Psychology Chapter 15 Study Guide Psychological disorders patterns of thoughts feelings or actions that are deviant distressful of dysfunctional Disorder refers state of mental/behavioral ill health Patterns finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together and not just a single symptom Distress and dysfunction symptoms must be sufficiently severe to interfere with one s daily life and well being To deviate in general means to vary from what would typically happen Psychologically behavioral/mental state deviant when different from what would be expected in a culture Pinel Pinel moral treatment happier not better/cured Medical model Psychological disorders can be seen as psychopathology, an illness of the mind Disorders can be diagnosed labelled as a collection of symptoms that go together Can be treated attended to given therapy, all with a goal of helping then get back to good mental health Cultural influences Culture bound disorders disorders which only seem to exist within certain cultures demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing and defining disorder GAO: general anxiety disorder Emotional cognitive symptoms include worrying having anxious feelings thoughts about may subjects and sometimes free floating anxiety with no attachment to any subject, anxious anticipation interferes with concentration Autonomic arousal sweating trembling fidgety agitation and sleep disruption Panic disorder Panic attack is not just anxiety attack, can include Many minutes of intense dread or terror chest pains choking numbness or other frightening physical sensations could be certain heart attack specific phobia specific phobia is more than strong fear/dislike a specific phobia is diagnosed when there is an uncontrollable irrational intense desire to avoid some object or situation even an image of the object can trigger a reaction avoid the object of the phobia agoraphobia avoidance of situations which one will fear having a panic attack especially in a situation in which it is difficult to get help and or escape Abby Carroll 1
social phobia intense fear of being watched and judged by others it is visible as a fear of public appearances in which embarrassments/humiliations is possible (public speaking eating performing) OCD Obsessions are intense unwanted worries ideas and images that repeatedly pop up in mind Compulsion repeated strong feeling of needing to carry out an action even though doesn t feel like it makes sense Disorder when Distress you are deeply frustrated can t control your behaviors Dysfunction time/mental energy spent on these thoughts and behaviors PTSD Burned in memories Intrusive recall memories Nightmares where you relive it Social withdrawal and public avoidance Those less control on situation Traumatized frequently Less resiliency Re-traumatized Brain difference Anxiety disorders Psychodynamic repressed impulses Classical conditioning overgeneralized conditioned response Operant conditioning reward avoidance Observational learning worry like parents Cognitive appraisals uncertainty = danger Evolutionary survive danger Criteria depressive disorders Must have at least these two Depressed most of the day Diminished interest/pleasure in activities Increase or decrease in appetite or weight Insomnia sleeping too much or disrupted sleep Lethargy or physical agitation Fatigue/loss of energy nearly every day Worthlessness or excessive guilt Daily problems thinking concentrating or making decisions Abby Carroll 2
Thoughts of death or suicide Depression is the number one reason seek mental health services Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Reoccurring seasonal patterns of depression usually during winter Bipolar disorder Once called manic-depressive disorder 2 opposite moods = depression and mania Mania refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric giddy easily irritated and hyperactive impulsive overly optimistic, even grandiose Schizophrenia The mind is split from reality a split from one s own thoughts so they appear as hallucinations Psychosis refers to the mental split from reality and rationality Symptoms Disorganized and delusional thinking Disturbed perceptions Inappropriate emotions and actions Positive-presence problematic behavior Hallucinations delusions disorganized thought nonsensical speech bizarre behaviors Negative absence of healthy behaviors Flat affect (no emotion shown on the face) reduced social interaction) anhedonia (no feelings of enjoyment) avolition (less motivation) alogia (speak less) catonia (move less) Disorganized speech Delusions illusionary beliefs (delusions of grandeur) Problems with selective attention Hallucinations perceptual experiences not shared by others Voices Can be visual tactile auditory olfactory or gustatory basically the senses) Inappropriate emotions Flat effect no visible emotional content Impaired perception of emotions Errors in social perception Disorganized unfiltered thinking Delusions and hallucinations Repetitive behaviors such as rocking and rubbing Catonia Onset typically end adolescence and early adulthood later for women Abby Carroll 3
Prevalence 1 in 100 people get this, slightly more men Development can be acute/relative or chronic Acute reactive reaction stress: possible hallucinations, recovery is likely Chronic/process develops slowly negative symptoms may have Paranoid hallucinations (negative messages and delusions that are grandiose Disorganized flat effect Catonic Residual Brain Abnormal brain structure and activity Too many dopamine receptors Poor coordination neural firing frontal lobe impair judgment and self-control Thalamus fires during hallucinations as if real sensations released Shrinking many brain areas and connections May develop if Low birth weight Maternal diabetes Older paternal age Famine Oxygen deprivation delivery Maternal virus mid pregnancy impairing brain development During or after a flu epidemic Densely populated areas Few months after the flu season Identical twins are more likely to both have schizophrenia Other (dissociation) Dissociation refers to separation off conscious awareness from thoughts memory bodily sensations feelings even identity A physiological escapes a stressful situation Dissociative disorder dysfunction and distress caused chronic and severe dissociation Dissociative amnesia loss memory no physical cause inability recall selected memories or any memories Dissociative fuge running away state loss life, identity, memory no memory MPD Dissociative identity disorder (DID also used to be called MPD of multiple personality disorder) means separate personality Distinct not present conscious at the same time Abby Carroll 4
May not be aware of each other Extreme role play? May be recent cultural construction similar evil spirit possession Maybe created worsened Evidence Different brain wave length patterns Left-right handedness Different visual acuity and eye muscle balance patterns Increase in activity areas brain managing and inhibiting traumatic memories Psychoanalytic perspective Diverting id Cognitive perspective Coping with abuse Learning perspective Dissociation pays Social influence Therapists encourage Eating disorders Unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal Desire to control food and body when one s situation can t be controlled Cycles of depression Health problems Anorexia nervosa compulsion to lose weight and certainty about being fat although 15% or more underweight Bulimia nervosa compulsion to binge eat large amounts fast then purge by losing food though laxative vomit or excessive exercise Binge eating disorder compulsion binge followed by depression Family factors Mom focused on her weight and her child s appearance and weight Negative self-evaluation in the family For bulimia if childhood obesity runs in the family Anorexia family competitive high achieving protective Cultural Unrealistic ideals in body appearance Criminals Poor issues at birth more likely to commit crime Less amygdala response when views violence Overactive dopamine reward seeking system Abby Carroll 5
Less tissue and activity in area of the brain that suppresses impulse Personality disorders Personality disorders enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning Anxious rules feat of social rejection Eccentric/odd with flat affect no social attachments Dramatic histrionic attention seeking narcissistic self-centered antisocial amoral Antisocial personality disorder acting impulsively/fearlessly without regard for others needs or feelings Pattern of violating rights other since age 15/aggressive lack remorse deceitfulness disregard safety Psychological disorders Some recover, others do not Abby Carroll 6