MF-2050 Feed Mnufcturing Feed Mnufcturing Cerel grins re the primry energy source in swine nd poultry diets. Therefore, not only must producers be concerned bout the composition of the grin, but lso how it is processed so the niml my fully utilize the nutrients. Since feed represents 65 to 75 percent of overll production costs in swine or poultry opertion, improving the efficiency of feed utiliztion will hve tremendous impct on the cost of production. Nerly ll feed ingredients will be subjected to some type of prticle size reduction. Prticle size reduction increses the surfce re of the grin, thus llowing for greter interction with digestive enzymes. It lso improves the ese of hndling nd the mixing chrcteristics. However, fine grinding will increse the energy costs of feed processing nd my result in feed bridging, dust problems, nd increse the incidence of gstric ulcers in swine. Therefore, the incresed costs of fine grinding must be offset by improved feed conversion. Prticle Size nd Pig Performnce In the pst, there hs been confusion regrding the optimum prticle size in swine diets. This ws result of brod generliztions clssifying dietry prticle size. In the pst, terms like fine, medium, nd corse were used to define prticle size. Recently, more precise clssifiction of determining prticle size hs been developed bsed on the men geometric dimeter of prticles mesured in microns nd the geometric men stndrd devition of the prticles or their distribution (ASAE 973). These mesurements llow more precise definition of prticle size nd llow us to mke specific recommendtions to optimize swine performnce. Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry The Effects of Diet Prticle Size on Animl Performnce Robert D. Goodbnd Professor, Swine Nutrition Animl Sciences nd Industry Mike D. Tokch Professor, Swine Nutrition Livestock Production & Mngement Jim L. Nelssen Professor, Swine Nutrition Animl Sciences nd Industry Complicting the dt vilble on the effects of prticle size on pig performnce re the interctions between ge of the pig, grin type, nd prticle size. In generl, it ppers the young pig does better job of chewing its feed thn growing-finishing hogs. The gretest potentil for fine grinding to improve feed efficiency will be for finishing pigs. However, fine grinding or rolling will improve feed efficiency regrdless of ge. A study conducted t Knss Stte University demonstrtes the effects of prticle size on strter pig performnce. In the study, 92 pigs (initil weight 3 to 8 pounds) were fed either corn- or sorghum-bsed diets (Tble ). The grins were either processed through hmmermill equipped with n /8-inch (539 to 624 microns) or /4-inch (722 to 877 microns) screen. Ech grin ws rolled either fine (822 to 885 microns) or Tble. Effect of Prticle Size of Corn nd Sorghum Bsed Diets on Strter Pig Performnce Men Averge Dily prticle size dily feed dimeter gin intke b Feed/ Grin Mill Type (microns) (lb) (lb) gin b Corn Hmmer 624.00.72.70 mill 877.99.77.78 Roller 822.02.85.8 mill,47.04 2.00.92 Sorghum Hmmer 539.96.72.78 mill 722.00.79.79 Roller 885.00.9.92 mill,27.94.82.94 Ohh et l., 983. Vlues represent mens from 92 wenling pigs initilly 5 to 8 pounds with finl weight of pproximtely 5 pounds. b Difference between hmmermill nd roller mill (P <.05). Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service
2 corse (,47 to,27 microns) by djusting the roller gp nd feeding rte. As expected, fine grinding or rolling reduced men prticle size of the diet. Although the differences in prticle size did not ffect verge dily gin (ADG), feed efficiency (feed/gin) ws improved by either fine grinding or rolling (Tble ). By pooling the dt cross grin type nd processing method nd clssifying it bsed only on prticle size, the improved feed efficiency ppers to be result of improved nutrient digestibility (Tble 2). Recently, Hely et l. (994) evluted growth performnce of pigs wened t 2 dys of ge nd fed strter diets in which the grin (corn nd hrd or soft endosperm milo) ws ground to 900, 700, 500, or 300 microns (Tble 3). These results confirm tht reducing grin prticle size hd little improvement on ADG. Averge dily feed intke (ADFI) decresed (liner, P <.08) s prticle size of the diet ws reduced. Feed efficiency (F/G) improved then becme poorer (qudrtic, P <.0) s prticle size decresed suggesting n optimum prticle size between 500 nd 700 microns. Pigs fed grin ground to 500 microns hd 6 percent improvement in feed efficiency compred to those pigs fed diets contining grin ground to 900 microns. However, production rte (tons of grin ground per hour) ws reduced 43 percent by decresing prticle size from 700 to 500 microns. Also importnt is the numericl trend for decresed ADG nd ADFI nd poorer F/G of pigs fed the diets contining grin ground to 300 microns. The decision on optimum diet prticle size needs to include ssessment of improvements in feed efficiency versus reductions in milling production. These nd other dt suggest dietry prticle size of pproximtely 700 microns to optimize both pig performnce nd milling efficiency. Prticle Size nd Alterntive Grins The type of grin in the diet lso will influence the pig s response to prticle size reduction. Studies with high-fiber feed ingredients like brley indicte fine grinding of these types of ingredients my gretly improve their feeding vlue. A study ws conducted with finishing pigs fed diets contining brley ground through hmmermill equipped with either /8-, 3 /6-, or /4-inch screen or corsely rolled (Tble 4). Performnce of pigs fed these diets ws compred to those fed diet contining milo ground through 3 /6- inch screen. Pigs fed the brley diet ground through the /8-inch screen hd similr verge dily gin nd feed efficiency compred to pigs fed the milo diet. Dily gin nd feed efficiency becme poorer s prticle size of the brley diets incresed. These dt indicte grinding of fibrous feed ingredients to pproximtely 700 microns improves their feeding vlue nd my mke them more ttrctive s substitutes for corn nd milo. Becuse of its high protein content nd propensity to become floury, whet presents some unique processing problems. If ground too fine, whet cn reduce feed intke. Recommendtions for optimum prticle size for whet for use in swine diets should be corser thn corn or milo, between 800 nd 900 microns. Roller mills with differentil drive produce uniform prticle size nd less fines nd my be suited for processing whet in swine diets. Prticle size dt lso my be confounded by the kernel size of the grin nd the screen size or roller mill settings by which it is processed. For exmple, corn ground through 3 /6-inch screen will hve finer prticle size thn either milo or whet becuse of its lrger kernel size. Corn kernels must be frgmented before they cn pss through 3 /6-inch screen opening; Tble 2. Effect of Prticle Size of Corn nd Sorghum on Apprent Digestibilities Prticle Digestibility, % size (microns) Dry Mtter Protein Energy Feed/gin <700 86. 82.9 85.8.74 700 to,000 84.9 80.5 84.4.84 >,000 83.7 79. 82.6.92 Adpted from Ohh et l., 983. Tble 3. Effect of Diet Prticle Size on Growth Performnce of Strter Pigs Prticle Size, microns Item 900 700 500 300 ADG, lb.84.80.85.78 ADFI, lb b.29.2.23.9 F/G c.55.52.46.53 Production rte, t/h 4.06 2.84.63.85 Adpted from Hely et l., 994. Dt represent mens of pigs fed either corn nd hrd or soft endosperm milo ground to the respective prticle sizes. b Liner effect of prticle size (P <.08). c Qudrtic effect of decresing prticle size (P <.0).
3 however, milo or whet my fll through the opening intct becuse of their smller kernel size. It is difficult to mke specific recommendtion for one screen for ech type of grin; however, screen size should be djusted to produce men prticle size of 700 microns. In ddition, other fctors such s hmmermill revolutions per minute, tip speed, nd the number of hmmers lso will ffect wht screen size is necessry to produce 700-micron feed. One of the disdvntges of fine grinding is the incresed incidence of gstric ulcers. Finely ground feed is more fluid when mixed with the digestive secretions of the pig s stomch compred to more corsely ground feed. As result, the cids in the stomch hve greter chnce of coming into contct with nd irritting the esophgel region of the stomch. The frequency of ulcertion increses when prticle size drops below 500 microns. Other disdvntges of fine grinding include bridging problems in bulk bins nd feeders s well s incresed dustiness of the feed. Influence of Prticle Size in Lcttion Diets Mny producers believe tht finely ground feeds re unpltble nd will decrese feed consumption by the lctting sow resulting in lower litter wening weight nd incresed sow weight loss. In order to determine the pproprite prticle size for the lctting sow, study using 00 first prity sows ws conducted t Knss Stte University (Wondr, 993). The sme dietry formultion ws used for ll tretments with the only difference being the prticle size of the corn in the diet. Corn ws ground to,200, 900, 600, or 400 microns by either roller mill (,200 microns) or hmmermill equipped with 3 /8-, /8-, or 3 /64-inch screen, respectively. Diet prticle sizes were tested to be,298, 925, 69, nd 476 microns. Litter size, pig survivbility, sow weight loss, nd sow bck ft loss were not influenced by prticle size of the diet (Tble 5). However, litter wening weight gin incresed linerly (P <.05) s prticle size decresed from,200 to 400 microns. However, the lrgest response ws observed by reducing prticle size from,200 to 600 microns (9 percent increse in litter weight gin). Surprisingly, feed intke ctully incresed (liner, P <.05) s prticle size ws reduced suggesting finely ground feed does not decrese pltbility of the diet. Digestibility of dry mtter, energy, nd protein in the diet ll improved linerly s prticle size ws reduced. The reduction in prticle size improved nutrient digestibility since smll prticles hve more surfce re vilble for enzyme digestion in the intestinl trct of the pig. The improvement in digestibility is the reson tht litter wening weights were improved s prticle size ws reduced. Reduction in prticle size is not without cost. Stomch ulcers nd kertiniztion re lwys concern with finely ground diets. Kertiniztion is n indiction of stomch irrittion tht my led to ulcers. Stomchs were scored from 0 to 4 (norml to severe ulcer) nd from 0 to 3 (none to severe kertiniztion). Ulcertion nd kertiniztion of the stomch ws incresed s prticle size of the diet ws reduced. These dt my hve greter impliction for problems with ulcertion considering tht the diets were fed for only the 2-dy lcttion period. Feeding finely ground diets during gesttion nd lcttion my increse the potentil for sow deth loss becuse of gstric ulcers. Another study by Wondr et l. (992) demonstrted production rtes decrese nd energy utiliztion increses s prticle size is reduced (Figure ). Considering these fctors, diets for lctting sows should be ground to similr men prticle size s growing-finishing pigs of pproximtely 700 microns. Prticle Size for Poultry Diets In poultry diets, the effects of diet prticle size pper to be confounded with complexity of the diet s well s further processing such s pelleting or crumblizing. Cbrer (994) found no effect of diet prticle size (,000 to 400 microns) on growth performnce of broiler chicks fed complex (dded tllow, met nd bone mel, nd fether mel) diet fed in crumblized form. In second tril, feed efficiency ws Tble 4. Effect of Brley Prticle Size in Finishing Diets Grin: Milo Brley Brley Brley Brley Screen Size, inches: 3 /6 /8 3 /6 /4 Rolled Item Prticle Size, microns: 698 74 902,46 2,200 Averge dily gin, lb 2.05 b.96 b.80 c.78 c.74 c Averge dily feed intke, lb 6.93 b 6.47 c 6.20 c 6.49 c 6.49 c Feed efficiency 3.39 b 3.32 b 3.58 c 3.65 c 3.72 c Goodbnd nd Hines, 987. bc Mens on the sme row with different subscripts differ (P <.02).
4 improved 3 percent by reducing prticle size from,000 to 500 microns in simple diets fed s mel form but not in crumblized diets. Therefore, the response to reduced prticle (600 to 500 microns) size in broiler chicks ppers to be gretest when fed simple (grin-soyben mel) diets in mel form. Feeding complex diet in crumblized form did not pper to require prticle size below,000 microns. Studies with lying hens suggest no dvntges in reducing prticle size below 800 microns. Prticle Size nd On-Frm Feed Processing A survey of prticle size nlysis of feed smples indictes tht the mjority of producers re possibly losing 3 to 8 percent of their feed utiliztion costs becuse of corsely ground feed. Of the more thn 2,500 smples nlyzed, only 2 percent of them fll within the 700 to 800 micron prticle size rnge recommended for swine feed (Tble 6). If there re whole kernels in the diet, this is n indictor tht the feed isn t ground fine enough. This is significnt finding becuse prticle size reduction hs tremendous economic effect on swine opertion s profitbility. If 00-sow, frrow-to-finish opertion hs n verge diet cost of $30 per ton nd reduces prticle size from,00 to 750 microns, this would result in svings of pproximtely $4,750 per yer bsed on improved feed efficiency. Prticle size should become routine qulity control mesure nd be incorported into n on-frm qulity control progrm. Some guidelines for estblishing routine prticle size monitoring progrm should include checking ground grin or one complete diet (grower, finisher, gesttion or lcttion) t lest twice yer nd up to every 60 to 90 dys for lrge opertions. Swine producers who wish to obtin prticle size nlysis of their feed cn send 50 grm (3 cups) smple long with $0 to Knss Stte Swine Extension, Room 206 Weber Hll, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS 66506. There lso re severl commercil lbortories, s well s on-frm prticle size kits tht cn be used for determining prticle size. In nlyzing results of severl experiments evluting the effects of dietry prticle size on pig performnce, it is cler tht the gretest effect of prticle size is on feed efficiency. Below is regression eqution bsed on results from prticle size studies. This eqution evluted rnge in diet prticle sizes from 400 to,200 microns fed to pigs from 20 to 240 lb (r =.6; P <.0). F/G = Anlyzed Prticle Size.0004575 + 3.066333 This eqution cn be used s tool for producers nd feed processors to ssess the economic impct of Effects of Lcttion Diet Prticle Size on Sow nd Litter Performnce Prticle size, microns Item,200 900 600 400 SE Litter size, d 2 9. 9.0 9.5 8.9.2 Sow wt loss, lb 23. 23. 5.9 8. 2.2 Sow bf loss, in..2.3.2..6 Litter wt, lb 03.4 07.4.3 0.4.7 Litter wt gin, lb b 76.9 80.7 84.2 85..4 Feed intke, lb b 9.23 9.35 9.70 9.77.09 Diet dry mtter digestibility, % 84.2 85. 86.4 88.3.4 Ulcer score.3.4 2.7 `.9. Kertiniztion score.2 2..5 2.7. Wondr, 993. b Liner effect of prticle size (P <.05). Tble 6. Summry of On-Frm Prticle Size Reduction Prticle Size, microns 400-599 600-799 800-999,000-,299,300-,999 >2,000 Percentge of Smples 4.4 2.4 40.3 26.8 6.4.5 Anlysis of over 2,500 smples collected between 986 nd 992 t Knss Stte University.
5 prticle size reduction. For exmple, projected feed/ gin for 700 micron feed would be 3.36 bsed on the eqution. If the prticle size ws incresed to,00 microns, the projected feed efficiency would be 3.52 or n increse of bout 5 percent. While it is importnt to emphsize tht the desired prticle size should be 700 microns, n cceptble rnge of complete feeds is between 600 nd 800 microns. Improving the efficiency of feed utiliztion in swine by obtining proper prticle size will hve tremendous effect on the cost of production. However, improvements in digestibility nd feed conversion must be evluted ginst potentil problems ssocited with obtining fine prticle sizes. These include incresed energy costs, feed hndling problems (bridging), gstric ulcers, nd dust, s well s reduced production rtes. While specific circumstnce my plce greter emphsis on one or more of these chrcteristics thn others, generl recommendtion is to produce men dietry prticle size of pproximtely 700 microns. Literture Cited ASAE. 973. Method of determining nd expressing fineness of feed mterils by sieving. ASAE stndrd S39. In: Agriculturl Engineers Yerbook of Stndrd, ASAE. p 325. Cbrer, M. R. 994. Effects of sorghum genotype nd prticle size on milling chrcteristics nd performnce of finishing pigs, broiler chicks, nd lying hens. M.S. Thesis. Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS 66506. Goodbnd, R.D. nd R.H. Hines. 987. The effect of brley prticle size on strter nd finishing pig performnce. J. Anim. Sci. 65(Suppl. ):37. Hely, B.J., J.D. Hncock, G.A. Kennedy, P.J. Brmel-Cox, K.C. Behnke, nd R.H. Hines. 994. Optimum prticle size of corn nd hrd nd soft sorghum for nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2227. Ohh, S.J., G.L. Allee, K.C. Behnke, nd C.W. Deyoe. 983. Effects of prticle size of corn nd sorghum grin on performnce nd digestibility of nutrients for wened pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl. ):260(Abstr.). Wondr, K.J. 993. Effects of prticle size, mill type, nd diet form on performnce of finishing pigs nd lctting sows. M.S. Thesis. Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS 66506. Wondr, K.J., R.A. McCoy, J.D. Hncock, K.C. Behnke, R.H. Hines, C.H. Fhrenholz, nd G.A. Kennedy. 992. Effect of diet form (pellet vs mel) nd prticle size on growth performnce nd stomch lesions in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 70(Suppl. ):239(Abstr.). Figure. The Effects of Prticle Size on Energy Consumption nd Production Rte (Wondr et l., 992) 0 Energy consumption, kwh/t Production rte, t/h 4 8 6 4 2 2.7 2.7 2.6 Production rte 2.7 3. 3.8 Energy consumption 8..3 3 2 0 000 800 600 400 Prticle size, microns 0
6 This, nd other informtion, is vilble from the Deprtment of Grin Science t www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsiext, or by contcting Tim Herrmn, Extension Stte Leder E-mil: tjh@whet.ksu.edu Telephone: (785) 532-4080 Brnd nmes ppering in this publiction re for product identifiction purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similr products not mentioned. Publictions from Knss Stte University re vilble on the World Wide Web t: http://www.oznet.ksu.edu Contents of this publiction my be freely reproduced for eductionl purposes. All other rights reserved. In ech cse, credit Robert D. Goodbnd, et l., The Effects of Diet Prticle Size on Animl Performnce, Knss Stte University, My 2002. Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service MF-2050 My 2002 It is the policy of Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service tht ll persons shll hve equl opportunity nd ccess to its eductionl progrms, services, ctivities, nd mterils without regrd to rce, color, religion, ntionl origin, sex, ge or disbility. Knss Stte University is n equl opportunity orgniztion. Issued in furthernce of Coopertive Extension Work, Acts of My 8 nd June 30, 94, s mended. Knss Stte University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, nd United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture Cooperting, Mrc A. Johnson, Director.