pulmonary ventilation move air external respiration exchange gases transportation of gases internal respiration exchange gases CHAPTER 22 RESPIRATORY in / out lungs air - blood blood - cells cell respiration glucose ATP use O 2 make CO 2 respiration processes pulmonary ventilation Respiratory system external respiration gas exchange move air filter air warm air exchange gases functions of respiratory system temperature regulation acid base regulation vocal production smell conducting zone nose, nasal cavities pharynx larynx trachea bronchus and its branches respiratory zone respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts move air exchange gases parts of respiratory system upper respiratory tract nose pharynx lower respiratory tract larynx trachea lung above thoracic cavity within thoracic cavity parts of conducting zone
external nares = nostril nasal septum =?? nasal conchae and meatus function?? vestibule posterior nasal aperture = olfactory epithelium paranasal sinuses which bones?? what kind of tissue?? superior, middle, inferior internal nares superior pseudostrat ciliated + neurons air filled lined with same mucosa also goblet cells secrete mucus functions : mucus traps dust, bacteria, other small particles cilia moves contaminated mucus to pharynx moistens and warms the air nasopharynx pharyngeal and tubal tonsils pharyngotympanic tube respiratory mucosa uvula oropharynx stratified squamous epith (friction from food) palatine, lingual tonsils laryngopharynx divides to esophagus (food) larynx (air) = voice box hyoid bone to trachea function: air passage cartilages vocal production vocal cords tissues: superior to vocal cords inferior to vocal cords thyroid cartilage laryngeal prominence = Adam s apple cricoid cartilage epiglottis vestibular ligament inferior, ring of cartilage closes during swallowing nose respiratory mucosa pharynx larynx larynx - cartilages
internal arytenoid (2) anchor the vocal cords corniculate (2) cuneiform (2) vocal cords = vocal folds rima glottidis - opening glottis = rima glottidis + vocal cords intrinsic muscles cricoarytenoid muscles elastic ct simple squamous epith larynx vocal structures = windpipe job = move air fast trachea 16 20 cartilage rings trachealis muscle carina pseudostratified ciliated epithelium keep trachea open incomplete posteriorly posterior wall contracts during cough primary (main) bronchus R & L secondary (lobar) bronchi 3 right ; 2 left tertiary (segmental) bronchi 10 each lung bronchioles < 1mm diameter elastic c.t replaces cartilage simple cuboid or columnar w/o cilia smooth muscle terminal bronchioles bronchial tree respiratory zone respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs lead into alveolar ducts lead into cluster of = functional units of gas exchange alveolar type I cells capillaries tissue? tissue? respiratory membrane = alveolar + capillary epithelium + basal lamina
alveolar type II cells = septal cells pulmonary surfactant elastic c.t. macrophages startified squamous epithelium respiratory epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium apex base surfaces costal vertebral mediastinal superior tip cardiac notch hilus diaphragmatic surface L lung root pulmonary art and veins bronchus nerves lymph vessels respiratory histology nasal cavity oro and laryngopharynx larynx above vocal cords nasopharynx larynx below vocal cords trachea, bronchi and bronchioles respiratory bronchioles lungs right: superior lobe left: superior lobe middle lobe inferior lobe inferior lobe fissures : divide lobes left oblique fissue right oblique fissure horizontal fissure lobes of the lung pleura parietal visceral Pleura pleural cavity between 2 pleura pleural fluid prevent friction allows easy movement of lungs sticky holds lung close to thoracic wall during inhalation
for gas exchange pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins blood supply for lung tissue bronchial arteries bronchial veins parasympathetic bronchoconstriction nerve supply sympathetic bronchodilation vasodilation, vasoconstriction sensory breathing muscles diaphragm action flattens - increases thoracic volume intercostal muscles external ICM pull up and out increase volume internal ICM pull down and in decrease volume medulla pons hypothalamus, limbic cerebrum sensory rhythmicity area central chemoreceptors medulla, hypothalamus peripheral chemoreceptors carotid and aortic bodies emotions conscious control O 2, CO 2, ph changes neural control asthma COPD emphysema chronic bronchitis pneumonia cystic fibrosis atelectasis cancer diseases