University f Wyming Wyming Schlars Repsitry Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin Bulletins Agricultural Experiment Statin 5-1-1960 Bulletin N. 365 - Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps and n Physical and Chemical Prperties f Sil University f Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin Fllw this and additinal wrks at: http://repsitry.uwy.edu/ag_exp_sta_bulletins Part f the Agriculture Cmmns Publicatin Infrmatin University f Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin (1960). "Bulletin N. 365 - Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps and n Physical and Chemical Prperties f Sil." University f Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin Bulletin 365, 1-12. This Full Issue is brught t yu fr free and pen access by the Agricultural Experiment Statin at Wyming Schlars Repsitry. It has been accepted fr inclusin in Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin Bulletins by an authrized administratr f Wyming Schlars Repsitry. Fr mre infrmatin, please cntact schlcm@uwy.edu.
Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps and n Physical and Chemical Prperties f Sil By L. I. Painter P. C. Singletn University f Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin May 1960 Bulletin 365
Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps and n Physical and Chemical Prperties f Sil 1 By L. I. Painter and P. C. Singletti? T HE INCREASED USE f nitrgen fertilizer has resulted in prductin f many nitrgenus materials fr the cnsumer. These materials are predminantly ammnia and its derivatives such as ammnium nitrate, ammnium sulfate, and urea. They are prduced and sld in the frm f gasses, liqds, r slids; each f these is pstulated t have specific effects n sil characteristics and n plant grwth. Researchers have cnducted extensive investigatins t determine the agrnmic values f each f such prducts. Results indicate that the cmparative value f ne surce f rritrgen t anther depends largely upn the acidity r basicity-prducing pwer f the prduct and its relative susceptibility t leaching (5, 6, 7). In ther studies (1, 2, 3, 4) varius nitrgen carriers prduced different effects n sil physical characteristics which indirectly affected plant grwth. Objectives f this study were: (1) t btain infrmatin cncerning changes which ccurred in alkaline sils as a result f treatment with varius surces f nitrgen; and (2) t determine if thse changes wuld have sufficient influence n crp yields t justify selective usage. Meq. Meq./l. phs phs ECe mmh C.E.C. Na:Ca + Mg rati Abbreviatins... Millieqvalent.. Millieqvalents per liter f slutin... ph reading f saturated sil paste... ph reading f 1:5 sil/water suspensin Electrical cnductivity f saturatin extract in mmhs/cm... Millimh. Catin-exchange-capacity Rati f sluble sdium t sluble calcium plus magnesium S.V... Settling vlume Ka'/Kw' Rati f intrinsic permeability with air t M.R.. intrinsic permeability with water...mdulus f rupture O.M.... Organic matter 'Wrk cnducted in this study was a prtin f Western Reginal Prject W-31, "Cnservatin and Imprved Use f Nitrgen in Arid Sils," and was assisted by a financial Grant-in-aid and materials frm tbe United States Steel Crpratin. "Assciate Prfessr f Sils and Instructr in Sils, University f Wyming. -2-
Experimental Tw phases cmprised the investigatins. One cnsisted f greenhuse studies with sils cntaining injurius quantities f exchangeable sd i u m and/ r different levels f rganic matter. The ther phase cnsisted f field studies cnducted with different crps at fur lcatins in Wyming. Results Prcedures were measured in terms f crp grwth and changes in selected sil characteristics as affected by surce f nitrgen applied. Surces f nitrgen used in all experiments were ammnium nitrate, ammnium sulfate, calcium nitrate, and anhydrus r aqua ammnia. Greenhuse The first greenhuse study utilized a Wyarn silty clay lam btained frm the Sheridan Agricultural Substatin. This sil was extremely unifrm in all characteristics but, because f specific crpping systems practiced since 1917, it was pssible t btain samples with different levels f rganic carbn (Table 1). The exchangeable sdium cntent f the sil was adjusted t 15 t 18 percent by saturating the exchange cmplex f a prtin f the sil with sdium and by mixing increments f this material with the untreated sil. The sils were placed in Lgalln asphalt-cated cntainers and treated 'Based n 2,000,000 lbs. f sil per acre. Studies with ne f the nitrgen fertilizers at a rate f 160 lbs, f actual nitrgen per acre,' then planted t sunflwers, tmates, and barley in that rder. An additinal 160 lbs, f nitrgen per acre was applied t each pt befre planting barley. Each crp was grwn fr 6 t 8 weeks and harvested. The sil was then air-dried and seeded t the subsequent crp. After harvest f the final crp, the sil was analysed fr the fllwing characteristics: bulk density, settling vlume, mdulus f rupture, air/water permeability rati, ph., and rati f sluble sdium t sluble calcium plus magnesium. TABLE I-Labratry Analysis f Three Samples f Wyarn Silty Clay Lam Sil Shwing Results f Mech~nical Analysis, Exchange Capacity, ph, Electrical Cnductivity, Organic Matter, Lime, and NH 4 + Fixatin. (Greenhuse Test Number 1.) ~;., 0 ~ Z ~ ~ a ~~ ;.,.~~ ~. 0 = S. ~ 1 ~ ~ ~g... -e ~~&.., ::s.., +-..., OJ 0; ~ '0... ~ Ii E j ~ ~~ "l:r i:i: u 0 ;.:3 sri [f) ij) u "'" E "" "" "'" ZS I 36.8 25.2 38.0 32.1 6.00 6.30 1.6 VW 0.25 0.46 2 34.8 24.2 41.0 32.1 5.80 6.15 l.l 2.31 0.25 0.37 3 34.8 25.2 40.0 29.1 6.50 6.75 l.l 3.40 0.25 0.00 'Determinatin made by Washingtn State Cllege. -3- tjniversity LIBRARY OF THE i:i:.., OF WYOMING LARAMIE 82071
TABLE 2-Labratry Analysis f Samples f Sils Utilized in the Secnd Greenhuse Experiment. g ~ bj) ~., 0., bj) >'0 bj) ~ ~ ~.:=r-1 <: e..~... -c -,='" ll~., <:., j~ >. <: ~ ~ UJ j u i " cd & S - bj)~ j ~ u " 0.., ~ j... j CFl CFl en [1 0. 0. ~ ~~S ~z :l :::E A 34.8 22.2 43.0 7.8 8.5 4.75 29.4 11.9 4.96 1.40 B 30.8 28.8 40.4 7.6 8.5 2.75 21.8 5.6 5.49 0.56 The secnd greenhuse test invlved tw sils that cntained naturally ccurring exchangeable sdium and sluble salts (Table 2). The sils, hereafter referred t as A and B, were placed in the treated cntainers, fertilized with 320 lbs. f actual nitrgen per acre frm each f fur surces, and planted t Hiland barley. Three successive crps f barley were grwn with an additinal 320 lbs, f nitrgen per acre applied befre planting each crp. Each crp was grwn fr apprximately 7 weeks befre harvesting. After the third harvest, the sils were analysed fr phs, settling vlume, aggregate stability in alchl/water mixtures, mdulus f rupture, and air/water permeability rati. Field Studies Tw field trials (P-l4 and T 14) erally farmed in thse areas. Table 3 were initiated in 1955 and tw (R-24 lists labratry analyses f sil samples and T-24) in 1956. The plts, estab- taken frm each lcatin befre the first lished at Trringtn, Pwell, and Riv- nitrgen applicatins. The plts were ertn, were representative f sils gen- fertilized each spring with 80 and 160 TABLE 3-General Physical and Chemical Characteristics f Sils Used in Field Trials. Plt designatin Sil characteristics T-14' P-14' T-24' R-24' Sand 0/0... 70.8 53.8 91.0 Silt %.. 10.5 25.4 5.3 Clay 0/0... 18.7 20.8 3.7 C.E.C.-Meq./l00 gm., 12.8 20.6 7.4 CaC03 0/0. 0.21 2.76 0.22 ph. 7.6 8.3 6.9 phs 7.4 7.7 7.7 ECe-millimhs 0.8 0.9 0.3 ettling vlume-ml... 17 21 15 Air/water permeability rati 4.0 14.4 2.4 Mdulus f rupture-millibars. 43 199 Carbn 0/0. 0.73 0.56 0.26 Sluble Sdium-Meq./l. 3.0 3.9 1.7 Sluble Calcium plus Magnesium- 1eq./l 12.3 45.5 4.6 'Mean value f 60 individual plts. 'Mean value f 48 individual plts. --4--- 47.6 25.8 26.6 24.8 3.66 8.5 7.7 5.0 26 496.0 1094 0.97 45.0 26.4
lbs. f actual nitrgen per acre frm the 4 different carriers and then irrigated and cultivated accrding t practices f the area. In 1957, the rates were increased t 160 and 320 Ibs. f actual nitrgen per acre. Crps grwn in the field trials included crn, barley, and sugar beets. Sil samples were taken frm each individual plt again in the fall f 1958 at cnclusin f the experiments. The samples were air-dried, screened, and analysed fr ph., ph ' ECe, settling vlume, mdulus f rupture, air/water permeability rati, percentage carbn, sluble sdium, and sluble calcium plus magnesium. The values f the measurements fr each plt at cnclusin f the test were cmpared with values btained fr samples taken befre fertilizer applicatin t measure the changes which ccurred as a result f the kind f fertilizer applied. Results Yield data frm the first greenhuse trial indicated that the type f plant grwn largely gverned respnse t the different surces f nitrgen (Table 4). Sunflwer yields were increased the mst by ammnium sulfate, fllwed in rder by ammnium nitrate, aqua ammnia, and calcium nitrate. Tmat respnse was greatest when fertilized with calcium nitrate, and barley yields were highest when fertilized with either f the 3 ammniacal surces f nitrgen. The effects f the nitrgen fertilizers n sils used in the greenhuse study are shwn in Table 5. Exchangeable sdium exerted the greatest influence n the measurements made; the changes resulting frm applicatin f nitrgen fertilizer were f practical imprtance nly n the sdium-treated sils. The effect f the nitrgen fertilizer crrespnded directly t the acidifying pwer f the material used. Ammnium sulfate was generally mst effective, fllwed by ammnium nitrate and/r calcium nitrate, and finally by aqua arnrnma. The level f the sil rganic matter significantly influenced the physical and chemical sil characteristics measured in the study (Table 6), but there was n interactin between rganic matter and nitrgen surce. TABLE 4-Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield 1 f Sunflwers, Tmates, and Barley. Sunflwers Tmates Barley Ttal fr (gms.) (gms.) (gms.) all crps Treatment per pt per pt per pt (gms.) Check 4.22 1.98 2.98 9.18 Ca( 03). 5.83 5.01 4.38 15.22 ( H.).SO. 7.17 4.39 5.24 16.80 NH.NO, 6.87 3.94 5.08 15.89 Aqua H. 6.30 2.62 5.46 14.38 L.S.D.50/0 0.62 0.58 0.33 L.S.D. 10/0 0.85 0.78 0.45 lex pressed as dry matter. -5-
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TABLE 6-Effects f Organic Matter Level n Certain Physical and Chemical Characteristics f a Wyarn Silty Clay Lam Sil. (Gr~nhuse Test N. 1). Organic Bulk Settling Mdulus f Air/water matter density vlume rupture permeability (%) (grn.z'cc.) phs (ml) (millibars) rati 1.40 1.35 7.42 28.7 633 46 2.31 1.30 7.44 33.1 1023 58 3.40 1.25 7.77 32.2 1004 86 L.S.D.5% 0.03 0.05 2.1 89 10 L.S.D.l% 0.04 0.06 2.8 120 14 Nitrgen fertilizer significantly increased the frage yield f Hiland barley in the secnd greenhuse experiment (Table 7). All carriers increased the yield abve the check plt and, as in the first greenhuse test with barley, the ammnium surces induced higher yields than did the nitrate surce. Nitrgen frm all carriers significantly affected all the sil characteristics measured except aggregrate stability in water/alchl mixtures (Table 8). The imprvement in sil characteristics ccurred in bth the A and B sils but were f practical magnitude nly n the A sil, which cntained the largest quantity f exchangeable sdium. Ammnium sulfate was the mst effective surce f nitrgen fr imprving phs, settling vlume, and air/water permeability rati. Mdulus f rupture, a measurement f sil crusting strength, was decreased the mst by the tw nitrate surces f nitrgen-ammnium TABLE 7-Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Frage Yield f Hiland Barley. Treatment Cbeck Calcium Nitrate Ammnium Sulfate Ammnium Nitrate qua Ammnia L.S.D.5% L.S.D.l% 'Mean f 3 trials. nitrate and calcium nitrate. Aqua ammnia was least effective in changing the sil characteristics f bth sils. All carriers significantly imprved the water stability f the A sils, which were inherently unstable. The air/water permeability f the B sil, which was relatively stable, was nt affected by nitrgen treatments. The yields f all crps grwn in the field trials at 4 lcatins were equally affected by the surce f nitrgen used (Tables 9, 10, 11). Crn grwn at Pwell in 1955 and at Trringtn in 1957 appeared t yield less when fertilized with anhydrus r aqua ammnia, but the apparent decreases were nt statistically significant. Yields f all crps were affected equally by all surces f nitrgen in tests P-l4, T-24, and R-24. One field at Trringtn, T-14, did nt respnd t nitrgen fertilizatin. The field had been heavily manured fr several years befre 1955-7- Yield f ven-dry tissue' (gms.z'pt) 2.25 5.60 6.26 6.22 6.51 0.50 0.67
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TABLE 9-Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps at Trringtn, Wyming. TEST T-14 1955 1956 1957 1958 Surce Crn Sugar beets Crn Barley f Ensilage Ear Ensilage nitrgen (tns/at) Obs./ A.) (tns/ai) % Sugar (tns/av) (bu./ A.) Anhydrus arnrnunia 13.0 6188 16.4 16.0 20.7 72.2 Ammnium sulfate 14.0 6170 15.9 17.5 21.4 69.4 Calcium nitrate 13.4 5785 17.5 16.2 20.3 72.0 Ammnium nitrate 13.7 6137 16.0 14.8 20.6 68.9 L.S.D. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. TEST T-24 1956 1957 1958 Surce Crn Crn Barley f Ensilage Ear Ensilage nitrgen (tns/at) (lbs./ A.) (tna/ac) (bu./a.) Aqua Ammnia 7.45 2069 8.6 12.7 Ammnium sulfate 8.85 2846 10.5 15.6 Calcium nitrate 8.40 2846 10.7 14.0 Ammnium nitrate 8.43 2919 9.0 14.4 L.S.D. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. TEST P-14 1955 1956 1957 1958 Surce Crn Sugar beets Crn Barley f Ensilage Ensilage Frage nitrgen (tns/a} (tns/a} % Sugar (tns/a.) (tns/a.) Anhydrus ammnia 10.9 18.89 17.2 15.7 1.85 Ammnium sulfate 13.1 18.70 17.3 16.7 1.93 Calcium nitrate 13.1 19.10 16.9 16.7 1.85 Ammnium nitrate 13.1 19.44 17.0 16.8 1.95 L.S.D. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. TABLE ll-effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps at Rivertn, Wyming. Surce f nitrgen Aqua ammnia Ammnium sulfate Calcium nitrate Ammnium nitrate 1956 Crn Ensilage (tns/a) 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.3 TEST R-24 1957 Crn Ensilage (tns/ A.) 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.0 1958 Crn Ensilage (tns/a) 13.3 12.8 13.9 14.9 L.S.D. N.S..S. N.S. f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Yield f Crps at Pwell, Wy- TABLE 10-Effect ming. -9-
TABLE 12-Effect f Fur Nitrgen Carriers n Sil Prperties (Change frm Initial value). (See Table 3) TEST T-14 Nitrgen ECe S.V. Ka'/ Carbn Sl. Na Sl. Ca+ Surce ph. phs mmhs. ml. /Kw', M.R! % meq./l Mg. meq./l. Anhydrus Ammnia -0.3-0.2-0.2 +1 +0.8-1 -0.17 +0.2-2.8 Ammnium sulfate -1.4-1.3 +0.4 +1 +0.3 +2-0.15 +0.7 +1.9 Calcium nitrate -0.4-0.4 0.0 +1 +0.7-1 -0.11 +0.2-0.8 Ammnium nitrate -0.4-0.4-0.2 +1 +0.7-2 -0.16 +0.4-1.8 L.S.D.5% 0.2 0.3 0.4 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 2.5 L.S.D.l% 0.3 0.4 0.5 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 3.4 TEST P-14 Anhydrus ammnia -0.1-0.1 +0.6-2.5-57 +0.09-0.6-0.7 mmnium sulfate -0.3-0.2 +1.8-4.7-69 +0.10-0.3 +18.5 Calcium nitrate -0.1-0.1 +0.9-1 -2.8-52 +0.07-0.2 + 1.9 Ammnium nitrate -0.1-0.1 +l.l -3.1-38 +0.10-0.7 + 2.9 L.S.D.5% 0.1 0.1 0.7 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 7.2 L.S.D.l% 0.2 0.2 0.9 x.s. x.s. N.S. N.S. N.S. 9.4 TEST T-24 Aqua ammnia +0.1-0.1 +0.1-0.1 +0.40 +0.3-2.9 Ammnium sulfate -0.4-1.0 +0.3 0.0-0.10 +0.6-2.2 Calcium nitrate +0.1 0.0 +0.1-0.3 +0.50 +0.1-1.9 Anunnium nitrate 0.0-0.5 +0.1-0.3 +0.50 +0.2 +2.1 L.S.D.50/0 0.1 0.2 0.2 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. L..D.l% 0.2 0.3 0.3 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. TEST R 24 Aqua ammnia -0.4-0.1-0.4-2 -228-696 -0.44-14.0 + 3.4 Ammnium sulfate -0.6-0.2-0.2-3 -133-650 -0.30-13.9 +11.6 Calcium nitrate -0.5-0.1-0.4-3 -230-778 -0.45-18.4 + 3.1 Ammnium nitrate -0.6-0.1-0.4-2 -260-936 -0.51-13.9 + 3.8 L.S.D.5% N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 5.6 L..D.l% N.S. N.. N.S. N.S. N.S. x.s. N.S. N.S. 7.3 'Air/water permeability rati. 'Mdulus f rupture (millibars). -10-
and evidently was sufficiently fertile t prduce, withut supplemental nitrgen, maximum yields under the climatic cnditins f the area. Sil ph~, ph., and ECe were significantly affected by surce f nitrgen n tests 1'-14, P-14, and 1'-24 (Table 12). The changes in these measurements were generally prprtinal t the acidifying pwer f the surce f nitrgen utilized with ammnium sulfate having the greatest effect. Applicatin f ammnium sulfate decreased bt h ph. and pll, and increased ECe. The increase in ECe n 1'-14 and P-14 was als reflected by significant inreases in sluble calcium plus magnesium. Evidently the increase in sil acidity brught mre lime int slutin frm the reserve sil calcium carbnate. The sluble sdium in the sil f test R-24 was unifrmly reduced by imprved drainage during the 3 years f study, but increased calcium plus magnesium resulted <)DIyfrm the applicatin f ammnium sulfate fertilizer. The measurements f settling vlume, air / water permeability rati, mdulus f rupture, percentage f rganic carbn, and sluble sdium were nt significantly affected by applicatin f nitrgen fertilizer. Discussin and Summary Tw greenhuse trials and 4 field The secnd greenhuse nial was cntests were cnducted t measure the ducted with tw natural saline/alkali effect f 4 different nitrgen carriers n sils having inherent adverse qualities, crp yields and sil prperties. One with barley as the test crp. Nitrgen greenhuse study was made n a sil frm the surces listed abve was apwhich cntained 3 different levels f plied t the sils, and 3 successive crps rganic carbn which had resulted f Hiland barley were grwn fr apfrm specific crpping practices since prximately 6 t 8 weeks each. The 1917. A prtin f the sil was ad- plants were harvested fr yield deterjusted t 15 t 18 per. cent exchange. minatin and the sils analysed fr ph., able sdium; the remaining prtin was settling vlume, aggregate stability in utilized in its natural cnditin. water/ alchl slutins, mdulus f Nitrgen was applied as aqua am- rupture, and air/water permeability mnia, ammnium sulfate, calcium ni- rati. trate, and ammnium nitrate, and the The field trials were cnducted n pts f sil were planted t sunflwers, representative sil sites at 3 lcatins tmates, and barley in that rder. The in Wyming. Test crps f crn, small crps were each grwn fr apprxi- grain, and sugar beets were fertilized mately 7 weeks and harvested fr yield with 4 cmmercial surces f nitrgen determinatin. The sils were then (ammnium sulfate, ammnium nitrate, analysed fr bulk density, ph., set- calcium nitrate, and aqua r anhydrus tling vlume, mdulus f rupture, air/- ammnia) and then cultivated and irriwater permeability rati, and rati f gated accrding t practices f the area. sluble sdium t sluble calcium plus A cmparisn f labratry analyses f magnesium. sil samples taken befre initiating the -11- -1
S~ S 13 (.86''> di ith I k h 3 s u res WIt samp es ta en at t e cn- ~. " jusin f the tests, and yield data frm the respective crps were used t evaluate the effect f the different surces f nitrgen. The greenhuse trials indicated that the type f nitrgen mst effective fr increasing plant yields was gverned by the type f plant grwn. Barley and sunflwers respnded best t ammnium nitrgen; tmates respnded best t nitrate-nitrgen materials. The effect f the 4 nitrgen fertilizers n sil prperties crrespnded directly t the acidifying pwer f the material used, with ammnium sulfate inducing the greatest change in ph., settling vlume, mdulus f rupture, air/water permeability rati, and sdium-t-calciumplus-magnesium rati. The effects were mre prnunced and f practical mag nitude nly n the synthetic alkali sil. Field experiments indicated that the fur surces f nitrgen were equally effective fr increasing yields f crn, small grain, and sugar beets n sils at Trringtn, Pwell, and Rivertn, Wyming. The effect f the different surces f nitrgen n sil prperties generally crrespnded with the acidifying pwer f the material used. Applicatins f ammnium sulfate induced the greatest changes in ph., pll, ECe, and sluble calcium plus magnesium. These changes were statistically significant but f small magnitude and wuld prbably nt warrant selective use fr plant grwth, except n sils with extremely adverse cnditins as a result f high sdium. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) References Alderfer, R. R, and F. G. Merkle, 1941. The measurement f sil structural stability and permeability and the influence f sil treatments upn their prperties. Sil Sci. 51 :202-212. Dsberg, G. P. C., and T. F. Buehrer, 1944. Effect f ammnia and its xidatin prducts n rate f nitrificatin and plant grwth. Sil Sci. 78:37-49. Pierre, W. H., 1928. Effect f varius nitrgenus fertilizers n sil reactin. Jur. Amer. Sc. Agrn. 20:254-269. Smith, A. M., 1954. Anhydrus ammnia as a sil cnditiner. Sum. f Prc, Anhy. Ammnia Cnference. Tidmre, J. W., and J. T. Williamsn, 1932. Experiments with cmmercial nitrgen fertilizer. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta, Bul. 238. Tisdale, S. L., et al. 1952. Surces f nitrgen in crp prductin. N.C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 96. White, J. W. 1924. Cmparative value f sulfate f ammnia and nitrate f sda. Barrett C., New Yrk. University f Wyming Agricultural Experiment Statin N. W. Hilstn, Directr Laramie 4-60-1.5M-8.5-12-