SKELETAL SYSTEM 1) Components

SKELETAL SYSTEM 1) Components Cartilages Bones Tendons & ligaments joints 2) FUNCTIONS Structural support Protection of various regions of the body Storage: minerals & bone marrow 3) Movements???? 1

Cartilage and Bone Tissues 2

Cartilage 1) characteristics Avascular & No innervation Chondroblast vs. chondrocytes Lacuna Extracellular matrix - Resilient tissues Semi-solid dense collagen Perichondrium 2) types 3) Location throughout the body 3

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Hyaline Cartilage 6

Elastic Cartilage 7

Fibrocartilage 8

Growth of Cartilage 1) Cartilage stops growing when the skeleton stops growing 2) Growth pattern A) Appositional growth From periphery Perichondrium external: dense irregular CT internal: chondroblasts B) Interstitial growth From within 9

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1) Characteristics A) Extracellular matrix Minerals + fibers B) cells Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts vs. Osteocytes Osteoclasts 2) Functions Supports and protects Muscle attachment site Storage 11

Compact Bone 12

Compact (dense or cortical) bone 1) characteristics dense outer layer 2) osteon (Haversian system) A) Osteons run parallel to the shaft of the bone B) Components perforating (Volkmann's) canals central (Haversian) canal Canaliculi Lamella 13

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Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone 1) characteristics internal network of bone Trabecula: thin plates of matrix 15

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Classification of Bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sutural or Wormian bones Carpal tarsal patella Skull Scapula Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Ethmoid Sphenoid pelvic 17

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Long Bone 1) Diaphysis 2) Metaphysis epiphyseal line vs. plate 3) Epiphysis 4) Medullary cavity 5) Nutrient artery 6) Membrane Periosteum vs. endosteum 7) Sharpey s fibers 19

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Flat bones, short bones, and 1) Contain bone marrow no marrow cavity 2) Diploë Internal spongy bone of flat bones irregular bones 21

bone development 1) Intramembranous bone develops from fibrous CT flat bones of skull, clavicle 2) Endochondral bone develops from a pre-existing cartilage model 22

1) bone growth Appositional interstitial Bone Growth 23

Bone Remodeling 1) dynamic living tissue Bone deposit and removal Age At periosteal and endosteal surfaces Osteoblastic activity Osteoclastic activity Protein synthesis 2) Osteoporosis low bone mass 24

Skeleton 1) Bones 206 or 210??? 2) divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton 25

Axial Skeleton 26

Skull 1) Houses brain & special sense organs 2) Structures A) Cranium Paranasal sinuses cranial fossae Fontanels B) Face framework of the face 27

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Cranial Bones 1) Temporal Bone Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) zygomatic arch 2) Sphenoid bone keystone of the skull Sella turcica: pituitary gland 3) Ethmoid Nasal septum 30

Facial Bones 1) Vomer Nasal septum 2) Palatine bone palate 3) Zygomatic bone Zygomatic arch 4) Maxillary palate keystone bones of the face 5) mandible Largest, strongest bone of face 6) Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa lacrimal sac 31

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Hyoid Bone 1) Characteristics Acts as a movable base for the tongue 33

Vertebral Column 1) Functions protects spinal cord Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs 2) major segments 3) Curvatures flexibility and stability Primary vs. Secondary curvature 4) intervertebral disks nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus 34

Thoracic Cage 1) bony framework of chest 2) Structures A) vertebrae B) Ribs Classification Intercostal spaces vs. subcostal space C) Sternum Jugular notch Sternal angle Xiphisternal joint D) costal cartilages 35

Landmarks 36

Appendicular Skeleton 1) structures A) Pectoral girdle Clavicle scapula B) Pelvic girdle Transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs Pelvic bones 37

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Upper Limb 1) Brachium Humerus Glenohumeral joint 2) antebrachium Ulna radius Hand Wrist (carpus) Palm (metacarpus) Fingers (digits) 39

Pelvic Girdle 1) Coxal bones A) bones B) Acetabulum 40

bony pelvis 1) True vs. false pelves A) Pelvic brim 2) Openings A) Pelvic inlet B) Pelvic outlet 3) gender differences A) Female pelvis Childbearing Lighter, wider, shallower 41

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Lower Limb 1) Carries the weight of the erect body & locomotion A) thicker and stronger bones 2) Femoral 3) Leg A) Crural vs. sural 4) Foot A) Arches distribute the weight of the body 43

1) joint vs. articulation Arthrology 2) Place of contact between parts of the skeleton 3) Inverse relationship: stability vs. mobility axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton 44

Classification of Joints 1) Structural classification A) Fibrous joint B) Cartilaginous joint C) Synovial joint 2) Functional classification range of motion A) Synarthrosis: FIXED JOINT B) Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable C) Diarthrosis: freely movable 45

1) Sutures Short CT fibers Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis 2) Syndesmoses longer CT fibers Diarthrosis (radius ulna) Synarthrosis (Tibia-fibula) 3) Gomphoses periodontal ligament Synarthrosis Fibrous Joints 46

Cartilaginous Joints 1) Synchondroses Hyaline cartilage 2) Symphyses Fibrocartilage 47

Synovial Joints 1) Joint cavity 2) articular capsule Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane 3) Articular cartilage 4) Reinforcing ligaments 5) Articular Discs Temporomandibular joint Knee join 48

movements Allowed by Synovial Joints 1) Gliding 2) Angular movement A) Abduction vs. adduction B) Flexion vs. extension C) Rotation Medial vs. lateral rotation Pronation vs. supination D) circumduction circular movement (rotation around another bone) distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the proximal end remains stationary 49

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Subclassification of Synovial Joints 1) Uniaxial bone moves in 1 plane 2) Biaxial bone moves in 2 planes 3) Multiaxial bone moves in >2 planes

Uniaxial plane 1) Planar (Gliding) Joints Side-to-side motion Intercarpal & intertarsal sacroiliac joints 2) hinge Joints flexion & extension Elbow, knee interphalangeal joints Pivot joints Rotation Atlanto-axial joint Radioulnar joint 56

Bi-axial plane 1) Condylar joint Wrist joint (radiocarpal) Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle) atlanto-occipital joint 2) Saddle joint Carpometacarpal joint 60

Multi-axial 1) Ball-&-Socket Joint Angular and rotational movements Hip & shoulder joints 61

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 1) bags of lubricant between muscle & ligament tendon & bone

Special movements Elevation vs. depression protraction vs. retraction

Special Movements supination vs. pronation opposition

Special Movements Inversion and eversion Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Rheumatoid Arthritis Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.