Do Now: Sort the following into the order of life from smallest to largest: organ, molecule, atom, organelle, cell, organ system, tissue, organism Correct Order: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: (0 grams in this product) 1 (13 grams in this product) 2 (9 grams in this product) 3
Your task: Using the food labels given to you, what does the following macromolecules do for your body? - carbohydrates - - proteins - - lipid What is the fourth Macromolecule? Nucleic acid
Unit 2: Biochemistry KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
The 4 MACROMOLECULES important to living things! Carbohydrates 1. Proteins 2. Lipids 3. (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Nucleic acids 4.
Before you can understand exactly what a macromolecule is you need to know the following: What does it mean to be an organic compound? What is the difference between a Monomer and a Polymer. What is a macromolecule and what elements make them up?
Organic Compound Compounds that contain carbon, typically found in living things. Complex molecules, such as macromolecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, and carbon can have 4 bonds Q: Which 4 elements make up the majority of the Human body?
Quick Review: Carbon Cycle - Essential to life
What is the difference between a Monomer and a Polymer? Monomer means ONE Polymer means MANY (made up of many monomers) Polygon Polyester
Polymer Analogy Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN? A NECKLACE? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?
What is a macromolecule and what elements make them up?
So What is a Macromolecule? A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units (monomers) linked together. Monomers are polymerized, or joined together to form a polymer. Made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
Keep the following in mind when studying this material: Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids What they look like What they do/where are they What are they made up of- at the level of atoms Proteins
CARBOHYDRATES: What do they do? They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. The C-H bonds of carbohydrates store a great deal of energy and are easily broken by organisms.
CARBOHYDRATES Where are they found? In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) --------------------------------------------------- In animal products- in MILK
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Sugars Made of 1 monomer = monosaccharides -or- Made of 2 monomers = disaccharides making it a polymer. Complex Are polymers made up of many monomers = polysaccharides Ex: Pasta, bread, vegetables Ex: Cookies, fruits
Important Monosaccharides Glucose is the most common monomer of Carbohydrates. Others include galactose and fructose. All carbohydrates are only made of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (Think: CHO) Functional Group: hydroxyl (OH)
Disaccharides Sucrose table sugar made of two monosaccharides
IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES Starch = plant storage form od energy, easily broken into glucose units Cellulose = structure used in plant cell walls Glycogen = animal cells store glucose as glycogen to supply energy
Proteins What do they Do? They are responsible for growth and repair of cells: muscles, bones, hair, skin, etc. All cell membranes have protein in them. They make antibodies to fight off disease in the immune system They make up enzymes which help with chemical reactions, such as digestion. They make hormones in our bodies
Proteins Where are they found? Protein can be found in animal sources, but also in fruits, nuts, vegetables, grains, and nuts.
Protein What are they made up of? Proteins are long chains of polymers made up of the monomer Amino Acid Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. Peptide bonds connect amino acids to from a chain.
Proteins are made of the elements CHON, they have a carboxyl (COOH), amino group(nh2), a R-Group Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups, which is the sequence of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids to make proteins think of all the combinations.
For proteins to function properly they must retain their shape, when their shapes are altered by things such as heat or ph they lose their function, this is referred to denaturation.
The overall shape of the protein determines its function, proteins fold and bent to create their shape.
Lipids What do they do? They are a great source of STORED ENERGY. They insulate the body to maintain normal body temperature. They produce hormones for the body called steroids (testosterone and estrogen)..
Lipids waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits these are waxes, Waterproof because they have a hydrophobic tails
Lipids Where are they found? In the seeds of plants In animals connective tissue Lipids are part of the cell membrane in all cells. We consume lipids by eating oils, butter, margarine
Lipids Made up of Lipids are made up of CHO, but in a different ratio than carbohydrates (more hydrocarbons), made of the monomer called a fatty acid Structure consists of 1 glycerol and 2-3 fatty acids Triglyceride is an example of a lipid which has 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Nucleic Acids - Function - Store and transmit heredity information Two Types - DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), double stranded, makes up our genes -RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), single stranded, synthesis of proteins
Nucleic Acid Monomers The monomers of Nucleic Acids are Nucleotides Contain the elements CHOPN Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Summary of the Organic Molecules: List each macromolecule and the monomer and polymer of each
Now that we know about Monomers and Polymers, how are Monomers linked together to form polymers and how are polymers broken? We will use Carbohydrates as an example
Build a Carbohydrate Dehydration Synthesis During dehydration synthesis (condensation), the hydrogen (H) of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group (OH) of another monomer releasing a molecule of water.
Hydrolysis The reverse of condensation synthesis is hydrolysis, in which a water molecule is added to a bond between two monomers, breaking it and separating the monomers. One of the hydrogens from water becomes attached to one of the monomers, and the hydroxyl (OH) that remains is attached to the other: