Macromolecules Biology
Intro Video https://vimeo.com/83005599
The Importance of CHNOPS CARBON Major structural atom in all organic molecules. Key component in photosynthesis, returned back to the environment through cellular respiration, and decomposition. CO2 is the major nonliving source of carbon in the atmosphere.
We will talk more about the biogeochemical cycles a little later!
Hydrogen - Major component of all organic molecules. - Most common atom in the Universe. - Enters biological systems largely bonded to oxygen in water. - Returned to the environment by decomposition and water release.
Nitrogen Found in all proteins and nucleic acids. Major nonliving source is N2 in the atmosphere. Makes its way into the food chain via nitrogen fixing bacteria, which convert it into a usable form of N 2 that can be used by producers and passed on to consumers in the food chain. Returned back to the environment through decomposition and denitrifying bacteria (convert nitrates in the soil into atmospheric nitrogen).
Oxygen Found in most organic molecules. Oxygen is in our atmosphere, as well as in our water. Incorporated into the food chain through cellular respiration and returned back to the environment through photosynthesis.
Phosphorus Found in all nucleic acids Used quickly to store and release free energy in cells. Decomposition returns it back to the environment.
Sulfur Found in all proteins. Major nonliving source is found in rocks. Weathering releases it back into the soil, where producers absorb it and pass it through the food chain. Decomposition returns it back to the environment.
The building blocks of life! All contain the element carbon! Also known as biomolecules, carbon based molecules, and macromolecules Macromolecules Unique atomic structure because it has four unpaired electrons on the outer energy level, and can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms!!!!!! There are four! 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo244p1 e9qm
Molecular Shape Ring Branched Straight
Monomer / Polymer Polymer= molecule that contains many Monomers bonded together. Monomer= small molecular subunit How many monomers are above?
How do we make a polymer from a monomer? How do we break down a polymer? : a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds. : A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions. Use the diagram below to help you answer these questions!
Answers 1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer? Dehydration synthesis / take water away. 2. How do we break down a polymer? Hydrolysis / add water 3. Dehydration Synthesis: a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds. 4. Hydrolysis: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.
Macromolecule Chart Macromolecule Basic Formula & Functional Group Monomer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids CHO 1:2:1 -OH (hydroxyl) CHO 1:2: very few -CH 3 (methyl) - OH CHONS No ratio NH 2 (amino) COOH (carboxyl) CHONP PO 4 Glucose Galactose Fructose Ribose Deoxyribose Triglyceride (Glycerol + 3 fatty acids) No true monomer. Amino Acids = also known as the building blocks of proteins. Nucleotide: made up of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G)
Sub-groups and Examples Polymers Monosaccharides Glucose, = simple sugars galactose, Disaccharides= fructose double sugars Sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides= Starch- plants many sugars Glycogenanimals Cellulose- plants Chitin- insects Functions / Uses Main source of energy Store energy Provide structure Carbohydrates
Saturated= all single bonds, full of H Monounsaturated= One double bond Polyunsaturated= two or more double bonds Phospholipids (phosphate replaces a fatty acid) Steroids (4 fused rings) Butter Soft Margarine Olive Oil Cell Membrane Cholesterol Testosterone Progesterone Long term energy storage Protect the cell: selects what can enter and leave the cell. Chemical messengers Waxes (-OH replaces a fatty acid) Dipeptide= two amino acids Polypeptide= many amino acids Beeswax (paraffin) Enzymes Muscles Skin Some Hormones Repel water (leaves) Storage Signal Structural Contractile Defensive Enzyme Transport Receptor DNA RNA Genes mrna, trna, rrna Stores and transmits genetic information. Protein synthesis ATP, ADP, AMP Main source of energy for cells
Practice identifying the macromolecule! Taking Volunteers! Explain how monomers are related to polymers. Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Protein Monosaccharide B. Lipid Nucleotide C. Nucleic acid Amino acid D. Carbohydrate Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. DNA A. Protein Enzyme B. Lipid Triglyceride C. Nucleic acid Polysaccharide D. Carbohydrate
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Polysaccharide Monosaccharide B. RNA Nucleotide C. Enzyme Amino acid D. Phospholipid Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Enzyme Glucose B. Triglyceride Nucleotide C. Starch Amino acid D. DNA
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Amino acid A. Glycogen Nucleotide B. Phospholipid Monosaccharide C. Protein Fatty acids and glycerol D. DNA Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. Cholesterol A. Protein Enzyme B. Nucleic Acid RNA C. Carbohydrate Cellulose D. Lipid
How do we break down a polymer and turn it into a monomer? Eat pasta (starch)-> There is a protein (enzyme) in your spit that breaks the pasta down -> glucose Let s try it! The Saltine Cracker Experiment 1. Chew the cracker, DON T SWALLOW IT 2. Put another crack in, chew it, don t swallow it, just chew. 3. You should taste the cracker getting sweeter= glucose.
What if glucose is needed now? We make a polymer called glycogen (similar to starch, but only found in animals), which are repeating units, or monomers of glucose with lots of branches. Glycogen curls around and makes a BIG globby molecule. Globby and branched= sticks out all over the place. Enzymes attach to the ends, and break down the glycogen into glucose= ENERGY Where is glycogen found, and where do you need it the most? Liver and Muscles!
Phospholipids Form the bilayer of the cell membrane. First line of defense for the cell. One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate. Hydrophobic tails- made up of fatty acids, and are afraid of water (nonpolar). Hydrophilic heads- made up of glycerol and phosphate, and love water (polar).
Functions of Proteins Function Catalyzing Enzymes Defensive Proteins Storage Proteins Description Activate metabolic reactions, speed up rates of reactions. Lowers activation energy-> the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started. On-going / never stop. Need certain factors in order to work properly-> ph, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors. Ex- Human enzymes work best at 98.6, above 104 they fall apart. Basis of the bodies endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading microbes and cancer cells. Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteria Ex- fibrinogen = protein that causes your blood to clot Bind with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.
Function Description Transport Proteins Allow larger molecules to move in and out of cells. Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygen Ex- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles Support Proteins Motion Proteins Messenger Proteins Provide structural support and protection. Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails Ex- Fibrin- allows your blood to clot Ex- Collagen and elastin- major components of connective tissue Such as myosin and actin, cause muscles to contract or change shape. Allow different cells to communicate Ex- Hormones- regulate body functions Ex- Insulin- regulates glucose levels Ex- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to reabsorb water
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double stranded, twisted ladder, double helix Sugar= deoxyribose Location= Nucleus only Function= carries and transfers genetic info. Processes= DNA Replication Base Pairs= A-T (Adenine Thymine) C-G (Cytosine- Guanine) Known as Chargaff s Rule Ribonucleic Acid Single Stranded Sugar= Ribose Location= Nucleus and cytoplasm Function= carries and transfers genetic information and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (the process by which the genetic code puts together proteins in the cell). Processes: Transcription and Translation Base Pairs= A-U (Adenine Uracil) C-G (Cytosine to Guanine)
Nucleic Acids Make sure to label all of the parts!
DNA RNA
Questions 1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made up of? 2. What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases? 3. What type of bond holds together the sugars and phosphates? 4. Which base pairs match up in DNA? 5. Which base pairs match up in RNA? 6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with.
1. Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. 2. Hydrogen bonds 3. Covalent bonds 4. A-T and C-G 5. A-U and C-G 6. Uracil
Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_- 6JXLYS-k
Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules 1. 2. 3. 4. Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by the description. Put a C for carbohydrate, P for protein, L for lipid, and NA for nucleic acids. Stores and transmits genetic information. Makes Enzymes Insulin Sucrose Saturated Fatty Acids Glucose Antibodies Enzyme Substrate Complex Phospholipid Bilayer Contains nitrogenous bases Amino acids Monosaccharides Main component of the cell membrane The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base) Glycerol Collagen Polyunsaturated Long term energy storage Main source of energy Cholesterol Hemoglobin Disaccharides Starches ATP Unsaturated fats Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Steroids Lactose Ends in ose Olive oil Cellulose Triglycerides Has an R group Monomers are nucleotides Hormones
Let s look at the molecular structures a little closer.