Products for weners Benzoic cid or the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid Tril report no.: 490 Novemer, 000 Hnne Mrio, Lrs Egelund Olsen, Bent Borg Jensen 1 nd Nuri Miquel 1 The Ntionl Committee for Pig Production, DANISH BACON AND MEAT COUNCIL Astrct The following hs een tested for weners in the ge 4-10 weeks: the comintion of 0.7% formic cid nd 0.7% lctic cid in diet 1 (4-6 weeks) nd diet (6-10 weeks), nd enzoic cid with % dded to diet 1 nd 1% dded to diet. The cid products were compred to control mix. The test ws crried out in one herd with 160 pigs per group divided into 0 locks (replictes) per tretment. Mortlity in the test verged 1.5%, nd.5% ws on verge removed due to disese. Tretment frequency for dirrhoe ws significntly lower for the pigs given enzoic cid compred to the other two groups. Prevlence of dirrhoe did not differ etween the control group nd the group given the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. Production vlue per pig (4-10 weeks) for the individul mixes ws clculted on the sis of the chieved production results using the sme price per FUp for ll feed mixes. Overll the test showed tht the pigs given feed contining enzoic cid hd significntly higher production vlue thn the control pigs nd the pigs given feed contining the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid. Furthermore, the group with the comintion of formic nd lctic cid hd significntly higher production vlue thn the control pigs. The enzoic cid used in this test is food qulity nd therefore firly expensive, nd the chieved increse in productivity could not py for the product. However, the clcultion does not include costs for mediction in connection with tretments for dirrhoe. The group with the comintion of lctic nd formic cid hd production vlue level with the control group when the prices of the cids re included in the clcultions. Microiologicl studies reveled tht dding enzoic cid to the feed significntly reduces the studied popultions of micro orgnisms nd the microil ctivity in the entire gstro-intestinl trct. This cuses reduction in the production of orgnic cids in the. This pplies to oth the control group nd the group with the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. The cteriologicl results did not differ etween the control group nd the pigs given feed dded lctic nd formic cid. However, this group hd lower content of lctocillus in the stomch.
Presently, enzoic cid is not pproved s n dditive/preservtive for pig feed, however the cid nd some of its slts my e used for preserving food. Severl of the slts from enzoic cid re lso pproved s preservtives for pet food. Lctic cid nd formic cid re oth pproved s preservtives for pig feed. 1 The Dnish Institute of Agriculturl Sciences. Bckground In the efforts to find lterntives to ntiiotic growth promoters, the Ntionl Committee for Pig Production hs tested vrious pure cids for wener feed. A test with cid dosge hs previously een crried out where formic cid in doses of 0.7% nd 1.4% nd lctic cid in doses of 0.7, 1.4 nd.1% (Report no. 469) were tested. The test did not result in n effect on production results, ut the microiologicl studies reveled tht dding lctic cid nd formic cid to the feed hd positive effect on the gstro-intestinl system s micro flor nd cid content. On the sis of the results from these microiologicl studies, comintion of 0.7% formic cid nd 0.7% lctic cid in wener feed ws tested. The reson for choosing this comintion ws to chieve high concentrtion of lctic cid in the gstro-intestinl trct. The ckground for this choice ws tht the results from the test of cid dosges showed tht dding formic cid to the feed cused reduction in the numer of yest in the gstro-intestinl trct, nd yest uses lctic cid when growing. Addition of lctic cid cused n increse of the numer of lctic cid cteri nd therey the production of lctic cid in the gstro-intestinl trct. It hs een oserved tht n incresed content of lctic cid hs reducing effect on the numer of coli cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct. Benzoic cid ws chosen s it hs shown positive results in n in vitro test conducted y the Dnish Institute of Agriculturl Sciences. The im of this test ws to exmine whether ddition of comintion of formic cid nd lctic cid or ddition of enzoic cid to diet 1 (4-6 weeks) nd diet (6-10 weeks) ffected production vlue. The effect of the products ws primrily mesured on production vlue clculted on the sis of the production results: dily gin nd feed conversion. Secondrily the effect ws mesured on the numer of disese tretments. Mterils nd methods The test ws crried out t Experimentl sttion Grønhøj. All pens were equipped with concrete sltted floor in pprox. two thirds of the pen nd solid floor in the lst third y the trough, nd there ws one nipple drinker per pen. 160 pigs were penned in ll groups divided into 0 locks (replictes). Post-wening t the ge of four weeks the pigs were initilly divided ccording to size nd herefter rndomly divided in the three groups so the groups within ech lock (replicte) were identicl re. numer of pigs per pen nd weight. Seven, eight or nine pigs were penned in ech pen. Averge weight on penning nd finish ws 7.5 kg nd 7 kg, respectively. Tle 1. Test design Group 1 Diet 1 feed 0.7% lctic cid nd 0.7%.0% enzoic cid Diet formic cid 1.0% enzoic cid The diets in ll groups were optimised so the content of the mino cids: lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine nd tryptophn ws 5% ove the present stndrd to ensure ginst movements in the content of crude protein of the ingredients. The feed s content of other nutrients met the present stndrds (cf. FOKUS PÅ Normer for Næringsstoffer, The Ntionl Committee for Pig Production, 6 th edition, 1998). The diets were produced t Arhusegnens Andel in Mlling, nd were het-treted nd pelleted t minimum temperture of 81 degrees Celsius. The composition of the feed nd more detiled description of the dded products cn e seen from ppendices 1 nd.
At ech delivery of feed, ll feed mixes were nlysed for FUp, energy content (enzyme-digestile orgnic mtter), crude protein nd for the mino cids: lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine nd for clcium, phosphorus nd zinc. Diet 1 in ll groups ws screened for ntiiotics. Appendix shows the nlysis results. In ll groups feed ws given once dy. All pigs hd ccess to feed nd wter 4 hours dy. The first two weeks post-wening the pigs were given diet 1. From 6 to 10 weeks they were given diet. In oth periods feed intke, gin, disese tretments nd mortlity were registered. Microiologicl studies The microiologicl studies comprised eight pigs per test tretment, totl of 4 pigs. They were removed 14 dys post-wening. Pigs from eight litters were used (three pigs per litter), ie. one pig from ech litter in ech tretment. The pigs were nesthetized nd collected t Grønhøj t pprox. 9 o clock nd put down with pentoritl t Reserch Centre Foulum etween 10 nd 11 o clock. After eing put down, the gstro-intestinl trcts were immeditely dissected free nd divided into eight segments: stomch ( stomch ), three identicl sections of the smll ( smll 1- ), cecum ( cecum ), nd three identicl sections of the lrge (lrge 1-). Totl content in ech of the eight sections ws removed nd weighed, nd ph ws immeditely mesured. Weight nd length of the intestinl trct were registered s were pthologicl lesions in the prs proventriculris. Smples from gstro-intestinl content from ll eight sections were nlysed for content of dry mtter, concentrtion of lctic cid, formic cid nd other voltile ftty cids (VFA): utyric cid, propionic cid nd ethnoic cid. The composition of the micro flor ws exmined in four sections of the gstro-intestinl trct: stomch ( stomch ), the lst third of the smll ( smll ), cecum ( cecum ) nd the middle of the lrge ( lrge ). Anlyses were mde of the content of totl neroic cteri, coliform cteri, lctose-negtive enterocteri, lctic cid cteri, lctocillus (constituting prt of the lctic cid cteri), enterococci, nd yest cells. Clcultions Production vlue ws clculted s: (kg gin x DKK per kg gin) (numer of nlysed FUp x DKK per FUp). Vlue of gin (DKK6.00 per kg gin) ws clculted prtly on the sis of the verge weight on penning nd trnsfer in the entire test nd prtly on the sis of the verge price in the lst five yers (Septemer 1, 1995 to Septemer 1, 000) for 7 kg s pigs (DKK8 per pig, +/- DKK7.16 per kg) nd 0 kg s pigs (DKK64 per pig, +/- DKK4.98 per kg). The feed prices re verges of the lst five yers (Septemer 1, 1995 to Septemer 1, 000), diet 1: DKK.11 per FUp, nd diet : DKK1.5 per FUp. A clcultion (including the price of the product) ws mde on the sis of the lst five weeks prices (weeks 40-45, 000). Vlue of gin (DKK6.18 per kg gin) ws here clculted on the sis of the following prices: 7 kg s pigs (DKK40 per pig, +/- DKK7.75 per kg) nd 0 kg s pigs (DKK81 per pig, +/- DKK5.40 per kg), diet 1: DKK.4 per FUp, nd diet : DKK1.46 per FUp. In the clcultion of the ctul production vlue, the feed price is dded the price of the product. Production vlue ws nlysed s primry prmeter with weight on penning s co-vrile, nd the model comprised the following vriles: lock, housing unit, nd group. Registrtions of disese were nlysed s secondry prmeter. Dt were sujected to n nlysis of vrince in SAS under the GLM procedure. Significnt differences re stted t 5% level djusted for three comprisons in pirs (ll groups with ech other) t Bonferroni t-test. The results re shown s verges for ech group djusted to the sme weight on penning.
Dt for exmintion of the gstro-intestinl trct were sujected to n nlysis of vrince in SAS under the GLM procedure. Adjustments were mde for sex, lock nd litter. Tretments were compred mutully nd to the control lock. Significnt differences re stted t 5% level. 4 Results nd discussion Feed nlyses Anlyses of diet 1 (4-6 weeks) reveled lower contents of energy, crude protein nd therey mino cids thn clculted. Except for the content of energy in the control feed, the contents of energy, protein nd mino cids in diet 1 were within the ltitude of Dnish feedstuff legisltion. Contents of energy, protein nd mino cids were t the sme level in the three groups, nd therefore these devitions re not thought to hve influenced the test result. The nlysis in the control group reveled zinc content of 17 mg/kg, ie. higher thn the llowed 50 mg/kg. A devition of this size is not estimted to influence the prevlence of dirrhoe. Anlyses of diet (6-10 weeks) corresponded well with the clculted content. The screening nlysis for ntiiotic growth promoters in the feed did not show ntiiotics in ny of the diets. Disese Mortlity in the test verged 1.5%, nd.5% ws on verge removed due to disese. There ws no difference etween the groups in the numer of ded or removed pigs. Tretment frequency for dirrhoe ws significntly lower for the pigs given enzoic cid compred to the control group nd the group given feed contining the comintion of lctic nd formic cid (tle ). There tended to e fewer dirrhoe tretments in the first two weeks postwening for the pigs given enzoic cid in the feed compred to the pigs given lctic cid nd formic cid in the feed. Tretment frequency expresses how lrge prt of the pigs tht hs received tretment. Collective tretment of pen vi the feed for - dys ws mde when more thn 50% of the pigs in the pen hd clinicl symptoms of dirrhoe. Furthermore, individul tretments were mde vi injection. Tle : Frequency of dirrhoe tretments (4-10 weeks) Group Product 1 0.7% formic cid 0.7% lctic cid.0% enzoic cid in diet 1 1.0% enzoic cid in diet Tretment frequency 117 11 60 1) When compring tretment frequency for dirrhoe etween the groups there hs to e minimum difference of 41% units in order for there to e significnt difference. Production results The production results re stted for the periods 4-6 weeks, 6-10 weeks nd for the entire test period (see tle ).
5 Tle. Production results Group Product No. locks No. pigs penned 4-6 weeks Dily feed intke, FUp Dily gin, g FUp per kg gin 6-10 weeks Dily feed intke, FUp Dily gin, g FUp per kg gin 4-10 weeks Dily feed intke, FUp Dily gin, g FUp per kg gin 1 0 160 0. 117.0 0.87 445 1.9 0.66 4 1.9 0.7% formic cid 0.7% lctic cid 0 160 0.5 148 1.67 0.90 476 1.89 0.70 77 1.86.0% enzoic cid in diet 1 1.0% enzoic cid in diet 0 160 0.5 18 1.96 0.95 514 1.85 0.7 97 1.85 Production vlue hs een clculted on the sis of the chieved production results. Production vlue using five yers prices cn e seen from tle 4. Tle 4. Production vlue using 5 yers prices nd 5 weeks prices, respectively Group Product 1 0.7% formic & 0.7% lctic cid Production vlue using 5 yers prices 1 : DKK/pig Index Actul production vlue using 5 weeks prices incl. the price of the product : DKK/pig 54.1 100 60.0 111 Benzoic cid.0% in diet 1 nd 1.0% in diet Index 58. 100 58.5 101 55.7 96 1 When compring production vlue etween one of the groups nd the control group there hs to e minimum difference in production vlue of DKK5.5 or 10 index points in order for it to e significnt. No sttisticl clcultions hve een mde of differences in gross mrgin using 5 weeks prices. 65. c 11 The pigs given the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid in the feed hd significntly etter production vlue thn the control lock. This ws due to higher dily gin efore intermedite weighing nd for the entire period (4-10 weeks) nd lower feed consumption for the entire period compred to the control group. The pigs given enzoic cid hd significntly etter production vlue compred to oth the control group nd to the pigs given the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid. Compred to the control pigs, the pigs given enzoic cid hd higher feed intke, higher dily gin, nd lower feed consumption for the entire test period. Compred to the pigs given the comintion of lctic nd formic cid, the pigs given enzoic cid hd higher dily gin efore nd fter intermedite weighing while the pigs given the comintion of lctic nd formic cid hd higher dily gin efore intermedite weighing compred to the pigs given enzoic cid. The clcultion of ctul prices is sed on the lst five weeks verge prices nd feed prices dded the cost of dding the product to the feed. The enzoic cid used in this test ws food qulity nd therefore firly expensive. The price of feed qulity will e lower. The chieved increse in production tht ws otined y dding enzoic cid could not py for the product. However,
6 the clcultion does not include costs for mediction in connection with tretments for dirrhoe. A dirrhoe tretment for five dys for Coli dirrhoe costs pprox. DKK1-4 per pig. The group where the feed contined the comintion of lctic nd formic cid hs production vlue level with the control group when the prices of the cids hve een included in the feed price. The product prices (frmer s price) used cn e seen from ppendix nd hve een supplied y the supplier. Microiologicl exmintions The results of these exmintions include only the period until two weeks post-wening s the pigs were slughtered 14 dys post-wening efore switching to diet. Stomch lesions The result shows no difference etween the three groups regrding prevlence of stomch lesions; on verge index ws for ll groups. Ulcer exmintions comprised only eight pigs per group nd tht is very few for this type of exmintion. However, the result my e used s n indictor of whether there re ny prolems in using the cid products in question. ph ph in intestinl content vried etween the vrious intestinl sections. ph ws incresing from the strt of the smll nd to the cecum. From cecum to the strt of the lrge ph drops nd gin increses towrds the end of the lrge (figure 1). There ws no significnt difference in ph etween the groups in the vrious gstro-intestinl sections with the exception of significntly lower ph in the cecum in the pigs fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid compred to the control lock (figure 1). ph in limentry trct ph 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4.5 Stomch Smll 1 Smll Smll Cecum Lrge 1 Lrge Lrge Lctic cid & formic cid Benzoic cid Figure 1. ph mesured in the content of vrious sections in the limentry trct. Dry mtter The content of dry mtter did generlly not differ etween the three groups for ny of the exmined intestinl sections. The control pigs hd significntly lower content of dry mtter in the lst prt of the smll compred to the pigs fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. Microiology The microiologicl exmintions comprise the numer of lctic cid cteri, lctocillus, enterococci, coliform cteri, lctose-negtive entero cteri, yest, mould nd totl numer of neroic cteri in the stomch, lst prt of the smll, cecum nd the middle of the lrge. Addition of % enzoic cid resulted in significntly lower numer of lctic cid cteri in the stomch, the lst prt of the smll, cecum nd the lst prt of the lrge compred to the control feed nd the group where the feed hd een dded 0.7% lctic cid nd 0.7%
formic cid. The numer of lctic cid cteri did not differ etween the control group nd the group where the feed hd een dded 0.7% lctic cid nd 0.7% formic cid (figure nd tle in ppendix 4). 7 log CFU/g 10 9 8 7 6 c Lctic cid & formic cid Benzoic cid 5 4 Stomch Smll Cecum Lrge Figure. Content of lctic cid cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct. In the stomch the numer of lctocillus ws highest in the control lock nd lowest in the group given enzoic cid. The pigs given the comintion of lctic nd formic cid were intermedite. The numer of lctocillus in the smll, cecum nd lrge ws lowest in the group where the feed ws dded enzoic cid compred to the other two other groups (figure, tle in ppendix 4). log CFU/g 10 9 8 7 6 c Lctic cid nd formic cid Benzoic cid 5 4 Stom ch Smll Cecum Lrge Figure. Content of lctocillus in the gstro-intestinl trct. The numer of coliform cteri did not differ etween the groups in the vrious sections of the limentry trct (figure 4, tle in ppendix 4). Even though the mount of coli cteri in the group where the feed ws dded enzoic cid ws lower thn the control group, the difference ws not significnt. The explntion my e tht there ws gret vrition etween the pigs in the test nd tht the numer of coliform cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct generlly ws very low in this test. The numer of coliform cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct in this test ws reduced y up to fctor 100 compred to the results in Report no. 469.
8 log CFU/g 7 6 5 4 Lctic cid & formic cid Benzoic cid Stomch Smll Cecum Lrge Figure 4. Content of coliform cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct. The numer of yest ws significntly lower in the gstro-intestinl trct in the pigs fed enzoic cid compred to the other two groups. There ws no difference in the numer of yest in the group fed the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid compred to the control group (figure 5, tle in ppendix 4). log CFU/g 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4.5 Lctic cid & formic cid Benzoic cid.5 Stomch Smll Cecum Lrge Figure 5. Content of yest in the gstro-intestinl trct. The totl numer of neroic cteri in the stomch ws significntly highest in the control group compred to the groups dded cid. In the lst section of the smll there ws significntly lower content of neroic cteri in the pigs fed enzoic cid compred to the control group nd the group fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. In cecum nd lrge there ws no difference in the numer of neroic cteri etween the groups (figure 6, tle in ppendix 4). log CFU/g 10 9 8 7 6 c Lctic cid nd formic cid Benzoic cid 5 4 Stomch Smll Cecum Lrge Figure 6. Totl content of neroic cteri in the gstro-intestinl trct.
9 Content of cid in the gstro-intestinl trct Lctic cid, formic cid nd enzoic cid In the group given enzoic cid in the feed, the content of lctic cid is constnt throughout the stomch nd smll, wheres considerle mounts of enzoic cid were found in the stomch. Minor mounts of enzoic cid were lso found in the entire smll of the pigs fed enzoic cid in the feed (figure 7, tle 4 in ppendix 4). The existence of enzoic cid in the smll my hve influenced the microiology in the smll. The content of lctic cid ws the sme in the control group nd the group given lctic cid nd formic cid in the feed. The content of lctic cid ws lower in the lst prt of the smll in the pigs given enzoic cid in the feed compred to the other two groups. This corresponds to lower content of cteri in the smll in the pigs given feed dded enzoic cid. Content of cid in stomch nd lrge - Benzoic cid mmol/kg 0 15 10 5 0 Stomch Smll 1 Smll Smll Lctic cid Benzoic cid Figure 7. Content of lctic cid nd enzoic cid in the gstro-intestinl trct in pigs fed feed dded enzoic cid. Voltile ftty cids (VFA) The content of voltile ftty cids vried throughout the gstro-intestinl trct. The totl content of VFA drops from the stomch nd to the first section of the smll. The content then increses from the eginning to the end of the smll. Between the lst prt of the smll nd the cecum, the content of VFA increses y 1% where the content is t mximum, nd then it drops throughout the lrge (tle 4 in ppendix 4). In the stomch, the content of VFA ws significntly lower in the group fed enzoic cid compred to the other two groups. There ws no difference etween the control group nd the group fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. There ws no difference etween the groups in the smll, cecum nd the first two sections of the lrge. In the lst prt of the lrge, the content of VFA ws higher in the control group compred to the group fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid, while there ws no difference etween the two test groups. Conclusion Overll, the test showed tht the pigs fed feed contining enzoic cid hd significntly higher production vlue thn the control pigs nd the pigs fed the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. Furthermore this group (lctic nd formic cid) hd significntly higher production vlue thn the control pigs. The pigs fed enzoic cid hd significntly lower tretment frequency for dirrhoe compred to the other two groups. The price of the enzoic cid used in this test ws reltively high s it ws food qulity. When dding the price of enzoic cid to the feed price, the chieved increse in production cnnot py for dding the cid. The clcultion does not include costs for mediction in connection with dirrhoe tretments. Addition of the comintion of lctic nd formic cid chieved n ctul production vlue level with the control group when the prices of the cids were included in the ctul feed price.
Microiologicl studies reveled tht dding enzoic cid to the feed significntly reduces the studied popultions of micro orgnisms nd the microil ctivity in the entire gstro-intestinl trct. This cuses reduction in the production of orgnic cids in the s. This pplies to oth the control group nd the group with the comintion of lctic nd formic cid. The cteriologicl results did not differ etween the control group nd the pigs given feed dded lctic nd formic cid. However, this group hd lower content of lctocillus in the stomch. Presently, enzoic cid is not pproved s n dditive/preservtive for pig feed, however the cid nd some of its slts my e used for preserving food. Severl of the slts from enzoic cid re lso pproved s preservtives for pet food. Lctic cid nd formic cid re oth pproved s preservtives for pig feed. 10 Prticipnt Agriculturl technicin Tommy Nielsen, The Ntionl Committee for Pig Production. Test no. 586/File no. 45.
11 Appendix 1 Diet 1 (4-6 weeks) nd diet (6-10 weeks), composition of ingredients, % Group Product 1 Diet1 Diet 1.0% enzoic cid 0.7% lctic cid + 0.7% formic cid 0.7% lctic cid + 0.7% formic cid 1.0% enzoic cid Whet 67.8 65.17 64.0 5.85 51.66 51.97 Brley - - - 10.00 10.00 10.00 Soyen mel, tosted 9.51 10.1 10.8 19.61 0.06 0.04 LT Fishmel 8.00 8.00 8.00 - - - Fishmel, regulr - - - 7.00 7.04 7.00 Animl ft 4.05 4.71 5.00 4.04 4.65 4.51 Molsses, eet.00.00.00.00 1.70.00 Potto protein conc. 5.00 5.00 5.00 - - - L-lysine 99% 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 Methionine 40% 0.15 0.15 0.16 0. 0. 0. Threonine 50% 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.14 0.14 Tryptophn 40% 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - - Chlk 1.14 1.14 1.1 1.06 1.06 1.06 Monoclcium phosphte 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.11 1.11 1.11 Sodium chloride 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 Vitmins + minerls 0.5 0.5 0.5 0. 0. 0. Lctic cid - 0.7 - - 0.7 - Formic cid - 0.7 - - 0.7 - Benzoic cid - -.0 1.0
1 Appendix Product description stted on the sis of informtion supplied y the compnies Group Product nme Lctic cid: Lfeed 80 Formic cid 85% Supplier HCI Nordic Agro Frydenlundvej 0, DK-950 Vedæk, Denmrk Tel.: +45 49 888 Contents Lfeed 80 is 80% lctic cid (CHCHOHCOOH). The product is liquid with density of 1.0-1.0g/ml. The content of lctic cid in the nturl (L+) form is minimum 95%. pk vlue for lctic cid is.86. Formic cid 85% is 85% cid, colourless nd with n crid smell. The product is liquid. pk vlue is.75 nd density is 1.19g/ml. Price Lctic cid nd formic cid: DKK7.50 per kg. Group Product nme Supplier Content Price Benzoic cid HCI Nordic Agro Frydenlundvej 0, DK-950 Vedæk, Denmrk Tel.: +45 49 888 Benzoic cid is colourless crystl or white crystlline powder with wek odour nd sour, pricking flvour. The product is difficult to dissolve in wter (1:400). Benzoic cid comes in two qulities: feed qulity nd phrmceuticl qulity. The phrmceuticl qulity: pprox. DKK5 per kg. A feed qulity is expected to e somewht cheper.
Diet 1: clculted nd nlysed content of nutrients one production during the test Group Product 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid 1 Appendix.0% enzoic cid Clculted Anlysed 1 DM content, % 87 86 86 86 FUp per 100 kg 119 114 117 117 Crude protein, % 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 Lysine, g/kg 14.7 1. 14.7 14. Methionine, g/kg 4.8 4. 4. 4. Meth.+cyst., g/kg 8.0 7.4 7. 7.4 Threonine, g/kg 8.7 7.7 7.8 8.1 Clcium, g/kg 8.9 9.1 9. 10.0 Totl-phosphorus, g/kg 7.0 6.4 7. 7.4 Zinc mg/kg 7 17 0 0 Screening for ntiiotics - Negtive Negtive Negtive 1 Anlysed content is stted on the sis of two nlyses unless otherwise stted. Averge of four nlyses. Diet : clculted nd nlysed content of nutrients two productions during the test Group Product 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid.0% enzoic cid Clculted Anlysed 1 DM content, % 87 87 86 86 FUp per 100 kg 116 116 115 114 Crude protein, pct. 0. 0.7 0.5 0.5 Lysine, g/kg 1.8 1. 1.9 1.8 Methionine, g/kg 4.5 4.0 4.1 4.1 Methionine + cystine g/kg 7.6 7.1 7.4 7. Threonine, g/kg 7.9 7.7 7. 7.8 Clcium, g/kg 8.7 9. 9. 8.5 Totl-phosphorus, g/kg 7. 7.6 7.7 7.1 Zinc, mg/kg 184 165 154 161 1 Anlysed content is stted on the sis of two nlyses unless otherwise stted. Averge of four nlyses.
14 Appendix 4 Tle 1: Stomch lesions nd weight of the vrious intestinl sections (8 pigs per group) Group 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid.0/1.0% enzoic cid Ulcer index Ulcer index.8 0.6.6 Weight of intestinl sections Stomch 75.9 81.4 74.0 Smll 488.6 491.0 49.6 Cecum 0.9 8.8 6.8 Lrge 11.9 117.5 107.5 Tle : Dry mtter content nd ph in the individul intestinl sections (8 pigs per group). Vlues mrked with different letters re significntly different (p<0.05). Group 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid.0/1.0% enzoic cid Dry mtter content (%) Stomch 19.5 18.9 16.6 Smll 1 7.6 6.1 8. Smll 10.8 8.1 10.5 Smll 8.9 10. 11.0 Cecum 9.8 10.4 11.0 Lrge 1 0.0 16. 19. Lrge 1.6.0.8 Lrge 4.5 5.5 5.1 ph in limentry trct Stomch.10.61.51 Smll 1 5.8 5.6 5.1 Smll 6.57 6.40 6.18 Smll 6.50 6.68 6.61 Cecum 5.95 5.76 5.81 Lrge 1 6.1 5.95 6.08 Lrge 6.6 6.8 6.1 Lrge 6.56 6.48 6.5
Tle : Content of cteri in the individul intestinl sections (log CFU/g intestinl content) (8 pigs per group). Vlues mrked with different letters re significntly different (p<0.05). Group 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid.0/1.0% enzoic cid Lctic cid cteri Stomch 7.75 7.00 5.58 c Smll 8.4 8.7 6.91 Cecum 8.95 8.85 7.74 Lrge 9.4 9.1 7.88 Lctocillus Stomch 7.7 6.77 6.0 c Smll 8.4 8.15 7.1 Cecum 8.98 8.74 7.76 Lrge 9.9 9.15 7.7 Coliform cteri Stomch.1.0.15 Smll 6.9 5.81 5.1 Cecum 6. 6.05 5.8 Lrge 6.56 6.16 5.9 Yest Stomch 5.9 4.74.98 Smll 6.04 4.91.10 Cecum 5.9 4.68.1 Lrge 5.7 4.71.18 Totl numer of neroic cteri Stomch 7.67 6.59 5.8 c Smll 8.5 8.5 7.7 Cecum 9.1 9.8 9.08 Lrge 9.59 9.65 9.7 15
16 Tle 4: Content of cids in the vrious gstro-intestinl sections (mmol/kg) (8 pigs per group). Group 1 0.7% lctic cid 0.7% formic cid.0/1.0% Benzoic cid Lctic cid Stomch 17.1 1.7 15.6 Smll 1 19. 14.6 14.0 Smll 7.4 17.4 14.7 Smll 4.7 5. 17.5 Cecum 0.6 1.4.1 Lrge 1 0.0 1..0 Lrge 0.4 1.4 1.4 Lrge 0.0 0.0 1.7 Formic cid Stomch 0.0 9.9 0.0 Smll 1 0. 0.8 0.0 Smll 0.6.4 0.6 Smll 8.6 1.0 1.1 Cecum 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lrge 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lrge 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lrge 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benzoic cid Stomch - - 8.5 Smll 1 - - 0.8 Smll - - 1. Smll - - 1.9 Cecum - - - Lrge 1 - - - Lrge - - - Lrge - - - VFA (voltile ftty cids) Stomch 5.9 4.1.6 Smll 1 1.7.0 0.8 Smll.1 5.8.4 Smll 1.6 16.9 16.1 Cecum 144.8 140.7 145.4 Lrge 1 15. 16. 1.8 Lrge 14.9 11.1 115.8 Lrge 114. 90.5 95.8