found in either the lecture text or the supplemental materials provided in lab. Prior to coming to class, it is the student's responsibility to review the lab objectives and to be familiar with the material to be studied in lab. To accomplish this goal, the student's assigned task is to use a highlighter to mark all of the required lab content as identified in this set of Student Performance Objectives. This highlighting should be done prior to coming to lab. Each of the student performance objectives that follow should be prefaced by the phrase, "Upon completion of this lab, students will be able to:" Part A. Using specimens, models, and diagrams, describe the general areas of the skeletal system (axial vs. appendicular) and the following associated specific structures. The numbers in parenthesis indicate how many of that type of bone there are in to be found. 1. Axial Skeleton: Skull: Sutures: Sagittal suture Coronal suture Lambdoidal suture Squamosal suture Cranial Bones: Frontal (1) Frontal sinuses Parietal (2) Occipital (1) Foramen magnum Temporal (2) External auditory (acoustic) meatus Ear ossicles (3) Sphenoid (1) Sella turcica Optic foramen (canal) Ethmoid (1) Perpendicular plate Facial Bones: Maxillary bone (maxilla) (2) Maxillary sinus Mandible (1) Zygomatic bones (2) Zygomatic arch Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Hyoid (1) 1
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage: Structures: The following are structures that all vertebrae have in common. Be able to classify an individual vertebra as being cervical, thoracic, or lumbar. Body Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse process Vertebral Column Bones: Cervical vertebrae (7 vertebrae in total; C1 C7) Note: Transverse processes have foramen Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Odontoid process or dens Thoracic vertebrae (12 vertebrae in total; T1 T12) Lumbar vertebrae (5 vertebrae in total; L1 L5) Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) Coccyx (variable from one fused to 5 separate) Thoracic Cage Bones: Ribs (12 pair) Shaft Sternum (1) Manubrium Body Costal cartilage (attached to the sternum) Xiphoid process 2. The Appendicular Skeleton: Upper and lower appendages and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton Be able to distinguish between the male and female pelvis. Be able to distinguish left and right bones when pertinent. (Exceptions including non-paired bones, ear ossicles, metacarpals, phalanges, patella, tarsals, and metatarsals) Pectoral Girdle Bones: Clavicle (2) Scapula (2) Glenoid cavity (fossa) 2
Upper Limb Bones: Humerus (2) Deltoid tuberosity Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpal bones (16 total; 2 groups of 8 bones each) Note: Know them all as carpal bones. Metacarpal bones (10 total; 2 groups of 5 bones each) Note: Know them all as metacarpal bones. Phalanges (28 total; 2 groups of 14 each) Note: The thumb has only two phalanges, proximal and distal. Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Pelvic Girdle Bones: Coxal bones (2 total) Note: also called Os coxa; each consists of and ilium, ischium and pubis fused together Acetabulum Ilium (2) Ischium (2) Ischial tuberosity Pubis (2) Pubic symphysis Pubic arch (less than 90 = male, greater than 90 = female) Lower Limb Bones: Femur (2) Medial condyle Lateral condyle Patella (2) Tibia (2) Tibial tuberosity Fibula (2) Tarsal bones (14 total; 2 groups of 7 bones each) Metatarsal bones (10 total; 2 groups of 5 bones each) Phalanges (28 total; 2 groups of 14 bones each) Note: Great toe has just proximal and distal phalanx Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx 3
3. The Fetal Skeleton: Note: A human fetus is born with 275 bones, 69 more than an adult skeleton. Many of these individual bones will fuse to form larger bones. Fontanel fibrous connective tissue membranes between bones of the fetal skull that eventually ossify (soft spots) Posterior fontanel (1) Anterior fontanel (1) 4. Articulations: Knee Articulation (joint) Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Quadriceps femoris tendon Patellar ligament Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) 5. Skeleton Drawing: Create a full body drawing of your lab partner and then entire skeletal system to scale. Using a full length sheet of paper, draw and label the entire skeletal system. 6. Bone Structures/Land Marks: Using specimens, models, and diagrams, describe and identify at lease one instance of the following bone markings. Look for these terms as part of the names of bone structures that you will be identifying during this lab. Tuberosity Spine Condyle Fossa Process Foramen (plural foramina) Example: A nerve or blood vessel would be going through a to get into or out of a bone. 4
7. Structures of a Long Bone: Using specimens on demo, models, and diagrams, describe and identify the following long bone structures: Epiphysis Medullary cavity Yellow bone marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Red bone marrow Example: The medullary cavity is filled with. 8. Ostiod Tissue Organization: Using microscope slides, models and diagrams, describe and identify the following microscopic structures of compact bone: Osteon (Haversian system) Canaliculi (pleural) (singular Canaliculus) Central canal (A.K.A. Haversian canal) Periosteum Osteocyte Example: Blood vessels make their way through compact bone via the. 9. Analysis of Bone Composition: Using the bones on demonstration in the lab labeled Composition of Bone Demo, identify the effects on bone when removing the Inorganic Mineral Salts (Calcium) (soaked in nitric acid) and destroying the Collagenous Fibers (protein portion of the bone) (burned bones). Describe the appearance of the soaked bones. Describe the appearance of the burned bones. Which portion of the bone is responsible for the hardness of the bone and which is responsible for the strength of the bone. Which bones are more like young bones? Why? Which are more like old bones? Why? END OF FIRST LAB SET, LAB EXAM #1 TO FOLLOW 5