LECTURE 1-A : GENERAL INTRODUCTION Intestinal Ca 2+ -binding protein!
Welcome to the course of plant biochemistry Who am I?: Prof. Dr. S.M. Sitompul These are my rules I always come on time (± 10 ) with a proper dress Get into the lecture room, don t hang around I use English in my lecture and exam (25-75%) These are my philosophies Turn your enemies to be your friends Turn your useless time to be useful time Make big problems to be small problems Simplify the systems or problems
Poverty Unemployment INTRODUCTION Do you want to solve problems of life?, at what level? Environmental Degradation Catastrophes (Flood & Drought) Diseases (Avian Flu) Food Shortage/Starvation (Kwashiorkor)
HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS? It is important first to understand living systems (how the system works) the chemical elements which make up plant body the function of each element in the life process the interaction between elements in the life process A better understanding of living systems would help to identify a problem in the life process, and to initiate a way to solve the problem
THE BUILDING ELEMENTS OF Plant Level LIFE Leaves, Stems & Roots Organ Level Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus etc. Molecular Level Enzymes, Carbohydrates, Energy Molecules, etc
What is Plant Biochemsitry? Definition. Biochemistry is the study of the process of pant life on a chemical level Plant Biochemistry, or the chemistry of living plants, is the study of molecular basis of plant life or the study of the way in which chemical components are synthesized and utilized by plants in the life process (growth & development).
ABSTRACT The core of biochemistry is the conversion of substrates to be products through biochemical reactions which catalyzed by enzymes in most cases. Therefore, the course of plant biochemistry is started with the discussion of enzymes which is then followed by carbohydrate metabolism, energy molecule metabolism, nitrogen metabolism (amino acids), lipid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, protein synthesis, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites.
Objectives and Competency Objectives The main objectives of this course is to consolidate the knowledge of students on the basic molecules of plant life, and to increase their understanding on the metabolism of the basic molecules. Competency Students taking this course would be competent in describing the life of plants from the standpoint of biochemistry which competency could be used to initiate ways to improve the growth of plants or to solve problems in plant growth.
The Core of Plant Biochemsitry 1. Isolation and Identification Biochemistry is firstly concerned with the isolation and identification of all different substances which make up plant and animal organisms A living organism is composed of more than just fasts, carbohydrates and protein. Hundreds of other substances are necessary to the proper functioning of the organisms
2. Chemical Changes Secondly, biochemistry is concerned with all chemical changes which take place in the cells to provide for energy, growth, reproduction, and aging. Protoplasm is an aqueous solution of certain substances with other colloidally dispersed substances
BASIC PRINCIPLE Living organisms, whether they are plants, animals or microbes, are made up basically of the same chemical components Biochemical Reactions SUBSTRACT(S) + ENZYME PRODUCT(S)
Breakthroughs in Biochemistry Two notable breakthroughs in the history of biochemistry 1. Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts 2. Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins DNA RNA Protein
COURSE SUBJECTS 1. ENZYME 2. CARBYDRATE 3. METABOLIC ENERGY 4. NITROGEN METABOLISM 5. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 6. LIPID 7. NUCLEIC ACID 8. PROTEIN 9. SECONDARY METABOLITES
REFERENCES 1. Conn, E.E. & Stumpf, P.K., 1976. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2. Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I., Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 3. Stryer, L., 1975. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 4. Wood, W.B., Wilson, J.H., Benbow, R.M., & Hood, L. E., 1981. Biochemistry A Problems Approach. 5. Wood, J.H, Keehan, C.W., Bull, W.E. and Bowman, N.S., 1963. Fundamentals of College Chemistry. A Harper International edition, Harper & Row, NY, Evanston & London and John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo
Examples of Plant Biochemistry
What is Cloning? Cloning is to make a genetically identical organism through non-sexual means. Cloning of African violets: Take a leaf from a plant Immerse the stalk in water
What is Cloning? Roots start to form after a week Pot the plant A new plant is produced
How Dolly was cloned?
Sel telur Sel induk Sel telur dengan inti dari induk yang berkembang menjadi anak domba yang sama dengan induknya
ADENIUM OBESUM ' CHERRY' Grafted Desert Rose Family : Apocynaceae Origin : East Africa Size : 5' Light Requirements : Full Sun/Light Shade Water Requirements : Keep Dry Min. Temp. : 35 Flower : Year Round
A C B 2 1 3 5 6 4 O + ANTHOCYANIDIN ANTHOCYANIDIN ANTHOCYANIDIN ANTHOCYANIDIN ANTHOCYANIDIN ANTHOCYANIDIN Substituents Substituents Substituents Substituents Color Color Color Color Pelargonidin Pelargonidin Pelargonidin Pelargonidin 4 - Orange Orange Orange Orange-red red red red Cyanidin Cyanidin Cyanidin Cyanidin 3 -,4,4,4,4 - Purplish Purplish Purplish Purplish red red red red Delphinidin Delphinidin Delphinidin Delphinidin 3 -,4,4,4,4 -,5 - Bluish Bluish Bluish Bluish purple purple purple purple Peonidin Peonidin Peonidin Peonidin 3 -OCH3,4,4,4,4 - Rosy red Rosy red Rosy red Rosy red Petunidin Petunidin Petunidin Petunidin 3 -O CH3,4,4,4,4 -,5 - O CH3 Purple Purple Purple Purple