Apple insect mngement by insecticides in Ohio, 2015 Finl report, 12/31/2015 Celeste Welty, Associte Professor of Entomology, The Ohio Stte University Rothenbuhler Lbortory, 2501 Crmck Rd., Columbus OH 43210-1065; e-mil: welty.1@osu.edu; phone: 614-292-2803; fx: 614-292-9783 Objective: A field tril ws conducted for continued evlution of insecticide options for control of pple insect pests with emphsis on control of the key pest, codling moth, nd on newer products such s Delegte, Glditor, nd Belef, s well s n experimentl product, cyclniliprole. Glditor is pre-mix of vermectin nd zet-cypermethrin tht ws registered by FMC in 2012 for control of brod rnge of pests including mites. Delegte (spinetorm) hs been vilble since 2008. Belef (flonicmid) hs been vilble since 2007. Cyclniliprole is in the sme chemicl group s Exirel nd Altcor, nd is under development by ISK Biosciences. Methods: The tril ws conducted in 2-cre block of 13-yer old pple trees t Ohio Stte University s Wtermn Agriculturl nd Nturl Resources Lbortory in Columbus, Frnklin County. There were six tretments, ech with four replictes in rndomized complete block design. There were five djcent Scrlet Spur Red Delicious trees per plot. Three gurd rows seprted djcent tretment rows. Insecticides were pplied in volume of 75 gllons of wter per cre by n AgTech 4002 irblst spryer operted t pressure of 20 psi, with TeeJet 6510 nd 6520 nozzle tips. Insecticide products used were Belef (flonicmid), Lorsbn Advnced (chlorpyrifos), Esteem (pyriproxyfen), Mustng Mxx (zet-cypermethrin), Glditor (vermectin plus zet-cypermethrin), Imidn (phosmet), cyclniliprole, indoxcrb (Avunt), Altcor (chlorntrniliprole), Delegte (spinetorm), nd Assil (cetmiprid). The tretment pln included Closer (sulfoxflor) in the second or third cover sprys if phids were bove threshold, but they were below threshold thus it ws not pplied. Formultions, rtes, djuvnts, the sequence of product combintions, nd spry ppliction dtes re shown in Tble 1. Tble 1. Sequence of products pplied in pple insecticide tril, Columbus, Ohio, 2015. 1 FMC-1 2 FMC-2 3 Dow 4 ISK 5 stndrd 6 untreted Hlf-inch green (4/13) Belef 50 SG 2.8 Pink bud (4/21) Petl-fll (5/9) 1C (5/26; 268 DD fter biofix on 5/10) & 2C (6/9) Mustng Mxx: 4 fl - Mustng Mxx: 4 fl + Belef 50 SG 2.8 oz Lorsbn Advnced: 1 qt/a Esteem 35WP: 4 Esteem 35WP: 4 Glditor 0.33EW: 18 fl + oil 0.5% Glditor 0.33EW: 18 fl + oil 0.5% - Imidn 70WP: 3 lb/a Altcor 35WG: 3 Altcor 35WG: 3 Delegte 25WG: 5.2 3C (6/24) Altcor 35WG: 3 + Belef 50 SG 2.8 Altcor 35WG: 3 + Belef 50 SG 2.8 Delegte 25WG: 5.2 5C (7/22) & 6C (8/5) & 7C (8/19) Mustng Mxx: 4 fl oz + Avunt 30 WDG 6 oz Mustng Mxx: 4 fl oz + Avunt 30 WDG 6 Poz Altcor 35WG: 3 - Cyclniliprole 50SL, 22 fl (80 g i/h) Cyclniliprole 50SL, 22 fl Cyclniliprole 50SL, 22 fl Cyclniliprole 50SL, 22 fl - Avunt 30WDG: 6 Altcor 35WG: 3 Altcor 35WG: 3 Assil 30SG: 6 + oil 0.5% - - - - - - Three pheromone trps were used to monitor the popultion of codling moth nd to determine the biofix dte, which ws 5/10. s for control of first genertion codling moth were pplied on in the first cover spry on 5/26, which ws 268 degree-dys fter biofix, nd gin on 6/9 (516 degree-dys)
nd 6/24 (894 degree-dys). A fourth cover spry of insecticide ws not needed due to lck of lingering ctivity of codling moth. For control of second-genertion codling moth, insecticides were pplied in the fifth cover spry on 7/22, which ws 270 degree-dys fter re-biofix on 7/10, nd pplied gin in the sixth cover spry on 8/5 (611 degree-dys) nd in the seventh cover spry on 8/19 (931 degree-dys). For fruit thinning, Sevin XLR Plus t 1 qt/a ws pplied on 5/20. For disese control, fungicides pplied were Cptec 4L t 2 qt/a plus Rlly 40WSP t 5 t hlf-inch green on 4/14; Cptn 50WP t 8 lb/a plus Rlly on 4/21; Cptn 50W plus Fontelis t 16 on 4/27 nd 5/6; Cptn 50WP plus Rlly on 5/20; Benolte t 3 on 6/18; nd Cptec 4L t 1 qt/a on 7/1, 7/13, 7/29, 8/12, nd 8/19. For corkspot mngement, pelletized lime ws spred under trees on 4/1; Solubor t 2 lb/a nd NutriLef 20-20-20 t 2 lb/a were spryed t pink on 4/21 nd t petl-fll on 5/6; Apogee t 18 plus Regulid t 18 fl nd Choice t 24 fl were spryed t petl-fll on 5/6; nd clcium chloride t 2 lb/a ws spryed on 6/4, 6/11, 6/18, nd 7/1. Thinner, fungicides, nutrients, nd growth regultor were pplied on ll trees, including checks, by n AgTech 4002 irblst spryer operted t pressure of 20 psi, with TeeJet 6510 nd 6520 nozzle tips, with spry volume of 75 gl/a. Insect injury ws evluted on 100 rndomly selected fruit from the center of ech plot, nondestructively on 7/10 to 7/13, nd destructively t hrvest from 9/22 to 9/28. Green pple phid ws evluted in the center tree of ech plot by scouting its presence or bsence on ech of the five endmost leves on ech of ten terminl shoots on 5/28, 6/8, nd 6/22; the number of predtory insects ws lso recorded. Woolly pple phid infesttion ws evluted by scouting its presence or bsence in oneminute serch per tree in three trees per plot on 5/28, 6/8, 6/22, nd 9/30. Forml scouting for rosy pple phid ws not needed due to the negligible presence of this species. Mite popultions were smpled on 7/27. A smple of 50 rndomly selected leves ws tken from one tree t the center of ech plot; this smple size ws twice the usul 25 leves per plot due to low mite density. Leves were brushed with mite-brushing mchine, nd mites were counted in subsmples to determine the verge number of Europen red mite nd predtory mites per lef. The density of pple rust mite ws rted s low (<5 mites per lef), moderte (5 to 50 mites per lef), or high (>50 mites per lef) for ech smple. Dt were subjected to nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) nd men comprisons by lest significnt difference (LSD) tests in the SAS 9.3 microcomputer sttistics progrm. Percentge dt were trnsformed by rcsine squre root before nlysis. Results nd Discussion: Codling moth pressure ws moderte s indicted by trp counts (Fig. 1); trps detected sustined flight on 5/10/2015, which ws used s the biofix dte. Lesser ppleworm nd orientl fruit moth were lso present t moderte density. Figure 1. Sesonl trends in the dult popultion of codling moth s detected by pheromone trp cptures in pple trees t Wtermn Orchrd, Columbus, Ohio, 2015; men of three trps. 2
The percentge of fruit dmged by codling moth or other internl Lepidopter in erly July, which reflects control of first genertion codling moth, ws not significntly lower in ny of the five insecticide progrms thn in untreted plots (P = 0.12; Tble 2). The percentge of fruit tht ws clen of ny insect dmge ws lso not significntly different mong tretments, nd rnged from 77 to 94% (P = 0.16; Tble 2). The percentge of fruit dmged by Sn Jose scle ws significntly lower thn the untreted check in four of the five insecticide progrms (P = 0.0452), but ws no different thn the untreted check in the FMC-1 progrm. Dmge by Sn Jose scle ws higher in the FMC-1 progrm, which differed from the FMC-2 progrm only in the positioning of the pre-bloom ppliction of Belef; in FMC-1, Belef ws pplied by itself t the hlf-inch green bud stge followed by Mustng Mxx by itself t the pink bud stge, wheres in FMC-2 there ws no insecticide t hlf-inch green nd Belef ws tnk mixed with Mustng Mxx t pink. The best control of Sn Jose scle ws in plots where Lorsbn Advnced pplied t hlf-inch green followed by Imidn nd Delegte. Other insects tht cused dmge to fruit by erly July were trnished plnt bug nd plum curculio, but these did not differ significntly mong tretments (P > 0.05; Tble 2). At hrvest in September, dmge by internl Lepidopter, which reflects control of both first nd second genertions of codling moth, rnged from 1.5 to 12.0% nd ws significntly less thn in untreted checks in four of the five insecticide progrms but ws not significntly different thn the check in the stndrd tretment of Altcor for first genertion nd Assil for second genertion (P < 0.0497; Tble 3). Other insects tht cused dmge to hrvested fruit were Sn Jose scle, stink bugs, nd plum curculio, none of which were significntly different mong tretments (P > 0.05; Tble 3). Dmge by trnished plnt bug differed mong tretments, with significntly less in the FMC-1 progrm nd significntly more in the cyclniliprole tretment (P < 0.0001; Tble 3). No pple mggot ws detected. No phytotoxicity ws observed. Woolly pple phid (WAA) colonies were detected in most plots. When first scouted on 5/28, significntly more WAA were found in the stndrd tretment where Esteem nd Avunt hd been spryed, thn in the untreted or other insecticide-treted plots (P = 0.0109; Tble 4). On 6/8, presence of WAA did not differ significntly mong plots (P = 0.23; Tble 4). On 6/22, WAA reched pek bundnce t which time it ws significntly less bundnt in the Dow tretment in which Lorsbn, Imidn, nd Delegte hd been spryed, thn in ny other tretment. Scouting for WAA fter hrvest on 9/30 showed no significnt difference mong tretments (P = 0.68; Tble 4). Green pple phid ws present t low density in most plots. Scouting of phids on terminl shoots on 5/28 nd 6/8 showed tht infesttions did not differ significntly mong tretments, but on 6/22 there were significntly more phids in the ISK nd FMC-1 progrms thn in the untreted, stndrd, or Dow progrm (P = 0.0396; Tble 5). Predtory insects tht were found in green pple phid colonies were Orius insidiosus dults, ldy beetle dults nd lrve, nd Aphidoletes lrve, but none of these differed significntly mong tretments (P > 0.05, Tble 6). Mites were t low density, s they hve been in this orchrd for the pst few yers. In lte July, there ws only trce of Europen red mite, which did not show ny significnt tretment effect (P > 0.05; Tble 7). Apple rust mite density ws negligible. Stigmeids were the most bundnt predtory mite but they did not show significnt tretment effect; they were slightly more bundnt in the Dow progrm plots nd slightly less bundnt in the FMC-2 progrm plots (Tble 7). Phytoseiid predtory mites were found in ll tretments but t low densities tht did not differ significntly mong tretments (P > 0.05; Tble 7). Acknowledgements: pplictions nd orchrd mintennce by Glenn Mills nd his crew were gretly pprecited, s ws technicl dvice from Mrk Schmittgen nd technicl ssistnce by Jmes Rdl, Brin Mysonhimer, Chd Krmer, nd Susn Ndiye. Funding nd products were supplied by Dow, FMC, nd ISK Biosciences. Products supplied by DuPont, United Phosphorus, nd Gown were pprecited. 3
Tble 2. Insect injury to Delicious pple fruit fter tretment by six mngement progrms, evluted non-destructively on 10-13 July 2015; men of four blocked replictes t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. % Internl Lepidopter (prebloom/ petlfll/ codling moth 1 st genertion) Entry Sting Totl % Sn Jose scle % Plum curculio % Trnished plnt bug ISK (Esteem/cyclniliprole/ cyclniliprole) 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.8 BC 5.0 0.8 92.5 FMC-1 (Belef/Mustng/Glditor/Altcor) 0.0 0.6 0.6 10.3 AB 1.0 0.5 87.6 Dow (Lorsbn/Imidn/Delegte) 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.2 C 3.3 0.8 94.5 FMC-2 (Mustng+Belef/Glditor/Altcor) 0.2 2.5 2.8 3.2 BC 9.0 0.0 85.0 stndrd (Esteem/Avunt/Altcor) 0.5 3.0 3.5 1.8 BC 6.2 1.0 87.8 untreted 1.8 1.8 3.6 14.0 A 5.5 0.8 76.7 % Clen of insect dmge Probbility for tretment effect P = 0.09 P = 0.17 P = 0.12 P = 0.0452 P = 0.76 P = 0.45 P = 0.16 Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. Tble 3. Insect injury to Delicious pple fruit fter tretment by six insecticide progrms, evluted destructively t hrvest on 22-28 September 2015; men of four blocked replictes t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. % Internl Lepidopter % Sn % Plum curculio (codling moth 1 st genertion/ 2 nd genertion) Entry Sting Totl Jose scle % Stink bug Oviposition Lte feeding % Trnished plnt bug ISK (cyclnilitrole) 0.0 B 1.5 1.5 B 3.7 17.7 6.4 0.0 3.2 A 0.2 71.7 FMC-1 (Altcor/Mustng+Avunt) FMC-2 (Altcor/Mustng+Avunt) % Lefroller 0.5 B 1.0 1.5 B 22.8 13.9 2.2 0.2 1.5 B 0.0 59.4 0.2 B 2.8 3.0 B 9.6 12.9 8.0 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 70.0 Dow (Delegte/ Altcor) 0.8 B 2.5 3.2 B 0.2 15.5 6.8 0.8 2.8 AB 0.0 74.0 stndrd (Altcor/Assil) 0.5 B 3.8 4.2 AB 3.2 13.2 9.5 0.5 0.8 C 0.0 70.8 untreted 5.0 A 7.0 12.0 A 30.7 19.0 6.2 1.7 1.7 AB 0.0 40.9 Probbility for tretment effect % Clen of insect dmge 0.0139 0.09 0.0497 0.15 0.86 0.54 0.10 <0.0001 0.45 0.11 Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. 4
Tble 4. Woolly pple phid (WAA) infesttion detected on Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, 2015. (prebloom/ petlfll/ codling moth 1 st genertion) WAA presence or bsence (0 = bsent; 1 = present) on four smpling dtes 5/28 6/8 6/22 9/30 FMC-1 (Belef/Mustng/Glditor/Altcor) 0.08 B 0.50 0.75 A 0.33 ISK (Esteem/cyclniliprole/ cyclniliprole) 0.17 B 0.33 0.75 A 0.33 untreted 0.08 B 0.42 0.67 A 0.00 FMC-2 (Mustng+Belef/Glditor/Altcor) 0.08 B 0.33 0.67 A 0.25 stndrd (Esteem/Avunt/Altcor) 0.50 A 0.58 0.50 A 0.25 Dow (Lorsbn/Imidn/Delegte) 0.00 B 0.00 0.00 B 0.08 Probbility for tretment effect P = 0.0109 P = 0.23 P = 0.0481 P = 0.68 Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul proportions but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. Tble 5. Green pple phid on terminl shoots of Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, 2015. Percentge of terminl leves infested on three smpling dtes (prebloom/ petlfll/ codling moth 1 st genertion) 5/28 6/8 6/22 ISK (Esteem/cyclniliprole/ cyclniliprole) 3.0% 9.5% 13.0% A FMC-1 (Belef/Mustng/Glditor/Altcor) 0.5% 6.0% 12.5% A FMC-2 (Mustng+Belef/Glditor/Altcor) 2.5% 6.5% 5.5% AB stndrd (Esteem/Avunt/Altcor) 4.0% 7.5% 2.0% B Dow (Lorsbn/Imidn/Delegte) 1.5% 9.5% 1.5% B untreted 0.0% 1.5% 1.0% B Probbility for tretment effect P = 0.55 P = 0.34 P = 0.0396 Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. Tble 6. Predtors ssocited with green pple phid on Delicious pple trees, Columbus, Ohio, 2015. (prebloom/ petlfll/ codling moth 1 st genertion) Orius (dults) on 5/28 Number of predtors on endmost 5 leves of terminl shoot Orius (dults) on 6/08 Ldy beetle (dults) on 6/8 Ldy beetle (dults) on 6/22 Ldy beetle (lrve) on 6/22 ISK (Esteem/cyclniliprole/ cyclniliprole) 0.025 0.05 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 FMC-1 (Belef/Mustng/Glditor/Altcor) 0 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 FMC-2 (Mustng+Belef/Glditor/Altcor) 0 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.000 0 stndrd (Esteem/Avunt/Altcor) 0 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0 Dow (Lorsbn/Imidn/Delegte) 0 0.075 0.075 0.000 0.025 0.025 untreted 0 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0 Ornge midge, Aphidoletes phidimyz on 5/28 Probbility for tretment effect P = 0.45 P = 0.45 P = 0.32 P = 0.60 P = 0.45 P = 0.45 5
Tble 7. Density of Europen red mite (ERM) nd ssocited mites on Delicious pple leves on 27 July 2015, Columbus, Ohio. Men number per lef Apple rust Men number of predtors per lef (prebloom/petlfll/codling moth 1 st ERM motiles ERM eggs mite rting Stigmeid Phytoseiid genertion) motiles motiles untreted 0.05 0.00 0.0 0.78 0.07 Dow (Lorsbn/Imidn/Delegte) 0.08 0.14 0.5 0.96 0.02 FMC-1 (Belef/Mustng/Glditor/Altcor) 0.11 0.16 0.0 0.40 0.12 ISK (Esteem/cyclniliprole/ cyclniliprole) 0.15 0.19 0.0 0.60 0.05 stndrd (Esteem/Avunt/Altcor) 0.15 0.21 0.8 0.60 0.10 FMC-2 (Mustng+Belef/Glditor/Altcor) 0.16 0.49 0.2 0.44 0.16 Probbility for tretment effect P = 0.85 P = 0.28 P = 0.14 P = 0.23 P = 0.15 Density rting scle: 0 = none; 1 = low (<5 per lef); 2 = moderte (5 to 50 per lef); 3 = high (>50 per lef). 6