Effects of compost maturity on growth of komatsuna (brassica rapa var. pervidis) in neubauer's pot

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Sil Science and Plant Nutritin ISSN: 0038-0768 (Print) 1747-0765

cm/li/tssp20 Effects f cmpst maturity n grwth f kmatsuna (brassica

pervidis) in neubauer's pt Hirshi Kubta & Mitsuy Fukui Hirai Satshi

(1983) Effects f cmpst maturity n grwth f kmatsuna (brassica

1 Sil Science and Plant Nutritin ISSN: (Print) (Online) Jurnal hmepage: Effects f cmpst maturity n grwth f kmatsuna (brassica rapa var. pervidis) in neubauer's pt Hirshi Kubta & Mitsuy Fukui Hirai Satshi T cite this article: Hirshi Kubta & Mitsuy Fukui Hirai Satshi (1983) Effects f cmpst maturity n grwth f kmatsuna (brassicarapa var. pervidis) in neubauer's pt, Sil Science and Plant Nutritin, 29:3, , DOI: / T link t this article: Published nline: 11 May Submit yur article t this jurnal Article views: 552 Citing articles: 10 View citing articles Full Terms & Cnditins f access and use can be fund at

Sil Sci. Plant Nutr., 19 (3), 251-259. 1983 EFFECTS OF COMPOST MATURITY ON GROWTH OF KOMATSUNA (Brassica Rapa var. pervidis) IN NEUBAUER'S POT II.

2 Sil Sci. Plant Nutr., 19 (3), EFFECTS OF COMPOST MATURITY ON GROWTH OF KOMATSUNA (Brassica Rapa var. pervidis) IN NEUBAUER'S POT II. Grwth Inhibitry Factrs and Assessment f Degree: f Maturity by Org.-C/rg.-N Rati f Water Extract Veerapan CHANYASAK, Arata KATAYAMA, Mitsuy Fukui HIRAI, Satshi MORI, and Hirshi KUBOTA Research Labratry f Resurces Utilizatin. Tky Institute f Technlgy. Ykhama. 227 Japan Faculty f Agriculture. The University f Tky. Tky. 113 Japan Received Octber 28, 1982 In rder t determine the causes f the inhibitry effect f garbage cmpst n kmatsuna (Brassica Rapa var. pervidis) grwth using Neubauer's pt, lw fatty acids and sdium chlride were separately added t the cntrl treatment. The results were cmpared with thse reprted in Part I f the paper and discussed. Whn the inhibitry effect f the electrical cnductivity induced by excessive amunts f garbage cmpst applied was taken int accunt, the relative yield f the cmpst treatment t the yield f the cntrl with identical inrganic nitrgen supply was well crrelated with the rati f rganic carbn t rganic nitrgen (rg.-cjrg.-n rati) f the water extract frm the cmpst. The relative yields fr all cmpst treatments, when the rg.-c/rg.-n ratis ranged frm 5 t 6, reached values f 1 r abve. This finding suggests that the maturity f the cmpsts can be crrectly evaluated by the determinatin f the rg.-c/rg.-n ratis f the water extract frm the cmp'lts. Key Wrds: cmpst maturity, rg.-cjrg.-n rati f water extract, electrical cnductivity, garbage cmpst. In Part I f the paper, the results f an experiment using Neubauer's pt were reprted, in which the grwth f kmatsuna (Brassica Rapa var. pervidis) n Fujimi sandy sil treated with garbage cmpst with varying degrees f maturity was cmpared with cntrl treatments with an identical supply f inrganic nitrgen. In Part II f the paper, the results f the studies which were carried ut t investigate the cause f inhibitin n the grwth f kmatsuna by cmpst treatment will be presented. Lw fatty acids, which are usuaiiy present in immature cmpsts, and sdium chlride, which was present in cnsiderable amunts in the garbage cmpsts used here, were added t the cntrl treatments. The experimental results btained in the present study were cmpared with the data btained in the previus study. Lastly, attempts were made t evaluate the 251

3 252 V. CHANYASAK, A. KATAYAMA, M.-F. HIRAI, S. MORl, and H. KUBOTA maturity f the cmpsts, in relatin t the ratis f rganic carbn cntent t rganic nitrgen cntent, rg.-c/rg.-n ratis, f water extracts frm the cmpsts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples and prperties. Sme prperties f the cmpst samples, namely rg.-c/ rg.-n ratis f water extracts, cncentratin f lw fatty acids and sdium in (exchangeable frm), and electrical cnductivity are shwn in Table I. Organic carbn cntent in the water extract frm each cmpst sample was determined using a Beckmann Mdel 102 TOC analyzer. Inrganic carbn cntent was fund t be negligible. Organic nitrgen cntent was determined by the KjeldaW methd. The lw fatty acids were determined by gas chrmatgraphy, in which Shimalite TPA cated with 10% PEG 6000 was used as packed resin. The clumn temperature was I33 C, nitrgen was the carrier gas, and FlD was the detectr. Exchangeable sdium cntent was determined by a methd similar t that fr exchangeable pttasium cntent, as described in Part I. T measure the electrical cnductivity f the sil-cmpst r sil-cntrl mixture, the mixture was shaken with distilled water in a rati f I : 5 fr 60 min at rm temperature, and the electrical cnductivity f the suspensin thus btained was measured with a TOA Cnduct Meter Mdel CM-7B. Experimental methd. The C400 cntrl treatment was selected as a standard t evaluate the inhibitry effect induced by immature cmpsts and by high lading f Table 1. Prperties f the cmpsts. a Items Samples Org.-C/rg.-N rati in water extract Lw fatty acids b Na (exchangeable Electrical cnductivity c (its) frm) 10 g per pt 20 g per pt lading lading Usuda cmpst UJD 14. I 21. I 8. I U7D UIM U6M Ykhama cmpst R3D R7D RIM R3M a All the values shwn, except where specifically indicated, are expressed in mg per g cmpst, dry weight. b The values represent the sum f lw fatty acids f Cit C s and Ct. c The values shwn apply t the sil-cmpst mixture.

4 Effects f Cmpst Maturity n Kmatsuna Grwth. II. 253 cmpst. This cntrl treatment cntains nitrgen, phsphrus, ptassium, calcium, magnesium and micrnutrients, at the rate f 52, 52, 104, 26, 26 and 0.65 mg per pt respectively. Such treatment gave ptimum yield f kmatsuna under the experimental cnditins using Neubauer's pt. Acetic acid, prpinic acid and n-butyric acid, as well as sdium chlride were individually added t the C400 treatment. The experiments using Neubauer's pt fr the grwth f kmatsuna in bth the standard C400 treatment and the C400 treatments t which chemicals had been added were then carried ut in the phyttrn, as described in the Part I f the paper, and thereafter the grwth rates and yields f tps were measured and cmpared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Effect f lw fatty acids n grwth As shwn in Part I, the results f the Usuda cmpst treatments with a lading f 10 g dry weight per pt shwed that nly U3D cmpst inhibited the grwth f kmatsuna. The relative yield was nly As shwn in Table I, U3D cntained a very high cncentratin f lw fatty acids. Acetic acid, prpinic acid and n-butyric acid were the main acids detected in the U3D cmpst, amunting t 75, 76 and 40 mg fr 10 g lading per pt, respectively. In rder t analyze the inhibitry effect f the lw fatty acids, kmatsuna was tested with acetic, prpinic and n-butyric acids being individually added t the C400 treatment. The amunt f each acid added t the C400 treatment was 130 mg per pt respectively, which crrespnded t the acid cntent f 20 g dry weight per pt f U3D cmpst. The time curse f leaf grwth 80 E.s '5 '0 40.c Time (days) Fig. 1. Time curse f grwth in treatments t which lw fatty acids were added. 1) Amunts f fatty acids, mg/pt.

154 v. CHANYASAK, A. KATAYAMA, M.-F. HIRAI, S. MORI, and H. KUBOTA Treatment Table 2. Cmparisn f yields f tps and germinatin rati when inhibitry chemical cmpunds were added.

5 154 v. CHANYASAK, A. KATAYAMA, M.-F. HIRAI, S. MORI, and H. KUBOTA Treatment Table 2. Cmparisn f yields f tps and germinatin rati when inhibitry chemical cmpunds were added. Fresh weight Relative Germinatin f tps (mg/tp) yield rati (%) C400 1,283± ± 4 C4OO+AcOH 130 a 1,142± ± 8 C4OO+PrOH 130 b 804± ±11 C4OO+n-BuOH 130 c 937± ± 3 a C4OO+AcOH 130=acetic acid was added t C400 t btain 130 mg/pt amunt. b C400+PrOH 130 = prpinic acid was added t C400 t btain 130 mg/pt amunt. c C4OO+n-BuOH 130=n-butyric acid was added t C400 t btain 130 mg/pt amunt. fllwing the treatments with the acids in cmparisn with the C400 treatment is illustrated in Fig. 1. The fresh weight f the tps and the relative yield against the C400 treatment as well as the germinatin rati are shwn in Table 2. Bth prpinic acid and n-butyric acid exerted a cnsiderable inhibitry effect n the yield and the germinatin rati. Figure 1 shws that the grwth f kmatsuna in the early stages was retarded by prpinic and n-butyric acid treatments, but in the later stages the grwth rate in the treatments with the acids was parallel t that in the C400 treatment, suggesting that the effect f the acids may be transitry. This pattern f grwth rate is similar t that in the U3D treatment, as already shwn in Part I. Acetic acid additin resulted in a small inhibitry effect n the yield f tps and the grwth rate f kmatsuna, as shwn in Table 2 and Fig. 1. Similar values t thse recrded in the cntrl were btained fr the germinatin rati. Althugh DEVLEESCHAUWER et al. (1) reprted that acetic acid was highly txic t the cress seed (Lepidium sativum L.), especially the germinatin, in the present study the majr acids inhibiting the grwth f kmatsuna in the early stages were prpinic acid and n butyric acid. Als the presence f lw fatty acids is nt the sle inhibitry factr in the cmpsts, since the cntent f these acids in the R3D cmpst was very lw and yet the inhibitin f grwth culd be bserved. 2. Effect f electrical cnductivity n grwth As described in Part I f the paper, a lading f 20 g dry weight cmpst per pt resulted in yields f kmatsuna which were cnsiderably lwer than thse in the C400 cntrl regardless f the maturity f the cmpsts. The authrs assumed that the relatively large value f the electrical cnductivity in the garbage cmpst treatments, as seen in Table 1, may be ne f the main causes f the inhibitry effect under high ladings f the cmpsts. Sdium in, which is present in large amunts in the garbage cmpst as seen in Table 1, is the main cmpnent which cntributes t the electrical cnductivity.

6 Effects f Cmpst Maturity n Kmatsuna Grwth. II. 2SS Therefre, sdium in was added t the C400 cntrl at the rate f 39 t 234 mg per pt (300 t 1,800 ppm). This range was selected s as t cver the sdium in cntents in the cmpst used. Plant grwth fllwing the treatments with sdium chlride is illustrated in Fig. 2. As the amunt f sdium increased, the inhibitry effect n the grwth rate als increased, especially in the later stages f grwth. The relative yield f tps in the treatments cmpared with that in the C400 cntrl at the end f the grwth, was pltted against the electrical cnductivity f the sil (Fig. 3). The relative yield decreased almst linearly with the increase in the electrical cnductivity in the treatments with sdium chlride. The relatin between the relative yield in the cntrls (frm C400 t C800) and the respective electrical cnductivity is als illustrated in the figure. As shwn in Part I f the paper, excessive supply f nutrients in the C600 and the C800 cntrls resulted in lwer yields cmpared with the C400 cntrl (see Figs. 3, 5 and 7 f Part I). This finding is presumably due t the inhibitry effect f the high electrical cnductivity f the sil. Mrever, the yield f plants subjected t the cmpst treatments als decreased with the increase f the electrical cnductivity (Fig. 3). Hwever, treatments with the cmpsts UIM, U6M, RIM and R3M, which are cnsidered t be well-mature cmpsts, gave identical r larger yields than the cntrls, while U3D, U7D, R3D and R7D, which are immature cmpsts gave lwer yields. In Fig. 4 attempts were made t plt the relative yields against the sdium in cntent in the cmpsts and the cntrls instead f the electrical cnductivity. The results shwed the same trend as that in Fig. 3. Symbl C 0 C400 C400.Na (39)1) C400+ Na (78) C400tNa (117) - E C400tNa (156) E C400+Na (1951 : C400+Na I:. Cl C 5 10 Time (days) 15 Fig. 2. Time curse f grwth in treatments t which sdium chlride slutins were added. 1) Amunts f sdium in, mg/pt.

7 256 V. CHANYASAK, A. KATAYAMA, M.-F. HIRAI, S. MORI, and H. KUBOTA 1.0 '0 :g EIctrical cnductivity (ps/cm) Fig. 3. Relatinship between relative yield f tps and electrical cnductivity f sil-cmpst r sil-cntrl nutrient slutin mixture. 1.0 Symbl Treatment C400-C800 A..A C Na (39)" V V C400 +Na 1234 U3D : 20 g U7D : 20 g UIM : R3D : 20 g R'TD : 20 1I RIM: 200 R3M : Sdium in cntnt in cmpsts r cntrl nutrient slutin (mg/pt) Fig. 4. Relatinship between relative yield f tps and sdium in cntent in cmpst r cntrl nutrient slutins.

8 Effects f Cmpst Maturity n Kmatsuna Grwth. II Crrelatin between rg.-cfrg.-n rati f water extract and relative yield The values f relative yields in the cmpst treatments are shwn n Table 3. The effect f electrical cnductivity n the yield in the cmpst treatments was crrelated as described belw. Fr a lading f 10 g f cmpst per pt, the values were taken directly frm Figs. 3 and 8 in Part I, whereas fr a lading f 20 g f cmpst per pt the relative yields against the yields in the cntrls fr the same electrical cnductivity were derived frm Fig. 3 in the present paper. In Fig. 5 the relative Table 3. Cmparisn f the relative yields in the cmpst treatments between 10 g per pt lading and 20 g per pt lading when electrical cnductivity (EC) effects were excluded. Relative yield f tps Treatment Lading f Lading f 20 g per pt with 10 g per pt a EC effects excluded b UJD U7D UlM U6M RJD R7D RIM R3M b These values were cal a These values were taken directly frm Figs. 3 and 8 in Part I f this study. culated based n the values in Fig. 3. Symbl Tratmnt Symbl Treatment U3D: R3D:l0g ( J U7D: R7D:l0g l!l U1M :10g R1M:l0 9 U6M:l0g <> R3M:l0g U3D : 20g 0 R3D:20 g U7D : R7D :20 g U1M : 20g RtM' 20g U6M; 20g R3M: 20g <> Fig rg-c/rg.-n rati f watr xtract Crrelatin between rg.-c/rg.-n rati f water extract and relative yield f tps.

9 258 V. CHANYASAK, A. KATAYAMA, M.-F. HIRAI, S. MORI, and H. KUBOTA yields thus btained were pltted against the rg.-cfrg.-n ratis f water extracts btained frm the crrespnding cmpst samples shwn in Table I. The immature cmpst with relatively high values f rg.-cfrg.-n ratis gave lwer relative yields. As the rg.-cfrg.-n rati decreased, the relative yield increased t 1.00 r abve. It had been previusly reprted by the present authrs (2) that as the cmpsting reactin prceeds, the rg.-c/rg.-n rati f the water extract frm cmpst prducts tends t shift t a cnstant value ranging frm 5 t 6 regardless f the types f the raw materials. Organic carbn/rganic nitrgen (rg.-cfrg.-n) ratis frm Ref. 2 are listed in Table 4. It shuld be nted that the Usuda cmpst treatments gave higher yields than the Ykhama cmpst treatments, presumably due t the difference in the cmpsitin f the raw materials which, in turn, resulted in different quality f cmpst prducts. SUZUKI and KUMADA (3) reprted that there were clear differences in the prperties f humic acids derived frm rice straw cmpst and thse derived frm rtten pastures. An ther reasn may be the higher cntent f heavy metals in the Ykhama cmpst than in the Usuda cmpst (4). It shuld be emphasized that all the pt experiments in the present study were carried ut n Fujimi sandy sil, whse buffer actin (fr example; catin exchange capacity) is lw cmpared with that f usual farm land sils. Mrever, the nutrient cntent in the sandy sil is very lw. Therefre, the prperties f added materials (cmpst samples) tended t affect directly the grwth f kmatsuna. Table 4. CjN ratis f different kinds f well-mature cmpsts and their crrespnding raw materials. Samples Raw materials Cmpsts Org.-Cjrg.-N f CjN f slid water extracts samples Org.-Cjrg.-N f CjN f slid water extracts samples Pure sewage sludge Sewage sludge+saw dust Sewage sludge+rice husks Garbage + bark Pure garbage Municipal refuse Cw dung Cw dung+pig manure+straw Chicken manure Bark +cw dung (26.5)& (101. 7) a Leaves & These values apply t bark alne.

10 Effects f Cmpst Maturity n Kmatsuna Grwth. II. 259 CONCLUSION 1) At a lw lading f garbage cmpsts the inhibitry effect n the grwth f kmatsuna, especially in the early stages f grwth, was fund t be primarily due t the presence f lw fatty acids, especially prpinic acid and n-butyric acid. 2) At a high lading f garbage cmpsts in the sandy sil, the high electrical cnductivity f the sils mainly caused by the amunt f sdium chlride cntained in the garbage cmpst exerted an inhibitry effect n kmatsuna grwth. 3) When the inhibitry effect f the electrical cnductivity f sil was taken int accunt, the relative yields f kmatsuna in the cmpst treatments cmpared t thse in the cntrls were well crrelated with the rg.-c/rg.-n ratis f water extracts frm the cmpsts. In the case f the immature cmpsts with relatively high values f rg.-c/rg.-n ratis, the relative yields were cnsiderably lwer than 1.00, whereas the yields in the well-mature cmpsts with rg.-c/rg.-n ratis ranging frm 5 t 6, were equal t r higher than REFERENCES J) DEVLEESCHAUWER, D., VERDONCK, 0., and VAN AssCHE, P., Phyttxicity f refuse cmpst, Bicyc/e, 22(1), (198)) 2) CHANYASAK, V. and KUBOTA, H., Carbn/rganic nitrgen rati in water extract as measure f cmpsting degradatin, J. Ferment. Technl., 59, (1981) 3) SUZUKI, M. and KUMADA, K., Several prperties f Rp type humic acid, Sil Sci. Plant. Nutr., 18, (1972) 4) CHANYASAK, V. and KUBOTA, H., Surce separatin f garbage fr cmpsting, Bicyc/e, 24(2), (1983)

M.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN OR GRAIN ON INTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF MEDIUM QUALITY PRAIRIE HAY BY STEERS M.J. Guthriel, D.G. Wagner2 and D.C. Weakley3 Stry in Brief Sixteen 1,053 lb tw-year-ld Herefrd