DEFINITION The study of the internal workings of the human body and how it moves. A user s guide OUR FOCUS Bones: structure, protection, levers Joints: allow for movement Muscles: cause movement
Anatomical Position
Sagittal Plane Median Plane -directly in the center Right and Left Halves Flexion - takes a part of the body forward from anatomical position; to bend a joint Exceptions: Knee Extension - takes a part of the body backward from the anatomical position; to straighten a joint Ankle - Plantar flexion (true flexion) and Dorsiflexion Everyday activity?
Anterior and Posterior (front and back) Movements Adduction takes a part of the body toward the median plane Abduction takes a part of the body away from the median plane Hands and feet Lateral Flexion - spine Example?
Superior and Inferior (Upper and lower) Movements Rotation Lateral rotation Medial Rotation Everyday movement?
Other terms of Movement Pronation - palm down or upwards Supination - palm up or backwards Eversion - sole of foot outward, lift pinki Inversion - sole of foot inward, lift big toe Circumduction - A Circular movement
Terms of Position and Direction Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior (Dorsal) Superior (Cranial)/Inferior (Caudal) Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Terms of Position and Direction
Analysis 1) Name the plane(s) a) Sagittal b) Frontal c) Transverse 2) Name the action(s) a) Flexion/extension b) adduction/abduction c) rotation
Analysis
Support Structure/Mobile framework Site of attachment for muscles, ligaments, tendons and joint capsules Site of blood cell development Bones = Levers The passive locomotor system Gravitational and mechanical strain need to be both rigid and elastic
Axial Skeleton - principle supportive structure along median longitudinal axis Skull, Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs Appendicular Skeleton - allows for freedom of movement in limbs Shoulder and Pelvic Girdles, arms, legs
Axial Skeleton - principle supportive structure along median longitudinal axis Skull, Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs Appendicular Skeleton - allows for freedom of movement in limbs Shoulder and Pelvic Girdles, arms, legs
Long - longer in one axis than another Short - roughly cube shaped Flat - more flat than round Irregular - 2 or more different shapes
Types of Bone Tissue Compact Spongy
Bone Markings *See Handout
Areas where bones are linked together Types: Functional Classification (how they move) Synarthroses - Immovable Amphiarthroses - Partly Moveable Diarthroses - Freely moveable Structural Classification (how they are connected) Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Types Gliding - ROM limited, 2 flat surfaces Hinge - ROM in one plane, 1 convex surface and 1 concave surface Pivot - rotation, rounded process fits into ringlike structure Ellipsoid - ROM in 3 planes, oval shaped process fits into elliptical cavity Saddle - ROM all except rotation, both bones saddle shaped Ball and Socket - ROM in all directions, 1 spherical surface and one cup shaped
Articular Surfaces covered in cartilage Joint Capsule Sleeve-like structure that encloses a joint Synovial membrane Joint Cavity Synovial Fluid Ligaments Connect bone to bone Strengthen and stabilize the joint Non contractile and non elastic
Covers the articulating surfaces of bones Purposes 3 Types Fibrocartilage shock absorbers Disks, Pubic Symphysis, Menisci Hyaline Ribs, joints Elastic Ear
Attach to 2 different bones Contractile and elastic Origin and Insertion Ways Muscles attach to bones Aponeurosis Directly Tendon Multiple origins Long Muscles - Kinetic Short, Deep Muscles - Balance
Orientation and Direction of muscle fibers Monoarticular VS Polyarticular Agonist/Antagonist Synergetic - muscles cooperating Resistance - force that opposes tendency of origin and insertion to move closer during contraction gravity, object
Isotonic muscle shortens as origin and insertion are drawn together Isometric length of muscle stays the same as it contracts against resistance
Concentric Muscle contacts and shorten Eccentric Muscle contracts and lengthens