Biomolecules Organic compounds of life
TEKS 9A: Students will Compare the structure and function of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 9D: Students will Analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules
Bio(macro)molecule A biomolecule (or macromolecule) is a large, complex molecule made up of repeating subunits The repeating subunits are known as monomers (mono = one) The large, complex molecule (ie: the biomolecule) is also known as a polymer (poly = many)
Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids The Chemicals of Life Proteins Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) Elements are found in a 1:2:1 ratio (C=O) Monomer subunit: saccharides (different types of sugars) Look for: a CHO structure with #carbons = #oxygens
Examples CARBOHYDRATES Sugars fruits and vegetables Starches bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice Glucose Functions Immediate energy Cell walls are composed of cellulose (chains of glucose) for strength and stability Found in cell membranes (used for signaling)
LIPIDS Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) Number of carbons > number of oxygens (C>O) Monomer subunits: fatty-acid chains and glycerol Look for: a CHO structure with #carbons much higher than the #oxygens Examples: Fats (butter) Oils (vegetable, olive, etc) Waxes (like candles or the coating on leaves)
Functions LIPIDS Long-term energy storage (MUCH more energy than carbs); good for hibernation and warmth Important component of the cell membrane (phospholipids); keeps the inside & outside of the cell separate Steroids (like cholesterol and hormones) Protects against water loss
PROTEINS Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur (CHON(S)) Monomer subunits: amino acids bound by PEPTIDE bonds Look for: A structure with nitrogen, but no phosphorous Examples Meat Eggs Nuts Beans
PROTEINS Functions *Enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions *Regulates hormones and reactions Component of the cell membrane (used for transport) Skin/hair/ nails Muscle movement
PROTEINS Levels of structure (folding) Primary amino acids Secondary alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Tertiary globular (ex: hemoglobin) Quaternary 2+ proteins joined together
NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP) Monomer subunit: nucleotides Look for: phosphorous Uses: Store and transmit genetic information Examples DNA the genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring RNA plays important role in the production of proteins
Food, Calories, and Energy Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), and protein are the three main sources of kilocalories 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie A calorie is a unit of energy specifically, the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius Your body transforms these sources into components used in cellular respiration, the process which creates ATP ATP is the form of energy used by your body
How Polymers Become Monomers Hydrolysis Water is added to a polymer to divide it into its monomers This occurs during digestion Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids Nucleic Acids are broken down into nucleotides
How Polymers Become Monomers
How Monomers Become Polymers Dehydration synthesis: water is removed when two monomers come together to form a polymer This occurs when your body takes the monomer products from digestion and uses them to create new biomolecules for your use Monosaccharides are bonded into new carbohydrates Fatty acids and glycerol are bonded into new lipids Amino acids are bonded to make new proteins Nucleotides are bonded to make new nucleic acids
How Monomers Become Polymers HO H HO H H 2 O HO H
Structure and Function The structure of a biomolecule determines it s function Example: Carbohydrates Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), but the atoms are arranged differently Since they have different structures, they also have different functions Glucose is the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration Galactose enables the mammary glands to produce lactose (breast milk) Fructose is used for preventing sandiness in ice cream
Structure and Function The structure of a biomolecule determines it s function Example: Lipid
Structure and Function The structure of a biomolecule determines it s function Example: Protein
Structure and Function The structure of a biomolecule determines it s function Example: Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA have different structures Number of strands (double vs. single) Type of sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose) Bases (ATCG vs. AUCG) Since they have different structures, they also have different functions DNA is the genetic material that gets passed from parent to offspring RNA decodes the DNA and turns it into protein