Supplementary Figure 1 a Percent of body weight! (%) 4! 3! 1! Epididymal fat Subcutaneous fat Liver SD Percent of body weight! (%) ** 3! 1! SD Percent of body weight! (%) 6! 4! SD ** b Blood glucose (mg/dl)! 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 GTT WT-! KO-! min! 3 6 9 12 * (ng/ml) 4! 3! 1! Serum insulin * 0 min 30 min c Liver p-akt Akt Epididymal fat p-akt Akt Muscle p-akt Akt WT Mincle KO Insulin - - + + - - + + p-akt/akt! (Arbitrary units) p-akt/akt! (Arbitrary units) 2 1 1 Insulin (-) (+) (-) (+) 1 8! 6! 4! WT Liver * Muscle KO p-akt/akt! (Arbitrary units) 6! 4! Epididymal fat Insulin (-) (+) (-) (+) WT KO Insulin (-) (+) (-) (+) WT KO Supplementary Figure 1: Phenotypes of Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a for 16 weeks. (a) Epididymal fat, subcutaneous fat, and liver weights normalized to the whole body weight. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. n = 11 to 13. # P < 0.05, P < 0.01 vs. WT-SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01., not significant. (b) Glucose tolerance tests of Mincle KO and wildtype mice on a. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 5. *P < 0.05., not significant. (c) Western blotting of Akt (Thr308) phosphorylation in the liver, epididymal fat tissue, and soleus muscle of the Mincle KO and wildtype (0.5 U/kg of body weight). p-akt, phosphorylated Akt; Akt, total Akt. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. n = 4 to 8. *P < 0.05.
Supplementary Figure 2 a (g) b d 90! 80! 70! 60! 50! 40! 30! 20! 10! 0! Body weight SD WT- (g) 3.5! 3.0! 2.5! 2.0! 1.5! 1.0! 0.5! 0.0! KO- Epididymal fat Liver 5.0! ** ** 4.0! 3.0! SD WT-SD KO-SD WT- KO- c (ng/ml)! 7! 6! 4! 3! 1! (g) 2.0! 1.0! 0.0! Serum insulin ** SD SD (mg/dl)! 25 20 15 10 5 Blood glucose SD e Masson's Trichromepositive area (%) 3 2 1 0 * WT KO Supplementary Figure 2: Phenotypes of Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a or a SD for 50 weeks. (a) Body weight and epididymal fat and liver weights. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. n = 5 to 11. # P < 0.05, P < 0.01 vs. WT-SD, **P < 0.01., not significant. (b) Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining of the liver. Original magnification, 200; Scale bars, 50 µm. (c) Serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations under ad libitum conditions. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. n = 5 to 11. # P < 0.05, P < 0.01 vs. WT-SD, **P < 0.01. (d,e) Representative Masson s trichrome staining (d) and quantification of the Masson s trichrome-positive area (e) in epididymal fat tissue. Original magnification, 200; Scale bars, 50 µm. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 5 to 11. *P < 0.05.
Supplementary Figure 3 Body weight (g) Epididymal fat weight (g) Liver weight (g) 5 4 3 2 1 WT! 3. 2. 1. 0. WT! 1. 1. 0. 0. WT! Supplementary Figure 3: Phenotypes of Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a for 8 weeks. Body weight and epididymal fat and liver weights of Mincle KO and wildtype mice. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 5., not significant.
Supplementary Figure 4 WT- KO- 0.0 Relative islet area/ pancreas area WT- 0.0 KO- KO- 3! 1! WT KO 0.2! 0.1! 0.0! WT KO 2.5! Ki67-positive β cells (%)! WT- 0.3! 4! c WT KO Insuliln-positive area (%) b 0.01! Glucagon-positive area (%) a 2.0! 1.5! 1.0! 0.5! 0.0! WT KO Supplementary Figure 4: Pancreas from Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a for 16 weeks. (a) Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining. Original magnification, 200; Scale bars, 50 µm. (b) Representative immunofluorescent staining of insulin (red) and glucagon (green). 200; Scale bars, 50 µm. (c) Representative immunofluorescent staining of insulin (red) and Ki67 (green). 400; Scale bars, 50 µm. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 5.
Supplementary Figure 5 mrna levels! (Arbitrary units) 5 4 3 2 1 # * WT-SD KO-SD WT- KO- 0 Adipoq! Pparg! Fasn! Srebp1-c! Hsl! Pnpla Cpt1a! Supplementary Figure 5: mrna expression in epididymal fat tissue from Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a for 16 weeks. mrna expression of genes related to adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and β-oxidation in epididymal fat tissue. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. n = 11 to 13. # P < 0.05, P < 0.01 vs. WT-SD, *P < 0.05.
Supplementary Figure 6 a CD11b + F4/80 + cells Gr1 + cells B220 + cells CD3 + cells Percentage in SVF (%) 8 6 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Percentage in SVF (%) 1 1 WT! KO! WT! KO! WT! KO! WT! Percentage in SVF (%) Percentage in SVF (%) KO! b Percentage in CD45 + CD11 + F4/80 + cells (%) 3 2 1 CD11c + cells WT! KO! Percentage in CD45 + CD11 + F4/80 + cells (%) 10 8 6 4 2 CD206 + cells WT! KO! Supplementary Figure 6: Flow cytometric analysis of SVF from epididymal tissue of Mincle KO and wildtype mice fed a for 16 weeks. (a) Various immune cells in SVF. (b) M1 (CD11c + ) and M2 (CD206 + ) macrophages in CD45 + CD11b + F4/80 + cells in SVF. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 5., not significant.
Supplementary Figure 7 a Percentage of EGFP + cells in CD45 + cells 10 5 Substitution rate (%) EGFP- BM Mincle KO- BM b mrna levels! (Arbitrary units) 1.5! 1.0! 0.5! 0.0! EGFP- BM Mincle! ** Mincle KO- BM c EGFP-BM- Mincle KO-BM- Masson s Trichromepositive area (%) 1.0! 0.5! 0.0! EGFP- BM Mincle KO- BM Supplementary Figure 7: Analysis of bone marrow chimera mice fed a for 16 weeks. (a) Flow cytometric analysis of the substitution rate for bone marrow cells 4 weeks after the bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow cells from Egfp Tg mice and Mincle KO-Egfp Tg mice were injected into lethally irradiated wildtype mice (EGFP-BM and Mincle KO-BM, respectively). Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 8. (b) Mincle mrna expression in epididymal fat tissue after 16 weeks of feeding. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 8. **P < 0.01. (c) Representative Masson s Trichrome staining and quantification of the Masson s Trichrome-positive area. Values are mean ± SEM. The data are analyzed by unpaired t-test. n = 8.
Supplementary Figure 8 Receptor CXCR2 binds ligands CXCL1 to 7! Chemokine receptors bind chemokines! Regulation of protein ISGylation by ISG15 deconjugating enzyme USP18! Collagen type III degradation by MMP1,8,9,13! Immune System! Interferon alpha/beta signaling! Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases! 1! 3! 4! 6! -log10 P Supplementary Figure 8: Pathway analysis of the clusters using the Reactome database. Peritoneal macrophages from wildtype mice were stimulated with TDM (10 µg/well) for 24 h. n = 3.
Supplementary Figure 9 Score 0 (none) Score 1 (weak) Score 2 (mild) Score 3 (moderate) Score 4 (severe) Supplementary Figure 9: Representative histological images for evaluating fibrosis score. Original magnification, 100; Scale bars, 100 µm.
Supplementary Figure 10 Fig. 2f Liver! p-akt! Akt! Fig. 2f Epididymal fat! p-akt! Akt! Fig. 2f Soleus muscle! p-akt! Akt! Supplementary Fig. 1c Liver! Insulin (+) p-akt! Insulin (+) Akt! Supplementary Fig. 1c Epididymal fat! Insulin (+) p-akt! Insulin (+) Akt! Supplementary Fig. 1c Soleus muscle! Insulin (+) Insulin (+) p-akt! Akt! Supplementary Figure 10: Full images of Western blots.
Supplementary Table 1: DNA microarray analysis using Mincle KO and WT peritoneal macrophages treated with TDM or control for 24 h. WT TDM vs. WT control KO TDM vs. KO control Up 179 0 Down 77 0
Supplementary Table 2: Antibodies, dyes, incubation time, and concentration used in the present study. a. primary antibodies Vendor Collagen type I SouthernBiotech 1310-01 goat polyclonal incubation 1:300, 4, overnight GFP Invitrogen A11122 rabbit polyclonal 1:300, 4, overnight Glucagon Cell signaling #2760 rabbit polyclonal 1:100, 4, overnight Insulin Abcam ab7842 guinea pig polyclonal 1:200, 4, overnight Ki67 Abcam ab15580 rabbit polyclonal 1:100, 4, overnight Perilipin Fitzgerald 20R-PP04 guinea pig polyclonal 1:300, 4, overnight Sigma P1998 rabbit polyclonal 1:300, 4, overnight αsma Abcam ab5694 rabbit polyclonal 1:1000, 4, overnight b. secondary antibodies Vendor Conjugated incubation goat anti-guinea pig Invitrogen AlexaFluor 568 1:200, RT, 1 hr goat anti-rabbit Invitrogen AlexaFluor 488 1:300, RT, 1 hr goat anti-rat Invitrogen AlexaFluor 488 1:200, RT, 1 hr goat anti-rat Invitroge AlexaFluor 594 1:200, RT, 1 hr donkey anti-goat Invitrogen AlexaFluor 568 1:200, RT, 1 hr donkey anti-rabbit Invitrogen AlexaFluor 647 1:200, RT, 1 hr donkey anti-rat Invitrogen AlexaFluor 488 1:200, RT, 1 hr c. dye Vendor incubation Hoechst 33342 Invitrogen 20 µm, RT, 15 mins
Supplementary Table 3: Antibodies used in flow cytometric analyses. Vendor Clone Conjugated CD3 BioLegend 17A2 PE CD11b ebioscience M1/70 FITC, PE/Cy7 CD11c BD Biosciences HL3 PE, V450 CD19 BioLegend 6D5 PE/Cy7 CD45 BD Biosciences 30-F11 APC/Cy7 CD45R/B220 BioLegend RA3-6B2 APC, APC/Cy7 CD94 BioLegend 18d3 FITC CD205 (DEC-205) BioLegend NLDC-145 PE/Cy7 CD206 (MMR) BioLegend C068C2 APC CD244.2 BioLegend m2b4 (B6)458.1 Alexa 647 F4/80 Caltag BM8 R-PE BioLegend BM8 APC Gr-1 BD Biosciences RB6-8C5 PE
Supplementary Table 4: Primers used to detect mrnas. Acta2 Fw GTTCAGTGGTGCCTCTGTCA Rv ACTGGGACGACATGGAAAAG Adipoq Fw ATGGCAGAGATGGCACTCCT Rv CCTTCAGCTCCTGTCATTCCA Ccl2 Fw CCACTCACCTGCTGCTACTCAT Rv TGGTGATCCTCTTGTAGCTCTCC CD3e Fw AACACGTACTTGTACCTGAAAGC Rv GATGATTATGGCTACTGCTGTCA CD19 Fw TTCTGCCCCAAGCCACAGCTTTAGA Rv CTGGCCAGAGGTAAGATGTAGGAAGG Col1a1 Fw CCTCAGGGTATTGCTGGACAAC Rv ACCACTTGATCCAGAAGGACCTT Col3a1 Fw TAGAGGATGGCTGTACTAAACACA Rv CAAAGACTGTCTTGCTCCATTCC Cpt1a Fw CCTGCATTCCTTCCCATTTG Rv TGCCCATGTCCTTGTAATGTG Cxcl2 Fw GCTTCCTCGGGCACTCCAGAC Rv TTAGCCTTGCCTTTGTTCAGTAT Emr1 Fw CTTGGCTATGGGCTTCCAGTC Rv GCAAGGAGGACAGAGTTTATCGTG Fasn Fw CCTGGATAGCATTCCGAACCT Rv AGCACATCTCGAAGGCTACACA Hsl Fw GGCTTACTGGGCACAGATACCT Rv CTGAAGGCTCTGAGTTGCTCAA Itgax Fw GCCATTGAGGGCACAGAGA Rv GAAGCCCTCCTGGGACATCT Mincle Fw ACCAAATCGCCTGCATCC Rv CACTTGGGAGTTTTTGAAGCATC Mrc1 Fw CGGTGAACCAAATAATTACCAAAAT Rv GTGGAGCAGGTGTGGGCT Pdgfb Fw CCATCCGCTCCTTTGATGAT Rv TCAGCCCCATCTTCATCTACG Pnpla2 Fw ACTGTGGCCTCATTCCTCC Rv AACTGGATGCTGGTGTTGGT Pparg Fw ACAATGCCATCAGGTTTGGG Rv CCGCCAACAGCTTCTCCTT
Srebp1-c Fw GGCACTAAGTGCCCTCAACCT Rv GCCACATAGATCTCTGCCAGTGT Tgfb1 Fw CCTGAGTGGCTGTCTTTTGACG Rv AGTGAGCGCTGAATCGAAAGC Timp1 Fw CATCACGGGCCGCCTA Rv AAGCTGCAGGCACTGATGTG Tnfa Fw ACCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTC Rv TGGTGGTTTGCTACGACGT 36B4 Fw GGCCCTGCACTCTCGCTTTC Rv TGCCAGGACGCGCTTGT