Announcements Next Quiz available Oct 11 Due Oct 16 MEMORY Practice Question 1 Practice Question 2 What type of operant conditioning is Stewie using to get attention from his mom? A rercer that acquires its positive value through experience is a(n) rercer. 1
Outline Stage 1: Encoding 3 processes of memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Transform perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into enduring memories Attention Levels of Processing and Elaboration Depths of Processing Information-Processing Model Different ways of processing different strengths of memories Deep processing better memory Shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of the stimulus the memory is fragile and quickly decays 2
Information Processing Model of Memory Sensory Memory Defined Storage systems vary along 2 dimensions: Capacity- amount of rmation Duration - length of time rmation is retained Temporary storage of sensory rmation Sensory Memory Duration: Few seconds or less Iconic memory Visual < 1 second Short-term Memory Defined a.k.a. Working Memory Echoic memory Auditory < 5 seconds Capacity? Temporary storage system for rmation currently being used 3
Short-Term Memory Another Memory Exercise Information in conscious attention Activated memory Example: Looking up a telephone number Rehearsal Mental repetition of rmation Re-entry into short term memory Chunking Combining pieces of rmation into larger meaningful clusters Larger units More rmation remembered 16 units 5 units Duration of STM Rehearsal up to 20 seconds or... indefinitely, with maintenance rehearsal (rote repetition) Mentally repeating rmation Extends duration of short-term memory Facilitates transfer of rmation to long-term memory 4
Memory Consolidation Long-term memory Unlimited duration Information kept for days, weeks, years Unlimited capacity process of transferring rmation from short-term to long-term memory Stage 2: Storage Explicit Memory Explicit Memory Consciously available Declarative Episodic Implicit Memory Outside of consciousness Non-declarative Procedural Semantic memory Factual knowledge about the world Episodic memory Past experiences and events Semantic Priming 5
Implicit Memory Priming Procedural Memory How to do things Automatic Not consciously available ability to identify a stimulus more easily after previous encounter with related stimuli Word Stem Completion Task S Memory Organization and Storage Schemas Schemas Connectionist network (read in book) What usually happens in a situation Like a script Reconstruct memories using schemas Fast food restaurant Schema Fancy restaurant Schema Neurons and memory (book) Brain structures 6
Loftus and Palmer (1978) Loftus and Palmer (1978) Participants watched 4 second film of 2-car accident Then, asked participants: How fast were those cars going when they into each other? Smashed Collided Bumped Hit Contacted One week later, asked participants: Did you see any broken glass? Suggestibility Networks pillow dream yawn late Memory: Brain Structures bed sleep tired sheets rest night 7
Memory Retrieval Stage 3: Retrieval Bringing to mind rmation that has been previously encoded and stored Remembering Retrieval cue External rmation that helps bring memories to mind Ways of Retrieving Recall No cues Example: Essay test Recognition Choose from options Example: Multiple choice test usually than recall Serial Position Effect What was on the list? Primacy effect Items rehearsed more Recency effect Less time to forget items 8
Encoding Specificity Principle Encoding Specificity Principle State-dependent retrieval Retrieval cues: Mood State of consciousness Context-dependent retrieval Retrieval cues: Environment Room Seat Time Forget why you went into a room? Go back to where you started How to Improve Retrieval Retrieval depends on encoding How you get it out depends on how you put it in Is memory accurate? Memory is not a mental videotape Reconstruction Not playback Encoding specificity principle Keep everything the same Match between encoding cues and retrieval cues Encode general idea Leave out details Example: penny 9
Forgetting Interference Encoding Failure Proactive Try to recall Retrieval Failure Intereference Old New New Time Retroactive Old New Old Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Damage to cortex Storage Cannot retrieve rmation from trauma Soap opera amnesia Damage to hippocampus Encoding Cannot encode new memories trauma Memento 50 First Dates 10
Anterograde Amnesia Case Study Case Study Continued HM epilepsy patient Temporal lobe & hippocampus removed Pre-surgery memories only Only impaired memories Other memory types intact Short-term memory Procedural memories Never seen this before Improved performance 11