Singers sometimes find it difficult to recall old song lyrics because of all the new songs they have learned.

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1 PROACTIVE AND RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE PRACTICE When the aisles of a shopping mart are changed, you may instinctively start walking towards the old shelves instead of the new ones. Singers sometimes find it difficult to recall old song lyrics because of all the new songs they have learned. Suppose a brand has revamped their look with new color schemes and campaigns. In this case, customers may find it difficult to recall the brand s old layout because of their new design. Some people still remember married women by their maiden names as opposed to their new last name.

2 5. Motivated Forgetting Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories. Why does is exist? One explanation is REPRESSION: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxietyarousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

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4 Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease Amnesia: (memory loss from brain injury or trauma) Retrograde amnesia (old memories lost) Anterograde amnesia (new memories lost)

5 Types of Amnesia and forgetting

6 SOUR NICE CANDY HONEY SUGAR SODA BITTER GOOD CHOCOLATE HEART TASTE CAKE TOOTH TART PIE

7 How did you do? Better on the 2 nd try? SOUR NICE CANDY HONEY SUGAR SODA BITTER GOOD CHOCOLATE HEART TASTE CAKE TOOTH TART PIE MAD WRATH FEAR HAPPY HATE FIGHT RAGE HATRED TEMPER MEAN FURY CALM IRE EMOTION ENRAGE False Memory

8 Lost in the mall study Subject was told 4 stories from his past, including one that was made up about him being lost in the mall at age 5. -Over the next two weeks, he jotted down whatever memories he had of the 4 events. -After 2 weeks, he came back and was told to rate the four stories for clarity. Elizabeth Loftus - False memory given SECOND HIGHEST RATING of the four stories, an 8/11. - When subject was told that one of the stories never happened, he picked one of the REAL ONES as being the story that never happened!

9 Constructed Memory 1. We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them. OR. Imagination Inflation Once we have an inaccurate memory, we tend to keep adding more imagined details, as perhaps we do for all memories. (False Memory) 2. Your expectations, schemas, or environment may alter your memories.

10 Source Amnesia/Misattribution Have you ever discussed a childhood memory with a family member only to find that the memory was: from a movie you saw, or book you read? from a story someone told you about your childhood, but they were kidding? from a dream you used to have? from a sibling s experience? If so, your memory for the event may have been accurate, but you experienced misattribution and source amnesia.

11 Type 1: Misattribution Source Amnesia Attributing an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined to the wrong source. Example: Where did you learn that a wrench was a tool? Sleeper Effect A piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten

12 Type 2: Misinformation Effect Misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one s memory of an event. As memory fades with time following an event, the injection of misinformation becomes easier.

13 Misinformation effect Loftus and Palmer Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

14 Broken Glass? (%) Misinformation effect A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit). Depiction of actual accident 50 Memory construction Group A (hit) Group B (Smashed into) Verb

15 Memory and the Criminal Justice System Two memory problems with profound legal implications: Repressed memories Eyewitness Testimony-- very persuasive but can be flawed.