Anatomical Introduction - Basic Terms : Anatomy: the science of the structure and shape of living organisms and their parts in the body. * (ology ) is a suffix means science. Physiology: the science that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their systems Gross Anatomy: deals with structures visible with the unaided eye, also called "Macroscopic anatomy". e.g : like observing the liver by your eyes only, see the size of it, the color of it and any other details that you can see only by your naked eye. Histology: the study of the microscopic structure of tissues, also Called "Microscopic anatomy". ((Histology microscopic )) Pathology : the science of diseases in the body ( study the diseases, and it causes, processes, developments and consequences ) Cytology : the science of the cell ( structure, formation and function of the cell ) Clinical Anatomy: anatomy as applied to clinical practice. Radiology : the science which uses the X-RAY radiation to study the skeletal system. Basic Anatomy: to study minimal structures and their relations to other structures. Clinical Anatomy : anatomy as applied to clinical particle Anatomical terms : -Positions : Anatomical position : a standard position used in anatomy and clinical medicine to allow accurate and consistent description of one body part in relation to another. Features: منتصب القامة - Standing erect - The face directed anteriorly (looking forward), (abdominal wall=anterior, vertebral column = posterior) - palms of the hand facing forward - Feet together (or slightly separated) - the head is upwards (cephalic, superior ) - upper limps are away from the side of the body 1
Supine position: lying on the back. Prone position: lying face down. Anatomical Planes : 1- Sagital : Mid sagittal plane (Median plane), the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body and dividing it into right and.left halves Any plane parallel to this plane is termed paramedian or.sagittal plane 2-Horizontal (Transverse): divides the body into upper and lower parts 3-Coronal (Frontal): parts. divides the body into anterior and posterior 2
Anatomical terms of position : أمامي (Ventral) Anterior خلفي( Dorsal ) Posterior علوي (Cephalic) Superior سفلي (Caudal) Inferior متوسط Medial جانبي Lateral سطحي Superficial عميق Deep قريب Proximal بعيد Distal بنفس الجهة Ipsilateral بالجهة المقابلة Contralateral Internal External In front of (nearer to the front of the body). e.g ; The liver is anterior to the kidneys. In back of nearer to the back of the body. e.g : Palmar surface of the hand is anterior in anatomical position, while the dorsal surface is posterior. Above e.g : The eyes are superior to the mouth. Below e.g : The nose is inferior to the eyes. nearer to the mid sagittal line (median line). away from the mid sagittal line (median line). nearer to the surface. e.g : Stomach is superficial in the abdominal cavity. away from the surface e.g : Kidneys are deep in the abdominal cavity. nearer to the origin of the limb (nearer to a specific point). e.g : Elbow joint is proximal whereas wrist joint is distal. away from the origin of the limb (farther from a specific point) e.g : whereas elbow joint is distal. Shoulder joint is proximal two parts of the body on the same side e.g : The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot two parts of the body one on the right and the other on the left. e.g : The left hand is contralateral to the right foot. toward the inside. toward the outside. 3
Anatomical terms of movement Flexion.to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angl Extension Adduction.to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle.movement toward the midline Abduction Supination movement away from the midline.to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward Pronation Rotation Medial Rotation to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces.backward.movement of part of the body around its long axis.to turn inward Lateral Rotation Circumduction to turn outward Movement of a part in a circular direction (a combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and.)abduction 4
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