Organic Compounds. B-3.5 Students will be able to summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.

Transcription

1 Organic Compounds B-3.4 tudents will be able to summarize how the structures of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their relative caloric values. B-3.5 tudents will be able to summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body.

2 What does it mean to be organic?!?!? Carbon-the building block of life All living organisms are composed of organic compounds Organic Compounds = contain the element carbon- C Carbon is important because it forms covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms, including other carbon atoms Inorganic Compounds = do not contain carbon- C and hydrogen- H

3 Organic Compounds Macromolecules Macro= Large! Most organic molecules are made of smaller units that bond to form larger molecules. mall units = monomers Larger units = polymers Energy is stored in the bonds that link the monomers together The amount of energy, depends on the type of organic compound. ENERGY!

4 Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods... These are the ones we will focus on! The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: (0 grams in this product) 1 (13 grams in this product) 2 (9 grams in this product) 3

5 4 Major Organic Compounds Macromolecules There are 4 major organic compounds found in nature: 1) Proteins 2) Carbohydrates 3) Lipids/Fats 4) Nucleic Acids

6 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made up of 5 atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous They are polymers made up of monomers Monomer = Nucleotide Nucleic acids function as the genetic material of all living things There are 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid *We will talk more about nucleic acids in tandard 4*

7 Carbohydrates the basics about sugars and starches Carbohydrates are commonly known as sugars and starches Carbohydrates can be simple or complex Monomers- monosaccharides simple sugars Ex: glucose Polymers- polysaccharides complex carbohydrates Ex: glycogen, starch, OR cellulose Made up of 3 types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

8 Carbohydrates main source of quick energy for the cell The main function of carbohydrates in the body is main source of energy for the cell Plants (and some bacteria too)- make/synthesis carbohydrates through photosynthesis as a source of food/energy Animals- consume/eat carbohydrates for energy Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars during digestion These simple sugars enter the blood stream and are used to make cellular energy within all cells.

9 Carbohydrates the extra stuff The secondary function of carbohydrates in the body is short-term energy storage (starch, glycogen) If an organism consumes more carbs than it needs, the extra energy is converted to fat and stored by the body While the main function of carbohydrates is energy, carbs may also be used as a structural molecule in many organisms Ex: cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in plants For most animals, foods that contain these type of carbohydrates are important. For example, fiber which stimulates the digestive system.

10 Proteins polymers and monomers Proteins are molecules composed of chains of amino acids. Polymer = polypeptide (protein) Monomer = amino acid Amino acids are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. There are 20 amino acids that chemically bond in various ways to make proteins. When you eat proteins, they are broken down into amino acids. These amino acids are used to build new proteins for you.

11 Proteins many functions and types Because of their structures, proteins serve different functions. 1. tructural proteins are used for support Ex: keratin that forms hair and finger nails 2. Transport proteins transport many substances throughout the body 3. Hormone proteins coordinate body activities Ex: insulin 4. Contractile proteins help control movement Ex: muscles 5. Enzymatic proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions Ex: break down food

12 Proteins can even be used as an energy source?!?! yes, but only sometimes Proteins are more important as a source of building blocks than as a source of energy. However, proteins can be used for energy only if there is a shortage of carbohydrates or lipids.

13 Lipids aka: fats, oils, and waxes Lipids, including fats, oils, and waxes, are polymers composed of 3 atoms: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen While made up of the same atoms, lipids are VERY different from carbohydrates: 1. Lipid molecules are made of two monomer molecules glycerol and fatty acids 2. Fats/lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than carbohydrates this is why lipids have the highest caloric value!!

14 Lipid Images

15 Lipids many functions *Lipids are important to organisms for energy when carbohydrates are scarce* 1. Provides long-term energy 2. Cushions vital organs 3. Insulates/warms the body 4. Major component of cell membranes 5. Used in making some vitamins and hormones

16 Compounds and Calories The caloric value (calorie value) of each organic compound is determined by its stored energy Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats/lipids are the 3 organic molecules with different structures and different caloric values based on those structures Proteins- 4 calories per gram Carbohydrates- 4 calories per gram Fats/lipids- 9 calories per gram