SKELETAL SYSTEM 1) Components Cartilages Bones Tendons & ligaments joints 2) FUNCTIONS Structural support Protection of various regions of the body Storage: minerals & bone marrow 3) Movements???? 1 Cartilage and Bone Tissues 2 Cartilage 1) characteristics Avascular & No innervation Chondroblast vs. chondrocytes Lacuna Extracellular matrix - Resilient tissues Semi-solid dense collagen Perichondrium 2) types 3) Location throughout the body 3 4 Hyaline Cartilage 5 6 1
Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage 7 8 Growth of Cartilage 1) Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton stops growing 2) Growth pattern A) Appositional growth From periphery Perichondrium external: dense irregular CT internal: chondroblasts B) Interstitial growth From within 9 10 Bone 1) Characteristics A) Extracellular matrix Minerals + fibers B) cells Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts vs. Osteocytes Osteoclasts 2) Functions Supports and protects Muscle attachment site Storage Compact Bone 11 12 2
Compact (dense or cortical) bone 1) characteristics dense outer layer 2) osteon (Haversian system) A) Osteons run parallel to the shaft of the bone B) Components perforating (Volkmann's) canals central (Haversian) canal Canaliculi Lamella 13 14 Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone 1) characteristics internal network of bone Trabecula: thin plates of matrix 15 16 Classification of Bones Long bones Short bones Carpal tarsal patella Flat bones Skull Scapula Sternum Ribs Irregular bones Vertebrae Ethmoid Sphenoid pelvic Sutural or Wormian bones 17 18 Figure 6.3 3
Long Bone 1) Diaphysis 2) Metaphysis epiphyseal line vs. plate 3) Epiphysis 4) Medullary cavity 5) Nutrient artery 6) Membrane Periosteum vs. endosteum 7) Sharpey s fibers 19 20 Flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones 1) Contain bone marrow no marrow cavity 2) Diploë Internal spongy bone of flat bones bone development 1) Intramembranous bone develops from fibrous CT flat bones of skull, clavicle 2) Endochondral bone develops from a pre-existing cartilage model 21 22 1) bone growth Appositional interstitial Bone Growth Bone Remodeling 1) dynamic living tissue Bone deposit and removal At periosteal and endosteal surfaces Age Osteoblastic activity Osteoclastic activity Protein synthesis 2) Osteoporosis low bone mass 23 24 4
Skeleton 1) Bones 206 or 210??? 2) divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Axial Skeleton 25 26 Skull 1) Houses brain & special sense organs 2) Structures A) Cranium Paranasal sinuses cranial fossae Fontanels B) Face framework of the face 27 28 Cranial Bones 1) Temporal Bone Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) zygomatic arch 2) Sphenoid bone keystone of the skull Sella turcica: pituitary gland 3) Ethmoid Nasal septum 29 30 5
Facial Bones 1) Vomer Nasal septum 2) Palatine bone palate 3) Zygomatic bone Zygomatic arch 4) Maxillary palate keystone bones of the face 5) mandible Largest, strongest bone of face 6) Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa lacrimal sac 31 32 1) Characteristics Acts as a movable base for the tongue Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column 1) Functions protects spinal cord Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs 2) major segments 3) Curvatures flexibility and stability Primary vs. Secondary curvature 4) intervertebral disks nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus 33 34 Thoracic Cage 1) bony framework of chest 2) Structures A) vertebrae B) Ribs Classification Intercostal spaces vs. subcostal space C) Sternum Jugular notch Sternal angle Xiphisternal joint D) costal cartilages 35 Landmarks 36 6
Appendicular Skeleton 1) structures A) Pectoral girdle Clavicle scapula B) Pelvic girdle Transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs Pelvic bones 37 38 Upper Limb 1) Brachium Humerus Glenohumeral joint 2) antebrachium Ulna radius Hand Wrist (carpus) Palm (metacarpus) Fingers (digits) 1) Coxal bones A) bones B) Acetabulum Pelvic Girdle 39 40 1) True vs. false pelves A) Pelvic brim 2) Openings A) Pelvic inlet B) Pelvic outlet 3) gender differences A) Female pelvis Childbearing Lighter, wider, shallower bony pelvis 41 42 7
Lower Limb 1) Carries the weight of the erect body & locomotion A) thicker and stronger bones 2) Femoral 3) Leg A) Crural vs. sural 4) Foot A) Arches distribute the weight of the body Arthrology 1) joint vs. articulation 2) Place of contact between parts of the skeleton 3) Inverse relationship: stability vs. mobility axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton 43 44 Classification of Joints 1) Structural classification A) Fibrous joint B) Cartilaginous joint C) Synovial joint 2) Functional classification range of motion A) Synarthrosis: FIXED JOINT B) Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable C) Diarthrosis: freely movable 1) Sutures Short CT fibers Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis 2) Syndesmoses longer CT fibers Diarthrosis (radius ulna) Synarthrosis (Tibia-fibula) 3) Gomphoses periodontal ligament Synarthrosis Fibrous Joints 45 46 Cartilaginous Joints 1) Synchondroses Hyaline cartilage 2) Symphyses Fibrocartilage Synovial Joints 1) Joint cavity 2) articular capsule Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane 3) Articular cartilage 4) Reinforcing ligaments 5) Articular Discs Temporomandibular joint Knee join 47 48 8
movements Allowed by Synovial Joints 1) Gliding 2) Angular movement A) Abduction vs. adduction B) Flexion vs. extension C) Rotation Medial vs. lateral rotation Pronation vs. supination D) circumduction circular movement (rotation around another bone) distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the proximal end remains stationary 49 Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9
Subclassification of Synovial Joints 1) Uniaxial bone moves in 1 plane 2) Biaxial bone moves in 2 planes 3) Multiaxial bone moves in >2 planes Uniaxial plane 1) Planar (Gliding) Joints Side-to-side motion Intercarpal & intertarsal sacroiliac joints 2) hinge Joints flexion & extension Elbow, knee interphalangeal joints Pivot joints Rotation Atlanto-axial joint Radioulnar joint 56 Bi-axial plane 1) Condylar joint Wrist joint (radiocarpal) Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle) atlanto-occipital joint 2) Saddle joint Carpometacarpal joint 60 10
Multi-axial 1) Ball-&-Socket Joint Angular and rotational movements Hip & shoulder joints Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 1) bags of lubricant between muscle & ligament tendon & bone 61 Special movements Special Movements Elevation vs. depression protraction vs. retraction supination vs. pronation opposition Inversion and eversion Special Movements Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Rheumatoid Arthritis Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11