Name: Period: Chapter 7: Learning. 5. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

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Name: Period: Chapter 7: Learning Introduction, How We Learn, & Classical Conditioning (pp. 291-304) 1. Learning: 2. What does it mean that we learn by association? 3. Habituation: 4. Associative Learning: 5. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? 6. List the 3 ways in which is learn: Classical Conditioning 1. Person associated with classical conditioning (very important!): 2. Classical Conditioning: 3. Behaviorism: 4. Psychologist associated with EARLY behaviorism (believed psych should be an OBJECTIVE science based on OBSERVEABLE BEHAVIOR): Pavlov s Dog Experiment 5. Define Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS): o UCS in Pavlov s dogs: 6. Define Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR): o UCR in Pavlov s dogs: 7. Neutral Stimulus (NS): o NS in Pavlov s dogs:

8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): o CS in Pavlov s dogs: 9. Conditioned Response (CR): o CR in Pavlov s dogs: 10. Think of another example of classical conditioning in your own life (How did you learn a specific fears? Taste aversions?) What is the UCS? UCR? NS? CS? CR? 11. List 1 more example of classical conditioning that the book discusses. What is the UCS? UCR? NS? CS? CR? 12. Define acquisition: 13. What is the biological reason that humans and animals can be conditioned? 14. Define higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning): 15. Define & give an example of extinction: 16. Define & give an example of spontaneous recovery: 17. Define & give an example of generalization: 18. Define & give an example of discrimination: 2

19. According to Rescorla & Wagner, WHY does an animal learn through classical conditioning? What do they learn? 20. Describe John Garcia s experiment with rats (make sure to identify the US,UR, NS/CS, CR). 21. What important principle did Garcia s study illustrate about classical conditioning? 22. Why does Pavlov s work remain so important? (You should have two reasons here). 23. What key classical conditioning principle did Watson s Little Albert study illustrate? 24. Should Watson have conducted this study? Think back to the APA s ethical guidelines. Discuss ONE area that Watson violated. Operant Conditioning (pp. 304-317) 1. Operant Conditioning: o Person associated with operant conditioning: 2. Law of effect: o Person who first studied the law of effect: 3. Describe how a Skinner box works. 4. Reinforcement: 3

5. What s an example of reinforcement in your own life? 6. How someone is conditioned: describe shaping: 7. Define & give an example of positive reinforcement 8. Define & give an example of negative reinforcement 9. Define & give an example of a primary reinforcer 10. Define & give an example of a conditioned (or secondary ) reinforce 11. Provide an example of an immediate reinforcer 12. Provide an example of a delayed reinforcer Schedules of Reinforcement Type of Reinforcement Definition Example Continuous Reinforcement Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Schedule Variable-Ration Schedule Fixed Interval Schedule Variable-Interval Schedule 4

13. What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? 14. Define positive punishment: 15. Define negative punishment: 16. Punishment has 4 drawbacks. List them. 17. Tolman s cognitive map: 18. Define latent learning: 19. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? 20. What s the danger in giving someone reinforcement for an activity that they already enjoy? (It s called the overjustification effect. ) 21. Define instinctive drift. How did the Breland s encounter this in their work? 22. Why does Skinner s work remain so important? (Pick 1 area, school, sports, or work, and explain Skinner s impact). 5

Learning by Observation (pg. 317-323) 1. Define observational learning: 2. Define modeling: 3. What are mirror neurons? Give an example of mirror neurons at work. 4. What is the theory of mind? 5. Person associated with observational learning: 6. What is the main lesson of Bandura s famous Bobo Doll experiment? 7. Define: prosocial behavior: 8. When are models most effective? 9. Will you let your children watch violent TV or play violent video games? Explain using psychological research. 6

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