SWINE DAY 1991 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY REPORT OF PROGRESS 641, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, MARC A. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR

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1 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY SWINE DAY 1991 REPORT OF PROGRESS 641, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, MARC A. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR

2 FOREWORD It is with gret plesure tht we present to you the 1991 Swine Dy Report. This report contins summries of pplied nd bsic swine reserch conducted t Knss Stte University during the pst yer. Topics rnge from economics to mets, nd physiology to nutrition. We hope tht the informtion will be of benefit, s we ttempt to meet the needs of the Knss swine industry. Editors, 1991 Swine Dy Report, Bob Goodbnd Mike Tokch ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT vg = verge BW = body weight cm = centimeter(s) CP = crude protein cwt = 100 lb d = dy(s) DM = dry mtter = Fhrenheit ft = foot(feet) 2 ft = squre foot(feet) g = grm(s) gl = gllon(s) h = hour(s) in. = inch(es) IU = interntionl unit(s) kg = kilogrm(s) Kcl = kiloclorie(s) lb = pound(s) Mcl = megclorie(s) meq = milliequivlent(s) min = minute(s) mg = milligrm(s) ml = cc (cubic centimeters) mo = month(s) = microgrm(s) =.001 mg N = nitrogen ng = nnogrm(s) =.001 no. = number ppm = prts per million sec = second(s) wk = week(s) wt = weight(s) yr = yer(s) KSU VITAMIN AND TRACE MINERAL PREMIXES Diets listed in this report contin the following vitmin nd trce minerl premixes unless otherwise specified. Trce minerl premix: ech lb of premix contins 10% Mn, 10% Fe, 10% Zn, 4% C, 1% Cu,.4% K,.3% I,.2% N, nd.1% Co. Vitmin premix: ech lb of premix contins vitmin A, 1,000,000 IU; vitmin D, 100,000 IU; vitmin E, 4,000 3 IU; mendione, 400 mg; riboflvin, 1,000 mg; pntothenic cid, 2,500 mg; nicin, 5,500 mg; choline, 100,000 g; nd vitmin B, 5 mg. 12 Selenium premix: ech lb of premix contins mg Se. NOTICE Knss Stte University mkes no endorsement, expressed or im plied, of ny commercil product. Trde nmes re used in this publiction only to ensure clrity of communiction. Some of the reserch reported her e ws crried out under specil FDA clernces tht pply only to investigtionl uses t pproved reserch institutions. Mterils tht require FDA clernces my be used in the field only t the levels nd for the use specified in tht clernce.

3 CONTENTS Swine Industry Dy Proceedings Helth Considertions for the Yer KSU Swine Enterprise Record Progrm...8 Use of Agronomic Conditions, Genetics, nd Processing to Improve Utiliztion of Sorghum Grin KSU Len Gin Assessment Progrm Gesttion, Greeding, nd Frrowing Mngement One-dy Supplementtion with Tyrosine Did Not Affect Reproductive Trits of Sows Does Extr Feed fter Breeding Affect Litter Size? The Influence of Added Lysine during Lcttion on Sow nd Litter Performnce The Effects of n "Idel Protein" Lcttion Diet on Sow nd Litter Performnce Nursery Mngement The Effect of Pre-wening Exposure to Soyben Mel on Subsequent Post-wening Growth Performnce in the Erly-wened Pig The Effect of Soy Products with or without Moist Extrusion on Strter Pig Performnce...44 Extrusion Processing of Low-inhibitor Soybens Improves Growth Performnce of Nursery Pigs Fed Protein-dequte Diets Evlution of Porcine Blood Mel nd Plsm, Bovine Plsm, nd Met Extrct s Replcement Protein Sources for Dried Skim Milk in Strter Swine Diets Comprison of Protein Sources for Phse II Strter Diets Effects of Soy Lecithin nd Distilled Monoglyceride in Combintion with Tllow on Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Lipids, nd Growth Performnce in Wenling Pigs Optimum Prticle Size of Corn nd Hrd nd Soft Sorghum Grin for Nursery Pigs nd Broiler Chicks Effects of Grind & Mix High Nutrient Density Diet on Strter Pig Performnce...73 i

4 Evlution of Expelled Soyben Mel in Strter Diets Effects of Pelleting Low-lysine Diets with Fermenttion Products for Wenling Pigs Effect of Replcing Milk Proteins with Whet Gluten nd Soyben Products on Digestibility of Nutrients nd Growth Performnce in Nursery Pigs Growing Finishing Mngement Effect of Ft Source nd Level on Finishing Pig Performnce Selection for Incresed In Vitro Digestibility Improves Feeding Vlue of Sorghum Grin The Effect of Supplementl Ft nd Lysine on Finishing Pig Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics...97 Comprison of Conventionl nd Low-inhibitor Soybens with Different Het Tretments nd Lysine Concentrtions in Diets for Finishing Pigs Extrusion of Sorghum, Soyben Mel, nd Whole Soybens Improves Growth Performnce nd Nutrient Digestibility in Finishing Pigs Spce Requirements of Finishing Pigs Fed to Hevier Weight (Removed Individully) Effects of Porcine Somtotropin Dosge nd Lysine Level on Growth Performnce of Growing Pigs Effects of Dily Porcine Somtotropin Administrtion on the Lysine Requirement of Growing Pigs The Influence of Dietry Threonine on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of pst-treted Finishing Pigs The Interctive Effects of pst nd Slbutmol on the Lysine Requirement of Finishing Pigs Effects of Porcine Somtotropin nd Dietry Phosphorus on Growth nd Bone Criteri in Gilts Effects of Porcine Somtotropin Administrtion nd Its Durtion on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Finishing Swine Fed to 280 lb Cuses of Dirrhe, Pneumoni, nd Septicemi in Swine for 1991 Submissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory Effects of Supplementtion of Nursery Diets with n Essentil Ftty Acid on Immunity in Artificilly Rered Pigs Use of Recombinnt Bovine Cytokines in Pigs Vccinted nd Chllenged with Streptococcus suis ii

5 Evlution of Rotting Drum Mixer On-frm Feed Uniformity Survey Evlution of Portble Mixer nd Feed Delivery System Producing Hogs under Contrct Runoff Control from Dirt Lots Acknowledgements BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY AND CHANCES OF ERROR Vribility mong individul nimls in n experiment leds to problems in interpreting the results. Animls on tretment X my hve higher verge dily gins thn those on tretment Y, but vribility within tretments my indicte tht the differences in production between X nd Y were not the result of the tretment lone. Sttisticl nlysis llows us to clculte the probbility tht such differences re from tretment rther thn from chnce. In some of the rticles herein, you will see the nottion "P<.05." Tht mens the probbility of the differences resulting from chnce is less thn 5%. If two verges re sid to be "significntly different," the probbility is less thn 5% tht the difference is from chnce or the probbility exceeds 95% tht the difference resulted from the tretments pplied. Some ppers report correltions or mesures of the reltionship between trits. The reltionship my be positive (both trits tend to get lrger or smller together) or negtive (s one trit gets lrger, the other gets smller). A perfect correltion is one (+1 or -1). If there is no reltionship, the correltion is zero. In other ppers, you my see n verge given s 2.5 ±.1. The 2.5 is the verge;.1 is the "stndrd error." The stndrd error is clculted to be 68% certin tht the rel verge (with unlimited number of nimls) would fll within one stndrd error from the verge, in this cse between 2.4 nd 2.6. Mny nimls per tretment, replicting tretments severl times, nd using uniform nimls increse the probbility of finding rel differences when they exist. Sttisticl nlysis llows more vlid interprettion of the results, regrdless of the number of nimls. In ll the reserch reported herein, sttisticl nlyses re included to increse the confidence you cn plce in the results. iii

6 HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 2000 Joseph F. Connor, D.V.M. 1 As the swine industry mtures, profit mrgins will decrese. Control of the mjor fctors ffecting feed cost will drive the system. Upgrding or mintining helth will be mjor emphsis, becuse disese gents nd complexes ffect growing-finishing performnce. Mny diseses, such s pneumoni cused by Actinobcillus (Hemophilus) pleuropneumoni nd swine dysentery, drmticlly ffect growingfinishing performnce. Diseses decrese verge dily feed intke (ADFI) nd increse feed per gin rtio (F/G) in mny instnces. At the sme time, they increse input costs vi tretments, vccines, nd feed dditives. Historiclly, our control methods my hve been successful on individul frms, but not cross lrge popultions. Becuse of the dynmics of disese complexes, it hs been difficult to understnd the disese gents nd/or their interctions, let lone define cost-effective method of control or elimintion. However, severl new techniques offer hope of optimizing the genetic cpbility of growing-finishing pigs with respect to verge dily gin (ADG) nd F/G. These control mesures become more importnt s restrictions increse on therpeutic feed dditives, injectbles, nd the producer's gol of providing pork product untinted by residues of ny kind. Likewise, in the future, vilble crcss-enhncing products, such s Rctopmine, my not llow simultneous use of therpeutics, requiring production systems with pigs of high helth sttus. The ultimte gol of the production system for the yer 2000 hs the following components: 1. All in/ll out pig flow; 2. All in/ll out pig flow by sex; 3. Single stge production; 4. Close-outs on ADFI, F/G, mortlity, nd profitbility by group; 5. Control or voidnce of respirtory nd enteric disese complexes without mssive individul or group niml tretment; 6. Less use of therpeutic ntibiotics; 7. Residue voidnce; 8. More pounds of pork produced with less lbor. The tools developing to meet these gols by the yer 2000 involve: 1. Biogenetics; 2. Vccines; 3. Therpeutics; 4. Depopultion/repopultion; 5. Multiple-site production; 6. Modified, medicted, erly wening. Biogenetics my produce pig tht is geneticlly resistnt to vrious disese gents. However, the likelihood of this technology keeping up with the disese gents seems impossible nd/or costly. New, slow-relese vccines or therpeutics my be developed. Delivery systems my include implnts or erosol chmbers. The time nd cost of development my be n overriding fctor. Depopultion/repopultion continues to offer n excellent method of improving helth of growing-finishing pigs. However, the length of the effect nd the commitment to repeted depopultions need to be estblished. Prcticlity of re- 1Crthge Veterinry Clinic, Crthge, IL. 5

7 peted depopultions/repopultions must be evluted on cost effectiveness, especilly in herd with good mternl production. Strt-up effects, such s low frrowing rtes, must be mortized over the whole repopultion effect. Multiple-site production nd modified, medicted, erly wening my llow us to fulfill the components for helth by the yer Multiple site estblishes production phses with the hope tht the brek in people nd pig contct will reduce disese trnsmission nd provide the flexibility of eliminting or minimizing diseses tht re in the nursery-through-finisher popultion. This type of production is used routinely in the poultry industry nd hs been used by some breeding compnies in estblishing new units to reduce helth risks. In the ner future, multiple sites will men growingfinishing buildings with only one week's production of one sex of nimls. Disese control, then, is designed round seprte fcility system. A progression of multiple-site production s diseses re estblished in the sow herd is modified, medicted, erly wening (MMEW), or TM Isowen, which is method to upgrde helth sttus in nursery through finisher. Modified, medicted, erly wening is nonsurgicl method for procuring miniml disese pigs. MMEW pigs cn be free of numerous infectious gents such s Mycoplsm hyopneumonie, Actinobcillus pleuropneumonie, Hemophilus prsuis, Streptococcus suis, Treponem hyodysenterie, Psteurell multocid, Bordetell bronchiseptic, Leptospir species nd diseses such s trnsmissible gstroenteritis nd pseudorbies. These herds cn lso be free of externl nd internl prsites such s Srcoptes, Hemtopinus suis, Ascris suis, Trichuris, nd Oesophgostomum. As result, these herds usully hve gretly improved ADG nd F/G in the growing-finishing phse. The methods for deriving MMEW pigs re well described in literture nd lso hve been detiled in pst presenttions mde by Dr. Tom Alexnder nd Dr. Hnk Hrris. This procedure hs been further developed by the Pig Improvement Compny, Inc. in its Isowen TM Technology concept. The concept ws developed s n extension of reserch initited by Cmbridge University in Englnd in 1979 on Medicted Erly Wening. Reserch indicted tht MMEW pigs re free of the vriety of gents outlined bove which could be present in the source herds. In the originl MMEW procedures, pregnnt sows were removed from the source herd in lte gesttion, plced in isolted frrowing ccommodtions, nd medicted. Piglets were wened t 5 dys of ge, removed from the frrowing environment, nd plced in n isolted nursery seprte from the source herd. At 20 to 35 kg, piglets were removed from the MMEW nurseries to nother isolted grow-out unit. Recently, the procedures hve been modified so tht frrowing is done in the originl herd, but pigs re wened into second site. This llows brek in the production system to minimize the effect of disese. The best ppliction of this technology will be in commercil production herds with excellent mternl production but low helth sttus, which reduces the performnce of the nimls in the growing-finishing phse nd, thus, mkes the herd economiclly noncompetitive. Mny swine units, becuse of obtining or dding dditionl fcilities over the lst 3 yers, lredy hve multiple sites, of which one or more cn be utilized s n isolted nursery/ growing-finishing unit. The mediction nd vccintion protocol should be designed to eliminte the diseses tht re inherent to prticulr herd nd re incresing production costs significntly in the grower-finisher. We hve been involved with severl herds utilizing MMEW successfully for wening ges of between 10 nd 21 dys of ge. Over 10,000 pigs hve been wened in this mnner with less thn.5% mortlity. This technique hs been used to repopulte one producer's own herd. This is n exciting time in the swine industry. Helth effects on growing-finishing performnce 6

8 hve come to the forefront. Control mesures will llow mturing industry to optimize costs. 7

9 KSU SWINE ENTERPRISE RECORD PROGRAM 1 2 R. D. Goodbnd, M.L. Lngemeier, nd M.D. Tokch 3 Summry On Jnury 1, 1991, enterprise record progrm ws implemented on 13 swine opertions in Knss. The progrm evlutes economic criteri in the res of vrible nd fixed costs, lbor, mrketing, nd production nd is conducted in coopertion with extension specilists nd swine producers in Knss, Nebrsk, nd South Dkot. Every six months, producers' records re summrized, nd the dt re pooled to form stte nd regionl verges. This dt bse is then divided into the top, middle nd bottom third of producers bsed solely on profit per cwt. of pork produced. This summry llows producers to compre their individul records to those of other swine opertions nd identify strengths nd weknesses in their opertion. In ddition, it lso identifies the criteri tht my hve the gretest impct on profitbility. The Knss Swine Enterprise Records Progrm is n opportunity for producers who hve never kept records to evlute the profitbility of their opertions. It lso llows producers who keep detiled biologicl records of their opertions n opportunity to ssess their finncil profitbility. In either cse, records cn estblish bseline level of production nd profit in order to mke sound mngement decisions. (Key Words: Enterprise, Records, Anlysis, Profitbility.) Introduction As the swine industry becomes more competitive, sound mngement decisions bsed on ccurte records re essentil to remin profitble. Mny different types of record keeping progrms re vilble to swine producers; however, the two min types of record progrms re biologicl nd finncil. Biologicl records typiclly detil reproductive nd growth performnce to mesure the output of swine opertion. Finncil records provide n itemized ccount of the return nd cost ctegories on per unit bsis nd nlyze the opertion's economic performnce. Recently, Knss Stte University joined the University of Nebrsk nd South Dkot Stte University in coopertive record keeping project to evlute finncil records of swine opertions. The Swine Enterprise Records Progrm is reltively simple, do-it-yourself, hnd-kept records progrm tht ssists producers in keeping production cost nd return informtion. The progrm costs $60 per yer nd involves two trining meetings (December nd Februry) nd two closeout sessions, where dt re collected nd summrized. At these close-out meetings, producer gets copy of his opertion's records nd then copy is sent to Nebrsk where group verges re compiled nd summrized. Stte nd regionl verges for the top, middle, nd bottom third of producers 1The uthors wish to thnk Mike Brumm nd Dle Kbes, University of Nebrsk, for their ssistnce with the progrm nd the following county griculturl extension gents for their coopertion: Cthy Bndyk, Chrles Cll, Tim Eggleston, Art Johnson, Grry Keeler, Dvid Key, Ed LeVlley, Greg McClure, Frnk Shoemker, Joe Smith, nd Ted Wry. 2 Dept. of Agriculturl Economics 3 Northest Are Livestock Production nd Mngement Specilist. 8

10 bsed on profitbility of cwt. of pork produced re then distributed. Becuse mny of the items re bsed on cwt. of pork produced, the progrm is size neutrl (i.e., efficiency of production rther thn quntity is mesured). Swine enterprise summries re provided for frrow to finish, feeder pig producing, feeder pig finishing, combintion (less thn 70% of pigs sold s either mrket hogs or feeder pigs), nd purebred or SPF opertions. This pper summrizes the records of the first 11 frrow-to-finish opertions in Knss tht hve completed the progrm. In ddition, n exmple of how records my be used to mke decisions is discussed. Knss Group Summries In the Swine Enterprise Records Progrm, dt re collected on hog inventories, hog sles, hog purchses, feed inventories, feed purchses, operting expenses, lbor, fixed expenses, nd herd performnce. Using these dt, individul nd group summries re prepred (Tble 1). Profit per cwt. on n economic life deprecition bsis (Line 20) is used to seprte producers into top nd bottom one-third groups. Thus, ll other items represent the mens for tht prticulr profit group. The resulting informtion gives producers comprtive nlysis of their opertions nd helps identify key criteri tht hve the gretest impct on profitbility. Profit per cwt. on n economic life deprecition (ELD) bsis is computed by dividing the return to mngement (Line 3) by the net pounds of pork produced (Line 1). The nnul rte return on cpitl cn be used to compre hog production to other investments. Hog production becomes n ttrctive investment when its rte of return to cpitl is high reltive to other investments. Vrible expenses re broken down into feed (Line 5), other operting expenses (Line 6), nd interest on operting expenses (Line 9). Vrible costs per cwt. for the top one-third group were reltively lower thn those for the bottom one-third group for every expense ctegory. Of the vrious expenses, fed costs typiclly hd the gretest impct on profitbility. This is evident when totl costs per cwt. re compred for the low nd high one-third groups (Line 17). Of the $10.04 difference in totl costs per cwt. between these two groups, $3.46 or 34.5% reflects the difference in feed costs per cwt. (Figure 1). Cheper diets do not directly correspond to lower feed costs. The bottom one-third group of producers ctully hd less expensive diets (Line 52). The greter grin to supplement rtio fed by the bottom one-third group my indicte tht poorer qulity diet ws fed, which, in ddition to other vribles, my hve creted poorer feed efficiencies. Other operting expenses nd fixed costs lso hd n importnt impct on profitbility. Other operting expenses include utilities, hired lbor, supplies, repirs, veterinry costs, nd professionl dues. The difference in operting expenses between the top nd bottom one-third groups is $2.63 per cwt. In percentge terms, other operting expenses re over 50% higher for the bottom one-third group. Fixed costs include deprecition, interest chrges on buildings nd equipment, property txes, nd insurnce. Fixed costs for the bottom one-third re bout $3.00 higher per cwt. thn those for the top one-third. Income nd profits re presented on tx nd n ELD bsis. Economic life deprecition ttempts to mesure the ctul nnul decline in the vlue for the useful life of buildings nd equipment. Economic life deprecition nd tx deprecition re not equivlent. Tx deprecition is typiclly lrger thn ELD in the erly yers of n sset's life. Returns bove csh costs re quite often positive. However, to sty in business in the long-run, producers will lso need to cover unpid lbor, wer nd ter on fcilities, nd the opportunity costs (Line 12) ssocited with owning fcilities. Opportunity costs reflect the fct tht the cpitl used to produce hogs could be used for other investments. In the production summry, the verge opertion hd 112 sows (Line 24). The number of live 9

11 pigs born (Line 27), number of pigs wened (Line 28), nd prewening mortlity (Line 32) pper to be mjor fctors influencing profitbility. These fctors contribute to pig throughput nd lso ffect the number of pigs wened per crte nd sold per litter. The differences in these vlues between the top nd bottom one-third of producers indictes tht producers need to keep fcilities full to enhnce profitbility. There is $1.18 difference in mrket price between the top nd bottom one-third of producers for the verge mrket price. This wide rnge is unique in tht most other stte's enterprise records typiclly indicte little difference in mrket price. The difference reported in our summry my reflect greter diversity in mrketing strtegies between producers, given the lck of no mjor pcking plnts in Knss. There is 16% difference in feed efficiency between top nd bottom producers. This hs gret impct on feed costs, becuse the bottom 1/3 of producers ctully hve less expensive diets. Agin, this reflects tht inexpensive feed is not directly correlted to profitbility, but tht feed cost per unit of pork produced is more criticl fctor. Using Records to Mke Decisions The primry gol of keeping enterprise records is to document the effect of mngement chnges on profitbility. In ddition, enterprise records llow comprison of n individul's opertion to mens of those in the stte or region. This cn llow producer to identify problem res nd to focus on one or two of these nd try to improve them. An exmple of how this cn be ccomplished is provided in exmining the records of 200-sow producer (Tble 2). In exmining this producer's records, lmost ll criteri re bove verge, nd mny re in the top one-third of ll producers. Bsed on these dt, the producer is doing n excellent job nd is mking $6.74 per cwt. of pork sold. However, in compring this producer's records to the stte verges, it is esy to identify tht he hs high totl feed expense per cwt. of pork produced, resulting primrily from high diet costs. From this informtion, the producer's current feeding progrm nd prices cn be evluted, nd possible options cn reviewed. Expected tonnge for ech of the diets fed nd their expected yerly costs were then clculted nd compred to lterntive diet formultions with ingredient options vilble to the producer. All lterntive diet options used the sme grin price nd were formulted to meet or exceed those nutrient recommendtions in the Knss Stte University Swine Nutrition Guide. Thus, differences in prices did not reflect poorer qulity diets, but rther "best cost" ingredients nd lower dded ft level in the new options. To then determine the effect of the new diet options on profitbility, new output ws formulted to reflect the chnge in feed costs, if the producer hd switched to the lterntive diet options but kept ll other inputs fixed. However, becuse the new diets did not contin ny dded ft, feed efficiency would be expected to become poorer with the chnge to the new diets. Therefore, the new enterprise record summry lso includes djustments for greter feed usge to reflect pproximtely 5% poorer feed conversion (384 vs 403 lb of feed per cwt. of pork produced). As observed in the producer's new records summry, feed costs per cwt. of pork produced is reduced ($27.20 vs $22.18 per cwt.), even tking into ccount the poorer feed conversion. This results in lmost doubling the profit per cwt. of pork produced ($6.26 vs $11.59 per cwt.). These dt provide the producer informtion necessry to evlute other non-feed costs ssocited with possible chnge in feeding progrm s well. For instnce, new bulk bins or new portble grinder mixer my need to be purchsed. In ddition, the producer my need to evlute nd implement stringent qulity control progrm for feed mnufcturing. These inputs will need to be weighed ginst the possible returns the lterntive 10

12 feeding progrm. However, with the use of records, the costs nd returns of involved with mngement decisions cn be documented. In summry, Swine Enterprise Records Progrm cn be useful mngement tool to help identify the strengths nd weknesses of n opertion. As swine production becomes more competitive, records cn be used to evlute possible mngement strtegies to lower the cost of pork production nd increse profitbility. Tble 1. Knss Group Summry Averges (Frrow to Finish Opertions) Top Bottom Item b Averge 1/3 1/3 1. Net pork produced, lb 187, , , Income over feed, oper. exp., oper. int., & hired lbor 27,120 42,236 7, Profit or return to mngement, ELD 8,569 21,259 (5,935) 4. Annul rte of return on cpitl, ELD Vrible Expenses: 5. Totl feed expense/cwt. pork produced Other oper. expenses (totl)/cwt. pork produced Utilities; fuel, electricity, phone/cwt. pork prod b. Vet. expenses nd medictions/cwt. pork prod c. Reminder of other oper. expenses/cwt. prod Totl cost of lbor/cwt. of pork produced Totl oper. cpitl inv./cwt. of pork produced Int. cost on oper. invest./cwt. pork produced Totl vrible cost/cwt. of pork produced Fixed nd Totl Costs: 11. Totl fixed cp. inv. (ELD)/cwt. pork produced Int. chg. on fixed inv., (ELD)/cwt. pork produced E.L. deprec., txes nd ins. cost/cwt. pork prod Tx deprec., txes nd ins. cost/cwt. pork prod Fixed cost (ELD)/femle/period Fixed cost (ELD)/crte/period Totl cost (ELD)/cwt. or pork produced Totl cost (ELD)/femle/period Totl cost (ELD)/crte/period Income nd Profit: 20. Profit bsed on ELD/cwt. pork prod Profit bsed on Tx Deprecition/cwt. pork prod Profit bsed on ELD/femle/period Profit bsed on ELD/crte/period

13 Tble 1. CONT. Knss Group Summry Averges (Frrow to Finish Opertions) Top Bottom b Averge 1/3 1/3 Production Summry: 24. Averge femle inventory Number of litters wened/femle/period Number of litters wened/crte/period Number of live pigs born/litter frrowed Number of pigs wened/litter frrowed Number of pigs wened/femle/period Number of pigs wened/crte/period Number of pigs sold/litter frrowed Deth Loss: 32. Birth to wening (% of no. born) Wening to mrket (% of no. wened) Breeding stock (% of breeding herd mintined) Lbor: 35. Lbor hours/cwt. of pork produced Lbor hours/femle/period Lbor hours/litter wened/period Cost of unpid lbor & mgmt./cwt. pork produced Totl cost of lbor (pid + unpid)/cwt. pork prod Totl cost of lbor (pid + unpid)/femle/period Return/hour for ll hours of lbor nd mngement Mrketing nd Purchses: 42. Number of mrket hogs sold Averge weight/hed for mrket hogs sold Averge price received for mrket hogs/cwt Number of feeder pigs sold Averge weight/hed of feeder pigs sold Averge price received/hed for feeder pigs sold Averge price received/cwt. for feeder pigs sold Feed Cost nd Consumption: 49. Totl pounds of feed fed/cwt. of pork produced Totl pounds of grin fed/cwt. of pork produced Totl pounds of supplement fed/cwt. of pork prod Averge costs of diets/cwt Summry of 11 frms; Jnury 1 through July 30, b Averge, top, nd bottom one-third groups re determined by profitbility per cwt. of pork produced (Line 20). 12

14 Tble 2. Individul Swine Enterprise Records Anlysis Knss Adjusted Actul Summry for New Item Records Averge Diet Costs Profit or return to mngement ELD 18,109 8,569 33,525 Totl feed expense/cwt. pork produced Totl vrible cost/cwt. pork produced Totl cost (ELD)/cwt. of pork produced Profit bsed on Economic Life Deprecition/cwt. prk. prod No. live pigs born/litter frrowed No. pigs wened/litter frrowed No. pigs wened/crte/period Avg. price received for mrket hogs/cwt Totl lb feed fed/cwt. pork prod Totl lb grin fed/cwt. prk prod Totl lb supplement fed/cwt. prk prod Avg. costs of diets/cwt Swine Enterprise Records for 200- sow, frrow to finish opertion. Actul records re compred to the summry verges for 11 frms in northest Knss. Adjusted records reflect lterntive diet costs nd poorer feed conversion. 13

15 Figure 1. Percentge Difference in Production Costs Between Top nd Bottom One-third of Producers Bsed on Profitbility (Cost Difference of $10.04). 14

16 USE OF AGRONOMIC CONDITIONS, GENETICS, AND PROCESSING TO IMPROVE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN 1 J. D. Hncock nd P. J. Brmel-Cox 2 Summry Sorghum grin is n extremely importnt crop to both frmers nd livestock feeders in the High- Plins sttes (e.g., from Nebrsk to Texs). Knss leds the ntion in sorghum production, nd s should be expected, Knss Stte University hs long history of reserch to improve the utiliztion nd mrketbility of this verstile nd hrdy crop. This pper is synopsis of current reserch t KSU nd other universities concerning production nd use of sorghum grin for feeding swine. Topics ddressed include the reltively smll loss in nutritionl vlue (4 to 11%) s test weight decreses from 55 to 35 lb/bu compred to the extreme discounts experienced by frmers trying to mrket light grin. Also, n experiment to quntitte yield of utilizble nutrients from corn nd sorghum ws conducted to determine the reltive merits of these grin sources when grown with different irrigtion nd N ppliction strtegies. Finlly, sorghum prent lines hve been identified with improved digestibility, nd lterntive milling procedures (e.g., fine-grinding nd extrusion) hve been identified tht should gretly improve the competitiveness of sorghum grin s feedstuff of choice for swine diets. (Key Words: Sorghum Grin, Irrigtion, N Appliction, Genotype, Process, GF, Strter.) Introduction For centuries, sorghums hve been produced in Third-World countries for humn consumption with selection bsed lrgely on ese of milling nd esthetic vlue. In contrst, plnt breeders in developed countries hve focused lmost entirely on yield chrcteristics, including resistnce to disese, drought nd insects. Unfortuntely, very little emphsis hs been given to development of sorghums superior for their ultimte fte, tht is, their utiliztion s nutrient sources for livestock nd humns. This pper is review of environmentl fctors, genotypic trits, nd processing procedures tht ffect qulity nd vilbility of nutrients provided by sorghum grin. Attention is given to mens tht cn be used to mximize the feeding vlue of sorghum grin, thus incresing its utility in swine feeding. Discussion Agronomic Conditions. It is importnt to recognize tht considerble vribility in nutrient content nd qulity does exist in sor ghum grin. The sme fctors tht re forcing re-evlution of corn production in mny res (e.g., frequent droughts, unpredictble length of growing seson, limited wter supply, low soil fertility, etc.) undoubtedly cuse the mjority of the vrition in nutrient content nd qulity of sorghum grin produced in these res. Reserchers in Oklhom smpled grin from 15 sorghum vrieties grown in 2 consecutive yers t five loctions. Crude protein rnged from 10.9 to 16.5%, nd lysine s percentge of crude protein rnged from 1.9 to 1Much of the discussion in this rticle is tken from book chpter written by the uthors. For copies of the complete mnuscript, write to: Dr. Joe D. Hncock, Room 246, Weber Hll, Dept. of Animl Sciences nd Industry, KSU, Mnhttn, KS Deprtment of Agronomy. 15

17 2.3%. In similr experiment t KSU, 100 sorghums were grown t two loctions, with nd without irrigtion t one loction, nd with low versus high N ppliction t second loction. Crude protein content rnged from 6.7 to 14.3%, nd in vitro protein digestibility (pepsin digest) rnged from 59.9 to 82.6%. The question then becomes, would those differences in nutrient content nd in vitro digestibility be reflected in differences in growth performnce of pigs consuming the grin? Secondly, wht fctors might be controlled nd(or) mnipulted to minimize those differences in nutritionl vlue? One commonly occurring fctor ffecting nutrient content nd qulity of sorghum grin tht cnnot be controlled is frost dmge. An experiment designed to test the effects of erly frost on the nutritionl vlue of sorghum grin for growing-finishing pigs ws reported by reserchers t Texs Tech University. As test weight incresed from 32 to 48 lb/bu, rte nd efficiency of gin incresed by 6 nd 8%, respectively, but incresing test weight to 56 lb/bu did not further improve growth performnce. Indeed, pigs fed the sorghum with intermedite test weight hd numericlly the gretest rtes nd efficiencies of gin. Similr results were reported by scientists t Knss Stte University nd South Dkot Stte University in 1990 nd An erly frost in the fll of 1989 resulted in sorghum with test weights from 30 to 60 lb/bu produced in the sme onecounty re ner Grden City, KS. Sorghums with norml, intermedite, nd light test weights (55, 45, nd 35 lb/bu, respectively) were purchsed from severl producers nd blended within test weight. As test weight decresed from norml to light, crude protein concentrtion of the sorghum grin incresed from 9.7 to 11.5%. There ws more thn 3-fold increse in percentge crude fiber s test weight decresed from norml to light. In growing nd finishing pigs, the intermedite sorghum ws equl to norml sorghum for rte nd efficiency of gin. However, the blend of norml nd light sorghums ws of lower nutritionl vlue thn the intermedite sorghum, especilly for finishing pigs. These results indicte tht current recommendtions of blending norml nd light test weight sorghums to obtin optimum growth performnce should be re-evluted. Perhps n even more importnt observtion is tht the reductions in feeding vlue of the light test weight sorghum (4% in chicks, 11% in growing pigs, 7% in finishing pigs, nd equl feeding vlue in growing cttle) is not indictive of the severe penlties in price pid for those sorghums. However, this still leves the question of wht cn be done to optimize the nutritionl vlue of sor ghum grin by mnipultion of fctors tht cn be controlled. Experiments with well defined growing conditions for cerel grins produced t the sme loction re difficult to find. A limited number of such experiments hve been reported with corn, indicting tht both irrigtion nd N fertiliztion ffect the yield nd qulity of nutrients in norml nd high lysine corn. KSU reserchers reported similr results for sorghums rised under vried gronomic conditions (Tble 1). Tretments were corn, bronze pericrp hetero-yellow endosperm sorghum grin (BSG), nd yellow pericrp homozygous-yellow endosperm sorghum grin (YSG) grown with optimum or minimum irrigtion, with or without N ppliction. The grins were produced on smll scle nd, thus, chick ssys were used to model the probble responses in pigs. This project ws trgeted especilly for the frmers/feeders who mrket their sorghum grin through their own swine opertions. When verged cross irrigtion nd fertiliztion tretments (Experiment 1), G/F of chicks fed the corns ws not different thn G/F of chicks fed the sorghums. However, chicks fed the BSG hd improved G/F compred to chicks fed YSG. The greter feeding vlue of BSG ws confirmed in seprte experiment to determine ME of the grin n tretments (Experiment 2), with lower ME for n YSG thn BSG. Evlution of the grin tretments for protein qulity, using modified chick PER ssy (Experiment 3), indicted tht corn ws not different thn the sorghums nd tht the protein of YSG ws of greter qulity thn the protein of BSG. Optimum irrigtion incresed yield by 44%, nd N ppliction incresed yield by 9%. Yield of utilizble nutrients (yield G/F), 16

18 utilizble energy (yield ME ), nd utilizble n protein (CP yield G/F) were ffected more by irrigtion thn N ppliction, with grin source hving only miniml effect. However, interctions between grin source, irrigtion level, nd N ppliction indicted tht wter stress resulted in greter loss of utilizble nutrient yield for corn nd YSG thn BSG. Also, both sorghums yielded more utilizble nutrients thn corn t comprble levels of dded irrigtion, becuse wter pplied ws similr for the lowirrigtion corn tretments nd the optimum-irrigtion sorghum tretments (i.e., totl moisture from rin nd irrigtion ws 37.4 in for optimum-corn, 28.0 in for low-corn, 31.5 in for optimum-sorghum, nd 20.9 in for low-sorghum). These results fvor use of sorghum to mximize nutrient yield in res of limited rinfll nd(or) dwindling supply of wter for irrigtion. Compring the sorghums produced without irrigtion, the BSG hd greter feeding vlue (G/F in Experiment 1), but the YSG hd greter protein qulity (G/F in Experiment 3). However, the greter yield of BSG resulted in greter yield of UN nd UP compred to YSG. Thus, the current concerns bout improved feeding vlue with yellow pericrp nd(or) homozygous-yellow endosperm sorghums seems unfounded. Other genetic fctors would seem to merit more ttention thn pericrp color nd endosperm color. Tble 1. Effects of Agronomics on Yield of Utilizble Nutrients from Corn nd Sorghums b Corn Bronze sorghum Yellow sorghum Irr Low-Irr Irr Low-Irr Irr Low-Irr Item c +N -N +N -N +N -N +N -N +N -N +N -N Exp. 1 Yield, kg/h G/F UN, kg/h Exp. 2 GE yield, Gcl/h ME, n kcl/kg UE yield, Gcl/h Exp. 3 CP yield, kg/h G/F UP, kg/h Adpted from Richert et l. (1991). b Tretment bbrevitions re Irr = irrigted, Low-Irr = minimum irrigtion, +N = with N ppliction, -N = without N ppliction. c Item bbrevitions re UN = utilizble nutrients (G/F yield), GE = gross energy, ME n = metbolizble energy, UE = utilizble energy (ME n yield), UP = utilizble protein (G/F protein yield). 17

19 Genotype. The nutritionl vlue of vrious firly simply inherited trits, such s pericrp color nd endosperm color, type, nd texture, hve been investigted. Reserchers in Arknss reported tht sorghums with yellow pericrp were better utilized by nursery pigs (fed from 10 to 20 kg body weight) thn sorghums with brown pericrp, but the ltter hd high tnnin content (i.e.,.67% vs.22% for the brown nd yellow sorghums, respectively). Simple correltion coefficients were -.68 nd -.58 between tnnin content nd digestible energy nd digestible protein, respectively. Thus, these experiments did not ddress the issue of differences in nutritionl vlue between sorghums with different pericrp colors but similr tnnin content. In Nebrsk experiment, sorghums with bronze, crem, nd yellow pericrp colors were compred to corn for feeding nursery nd growingfinishing pigs. Nursery pigs gined 5 to 8% slower with ll sorghum types but with similr efficiency to pigs fed corn. In growing-finishing experiment, pigs fed the sorghums gined 4% slower nd were 4 to 9% less efficient thn pigs fed corn. The uthors concluded tht reduced pltbility of sorghums my be more of problem in very young nimls nd reduced energy vlue more of problem in older nimls, but no consistent differences were due to pericrp color. In contrst to pericrp color, differences in endosperm chrcteristics hve been suggested to ffect nutritionl vlue. There re reports in ruminnts of higher nutritionl vlue for sorghums with yellow versus white endosperm color. However, it is most difficult to rtionlize why digestive enzymes might prefer endosperm with yellow pigmenttion. It's more probble tht erly experiments reporting differences mong sorghums with different endosperm colors ctully my hve been comprisons of differences in endosperm type nd texture. Studies with ruminnts nd in vitro experiments indicte improved digestibility for wxy endosperm type nd floury endosperm texture, but pig experiments t Texs A&M hve shown no differences in dry mtter, energy, or protein digestibility for wxy versus norml sorghums. Furthermore, comprison of sorghums with floury, intermedite, nd corneous endosperm indicted tht intermedite endosperm ws superior to floury endosperm for both dry mtter nd energy digestibility. Sorghums with floury nd corneous endosperm hd similr digestibilities. Florid reserchers compred sorghum grin with wxy nd norml endosperm types nd low, medium, nd high tnnin content fed to nursery pigs. As tnnin content incresed, rte nd efficiency of gin decresed, but sorghum with wxy endosperm ws no better nutritionlly thn sorghum with norml endosperm. The lck of improvement in energy digestibility nd utiliztion in swine fed floury nd wxy endosperm sorghums nd the reliztion tht very soft or floury sorghums hve reduced yield nd poor wethering bility hve stimulted reserch t KSU into the reltionship of yield nd digestibility. Direct selection ws mde in sorghum popultion for improved in vitro protein digestibility (digestibility in pepsin) from 100 S 1 fmilies, which were grown t five loctions for 2 yers. Growing conditions gretly influenced sorghum digestibility, nd higher protein digestibility ws ssocited with lower yield nd lter mturity. In view of these undesirble reltionships, selection index ws developed to include the rnk for yield plus the rnk for digestibility minus the rnk for bloom dte, with selection restricted to fmilies in the top 50% for yield nd protein digestibility. Heritbility for this index ws 38%, nd it identified 20 fmilies with improved protein digestibility, better grin yield, nd erlier mturity. From this popultion, two lines were selected with consistently low in vitro digestibility nd two lines with consistently high in vitro digestibility. When these sorghums were fed to growing-finishing pigs tht were fitted with ilel cnnuls, digestibility of gross energy incresed from 74% for the low digestibility sorghums to 77% for the high digestibility s- orghums, compred to digestibility of 80% for corn. In chick feeding ssys, these lines, respectively, supported rtes of gin tht were 95, 96, 98, nd 100% tht of the corn control nd efficiencies of gin tht were 95, 97, 98, nd 100% tht of the corn control. Overll, the uthors concluded tht 18

20 use of in vitro protein digestibility, in conjunction with yield nd mturity dte, hs potentil to geneticlly improve grin sorghum s feed grin for livestock, even though the environment will still hve mjor effect on nutritionl qulity. Unlike selection for floury nd wxy endosperm, this selection index would result in genetic mteril for use in hybrids with cceptble yield, mturity, nd wethering bility nd improved nutritionl vlue for pigs. Processing. Hndling/processing techniques hve included grinding, crushing, steming, stem flking, popping, nd extruding. During the pst 2 yers, we hve conducted experiments showing tht extrusion processing of sorghum grin improved nutrient digestibility nd efficiency of growth in finishing pigs (Figure 1). Texs A&M reserchers reported liner improvement in ilel nd totl trct energy digestibility in growing pigs s prticle size of sorghum ws reduced from pproximtely 1,300 to 600 µm by hmmermilling. Reserchers here t KSU reported similr findings, in tht nitrogen nd dry mtter digestibilities nd efficiency of gin for pigs fed corn nd sorghum grin improved linerly s prticle size ws reduced from greter thn 1,000 µm to below 700 µm. Thus, extrusion nd reducing prticle size did seem to improve the feeding vlue of sorghum grin for swine. In direct comprison of the effects of corse grinding nd fine grinding of different cerel grins (corn, yellow sorghum, nd bronze sorghum), Nebrsk reserchers reported tht fine grinding (600 vs 1200 µm) im-proved efficiency of gin in finishing pigs fed corn or yellow sorghum, nd tht dry mtter nd nitrogen digestibilities were improved more by fine grinding of the sorghums thn for corn. Dt from our lbortory indicte tht power usge ws two to four times greter to roller mill corn thn hrd nd soft endosperm sorghum grin, t prticle sizes rnging from 900 to 500 µm (Figure 2). When these grins were fed to wenling pigs (Figure 3), optimum F/G ws t 300 µm for d 0 to 7 nd 500 µm for d 0 to 35. When milled to their optimum prticle sizes, feeding vlues of hrd nd soft sorghum grins were 105 nd 93% tht of corn from d 0 to 7 nd 94% tht of corn from d 0 to 35. From these dt, we concluded tht wenling pigs responded more to fine grinding (300 to 500 µm) erly in the growth phse. Perhps most importnt ws showing tht the sorghums could be milled to 500 µm with less energy cost nd greter tonnge/h thn required to mill corn to 900 µm. Thus, finely ground sorghum (300 to 500 µm) merits serious considertion s n lterntive to corn in diets for erly-wened pigs (for 2 wk postwening). It should be noted tht these results were from feeding pelleted diets, thus the problems reported with bridging nd reduced flowbility in diets with smll prticle size were not concern. A complete report of this project cn be found elsewhere in these proceedings (Hely et l.). In conclusion, sorghum is n excellent feedstuff for swine. Although the feeding vlue of sorghum is on verge 3 to 7% less thn tht of corn, cost of sorghum in mny res is commonly 10 to 15% less thn the cost of corn. In ddition to the current economic nd environmentl incentives for using sorghum, scientists re improving its feeding vlue through plnt breeding, incresed understnding of gronomic prctices, nd improved milling nd processing procedures tht will result in optimum nutritionl vlue. W ith these dvnces nd with the superior sustinbility of sorghum production with miniml rinfll, the future of sorghum s mjor feed grin for use by Knss swine producers seems promising. 19

21 Figure 1. Replcing Ground Sorghum, Soyben Mel, nd Soyben Oil with Extruded Sorghum, Extruded Soyben Mel, nd Extruded Soybens in Diets for Finishing Pigs. Tretments for Hines et l. were: Control = ground sorghum, soyben mel nd soyben oil; Extr-Soy = ground sorghum nd extruded soybens; Extr-Sorg = extruded sorghum, soyben mel nd soyben oil; Extr-Soy + Sorg = extruded sorghum nd extruded soybens. Tretments for Hncock et l. were: Control = ground sorghum, soyben mel nd soyben oil; Extruded Sorg+SBM = sorghum, soyben mel nd soyben oil blended nd extruded; Extruded+Blended = extrusion of sorghum nd soybens before blending; Blended+Extruded = extrusion of sorghum nd extruded soybens fter blending. Figure 2. Energy Required to Roller Mill Corn is Two to Four Times Greter thn tht Needed to Roller Mill Sorghum to Prticle Sizes from 900 to 500 Microns. The sme trend ws observed when fine-grinding (1/16" screen) in hmmermill. (Adpted from Hely et l., 1991.) Figure 3. Optimum Prticle Size of Cerel Grins Differs with Age of Wenling Pigs nd Grin Source. (Adpted from Hely et l., 1991.) 20

22 KSU LEAN GAIN ASSESSMENT PROGRAM 1,2 M. D. Tokch, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, nd G. L. Keeler Summry KSU Len Gin Assessment is new progrm developed t Knss Stte University to llow producers to ssess the ctul len gin of their pigs under norml frm conditions. The procedure is inexpensive nd reltively simple nd provides informtion tht will ssist producers in monitoring their genetic progress. Additionlly, frmspecific diets cn be formulted to mtch nutrient levels with the ctul genetic potentil of pigs on 2 n individul frm. (Key Words: Genetics, Nutrition, Len Gin.) Introduction Consumer demnd for len, closely trimmed pork hs incresed stedily during the lst 10 yers. Pckers re relizing the extr vlue of len hogs tht eliminte the need for excess ft trimming. Additionlly, producers re understnding tht producing hogs with excess ft is inefficient nd expensive. These fcts hve led to chnges in the stndrd terminology of ssessing pig performnce nd profitbility. Dily gin, feed efficiency, nd cost per pound of pork produced re being replced by len gin, len tissue feed conversion rte, nd cost per pound of len pork produced. Len gin is defined s gin in crcss len divided by number of dys on test. Len tissue feed conversion is the rtio of pounds of feed consumed divided by pounds of crcss len produced. Cost per pound of len pork produced is simply totl costs divided by totl pounds of len produced. Nutritionists re stressing the importnce of feeding hogs to their "len gin potentil." Feed compnies re designing feeding progrms for "high len gin" or "medium len gin" genetics. Unfortuntely, len gin is impossible to predict visully. Becuse producers hve not hd n effective mens of ssessing the len growth potentil of their hogs, these feeding progrms nd nutritionl recommendtions cnnot be ccurtely employed or fully utilized. Producers must lso sk the question: "Do I hve the genetic bse to compete in len vlue system in the future?" To ssist in nswering this question, the KSU Len Gin Assessment progrm ws developed. The KSU Len Gin Assessment progrm is n inexpensive, reltively simple method of ssessing the len gin of n individul producer's hogs under norml frm conditions. 1Extension Specilist, Livestock Production nd Mngement, Northest; Northest Are Extension Office, 1515 College Ave., Mnhttn, KS Producers interested in this progrm should contct Mike Tokch ( ) or Gry Keeler (Dougls County Agent; ) for ssistnce in determining the most convenient mens of dt collection. 21

23 Resons to Assess Len Gin 1) It llows ssessment of the genetic bse of swine herd to determine if genetic chnge is wrrnted. 2) Frm-specific diets cn be formulted to mtch nutrient levels to ctul genetic potentil of pigs. 3) It provides n ccurte mesure of genetic improvement. Len gin cn be re-ssessed periodiclly to determine the improvement mde in len met production in specific swine opertion. 4) It helps the producer determine mrket strtegies. Informtion Needed to Determine Len Gin 1) Pig Identity. Pigs must be er notched for week of birth or litter to llow trcking through the production system. 2) Initil Weight. Initil weight must be obtined between 40 nd 70 lb. The objective is to obtin the ge nd verge weight of ll pigs, while they re in this weight rnge. Rndomly weigh pproximtely 10% of the pigs in the nursery phse to obtin n ccurte estimte. This weight cn be tken s pigs leve the nursery or t set time during the nursery phse. The criticl criteri to record t this time re initil wt, dte weighed nd number of pigs with ech er notch represented in the group. 3) Crcss Dt. Er notches nd dte must be recorded when pigs re sold. The group of pigs for the len gin ssessment must be sold TM to plnt using the Ft-O-Meter probe. The closest plnt using this probe is Frmlnd Foods t Crete, Nebrsk. They hve greed TM to supply the Ft-O-Meter tpes with the needed crcss dt. The crcss dt include: hot crcss wt (lb), bckft depth (cm), nd loin eye depth (cm). Len Gin Clcultions Len gin/d cn be determined using the following formuls. Len gin/d = Crcss muscle - Initil muscle Dys on test ) Initil muscle = (.44 initil wt) b) Crcss muscle (lb) = (HCW.44) + (LED 2.11) - (BF 7.7) - Loin eye depth (LED) nd bck ft (BF) re TM mesured in centimeters by the Ft-O-Meter. Hot crcss weight (HCW) is mesured in pounds. c) Dys on test = Dys from initil wt to mrket. Exmple: A group of pigs hd the following dt: Initil wt = 40 lb Dys on test = 110 d Crcss mesurements: HCW = 176 lb BF = 2 cm LED = 6 cm Initil muscle = ( lb) = 14.1 Crcss muscle = (176 lb.44) + (6 cm 2.11) - (7.7 cm 2) = 93.5 Len gin/d = =.72 = 110 len growth genotype How to Use Len Gin Results Listed below re len gin rnges to ctegorize hogs s low, medium, or high len gin genotype. After the genotype is ctegorized, mngement decisions cn be mde concerning genetics, nutrition, nd mrketing. Len gin/d Genotype <.6 = Low.6 to.75 = Medium >.75 = High 22

24 Genetics. If results indicte tht hogs hve low or medium len gin, the producer must decide whether to mke genetic chnge. Producers with pigs of medium len gin genotype my consider improved bor selection, wheres producers with pigs tht hve low len gin my contemplte the need for repopultion with n improved genotype. Producers with pigs of high len gin genotype will be chllenged to mke further improvements. Nutrition. Regrdless of the outcome of the len gin ssessment, producers will be ble to more ccurtely mtch their nutritionl progrm to their genetic bse. Producers with pigs with low or medium len gin genotypes my wnt to decrese nutrient levels to the level of pig performnce. Providing more protein or energy thn the pig cn use for protein deposition is expensive, will not improve performnce, nd my ctully decrese dily gin. Thus, nutrient levels nd diet costs cn be decresed, while mintining the sme performnce nd crcss vlue. If the test determines tht genotypes re superior (high len gin), nutrient levels cn be incresed to mtch nutrient intke with len gin potentil. Ultimtely, profits will be incresed by enhncing growth performnce nd return-bovebse becuse of improved len product for the pcker. For the exmple listed bove (.74 lb len gin), the producer my wnt to increse protein level of the diet nd reevlute len gin to ssure tht the protein content of the diet ws not limiting len growth. Producers should work with their nutritionist nd/or extension specilist to determine the pproprite nutritionl chnges. Mrketing. If producer hs pigs with superior len growth, they should be mrketed to pcker tht rewrds len met production nd discounts ft ccretion. Conversely, if len gin is below verge, selling on live bsis my be dvntgeous to void discounts these pigs would receive on grde nd yield bsis. Costs of Progrm to the Producer The only costs to the producer for this progrm re smll increses in lbor nd limited mrketing opportunity for the lod of pigs being used to determine len gin. Extr lbor is needed to er notch pigs t birth, obtin initil weight, nd record er notches t mrket. The limited mrket opportunity results from the need for the pigs to be sold to Frmlnd Foods to obtin Ft-O-Meter dt. At lest 50 pigs should complete this progrm to ccurtely ssess len gin. The ccurcy of the ssessment is directly relted to the number of pigs completing the progrm. 23

25 ONE-DAY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH TYROSINE DID NOT AFFECT REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF SOWS 1 I. Rettmer, R. D. Goodbnd, J. S. Stevenson, nd D. L. Dvis Summry Primiprous nd multiprous sows received single dietry supplement of L-tyrosine in their feed on the dy fter wening, nd the efects on vrious reproductive trits were evluted. Sows received either none (control; n = 21) or 45.5 mg L-tyrosine/lb BW (tyrosine; n = 22) on the dy fter wening. In Exp. 1, dys from wening to estrus (5.1 ± 1 vs 5.3 ±.9 d) nd ovultion rte (number of corpor lute on ovries on d 5 fter estrus) (16.3 ± 4.4 vs 16.2 ± 4) were similr in control nd tyrosine-supplemented sows. InExp. 2, (control; n = 63; tyrosine; n = 53) dys to estrus were extended by tyrosine supplementtion (6.4 ±.5 d) compred to control sows (4.6 ±.5 d), but totl numbers of piglets born (10.6 ±.4 vs 10.1 ±.4) were similr in control- nd tyrosinetreted groups. Therefore, single dietry supplementtion with tyrosine on the dy fter wening filed to influence intervl to estrus, ovultion rte, or litter trits. (Key Words: Tyrosine, Sows, Wening, Estrus, Litter Size.) Introduction The mino cid L-tyrosine is the substrte for the synthesis of vrious ctecholmines (e.g., dopmine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in the brin. Uptke of L-tyrosine from the blood plsm cross the blood-brinbrrier depends on the concentrtion of L-tyrosine reltive to the concentrtions of the other members of the fmily of lrge neutrl mino cids (i.e., tryptophn, phenyllnine, vline, leucine, nd isoleucine), ll of which compete for common membrnebound trnsport mechnism. Reserch hs indicted tht brin functions re modified by ltering the supply of mino cids tht serve s precur sors for the synthesis of neurotrnsmitters. A number of Germn studies hve demonstrted profertility effects of dietry supplementtion with L-tyrosine in severl species, when L-tyrosine ws fed ner the onset of estrus. According to recent work t the University of Minnesot, the concentrtions of L-tyrosine in plsm of sows were lowest t the time of the first estrus following wening. Therefore, our objective ws to determine the efect of single dietry supplement of L-tyrosine given the dy fter wening on reproductive performnce in sows. Procedures Two experiments involving primiprous nd multiprous sows were conducted t two loctions in Knss. Sows received either none or 45.5 mg/lb BW of L-tyrosine (Lonz Inc., Firlwn, NJ) s single dose, mixed in their regulr diet 24 h fter litters were wened. Detection of estrus nd breeding were done by the respective herd personnel, nd intervl to estrus ws defined s the time from wening until the first observed stnding estrus. Experiment 1 ws conducted t the Knss Stte Swine Teching nd Reserch Unit with sows ssigned rndomly to receive L-tyrosine (tyrosine; n = 22) or to serve s non-supple- 1The uthors thnk Henry's LTD, Longford, KS, for sistnce in dt collection nd use of nimls nd fcilities in Exp

26 mented controls (control; n = 21). On d 5 fter stnding estrus, lprotomy ws performed nd number of corpor lute were counted in subset of sows. Exp. 2 ws conducted in coopertion with Knss swine producer. Crossbred sows were ssigned rndomly to tretments (control; n = 61; tyrosine; n = 53). Dt collected were intervl to estrus, length of gesttion, number of pigs born live, mummified pigs, stillborn pigs, totl number of pigs born, week of wening, body condition score of the sows t wening, nd prity. Results nd Discussion A summry of results from Exp. 1 is in Tble 1. Averge intervl to estrus fter wening ws unffected by supplementtion Tble 1. with tyrosine, nd number of corpor lute (ovultion rte) were similr in control nd tyrosine-supplemented sows. In Exp. 2, intervl to estrus ws 1.8 d longer (P<.01) in tyrosine-supplemented sows thn in control sows, but subsequent litter trits of sows tht conceived t the first postwening estrus were similr (Tble 2). Under the circumstncesof our experiments, L-tyrosine my not hvebeen rte-limiting in the synthesis of ctecholmines t the time of tretment. Swine diets in Germny re bsed on whet nd brley compred to corn nd milobsed diets in the U.S. nd tht could explin the different results in our studies nd those conducted in Germny. In conclusion, supplementing sows with L- tyrosine on the dy fter wening filed to shorten the intervl from wening to estrus or to increse ovultion rte nd subsequent litter trits of sows. Experiment 1. Dys from Wening to Estrus nd Number of Corpor Lute in Primiprous (n = 35) nd Multiprous (n = 10) Sows Supplemented with L- tyrosine (0 or 45.5 mg/lb BW) on the Dy After Wening Tretment Dys to estrus No. of corpor lute b Control Tyrosine 5.1 ± 1 (n = 22) 5.3 ±.9 (n = 23) 16.2 ±.9 (n = 19) 15.8 ±.9 (n = 15) Intervl from wening to first observed estrus. b Number of corpor lute were determined by lprotomy on d 5 fter first detected estrus. 25

27 Tble 2. Experiment 2. Dys from Wening to Estrus nd Litter Trits of Sows Supplemented with L-tyrosine (0 or 45.5 mg/lb BW) on the Dy After Wening Item Control Tyrosine SEM P vlue No. sows Wening to estrus, d Gesttion length, d No. pigs born live No. mummies No. stillborn pigs Totl pigs born Body condition score nd wening dte were nonsignificnt covribles in these nlyses. 26

28 DOES EXTRA FEED AFTER BREEDING AFFECT LITTER SIZE? D. L. Dvis Summry Fertility ws evluted in sows fed 4 vs 10 lb/d nd gilts fed 4 vs 7.4 lb/d during the first 10 dys fter breeding. No efects on frrowing rte or litter trits were detected. This confirms results of previous KSU experiment. Therefore, high feed intke fter breeding my not fect fertility trits. (Key Words: Sows, Intke, Reproductive Performnce, Gesttion.) Introduction It is generlly believed tht high feed intke during the period immeditely fter breeding is detrimentl for embryo survivl. We initilly undertook studies to determine the nture of the problems(s) creted by high feed intke, so tht methods could be developed to prevent negtive effects on embryo survivl. However, we did not detect ny effects of postbreeding feeding level on litter size (Swine Dy Report of Progress, 1988, p. 22). Therefore the two experiments in this report were conducted to retest the hypothesis tht higher thn generlly recommended mounts of feed during the first 10 d fter breeding dversely ffect fertility. Procedures Crossbred primiprous sows (Yorkshire Hmpshire Chester White) nd gilts (Yorkshire Duroc Hmpshire) were checked once/d for estrus nd inseminted rtificilly (AI) with semen from Duroc (sows) or Hmpshire Chester White (gilts) bors. All femles were inseminted on the first nd second dys of estrus with semen from twoor more bors. Sows cme into estrus 4 to 15 d postwening, nd gilts were 7 to 8 mo old t AI. All femles were plced in gesttion stlls t estrus nd fed individully once/d. Experiment 1 included 27 sows tht were ssigned t estrus to be fed either 4 or 10 lb of stndrd gesttion diet. Experiment 2 included 79 gilts fed either 4 or 7.4 lb/d. In both experiments, the tretments begn t first detected estrus nd continued for 10 d. After d 10, ll femles were fed 4 lb/d of the sme diet for the reminder of gesttion. Approximtely 30 d ft er AI, femles were checked for pregnncy using ultrsound, nd pregnnt femles were moved to outside lots where they were individully fed once/d for the reminder of gesttion. Results nd Discussion Similr fertility ws observed in both tretments in ech experiment (Tble 1). In Experiment 1, 27 primiprous sows hd frrowing rte of 89%. Frrowing rte nd litter size were similr for both tretments. In Experiment 2, gilts hd n overll frrowing rte of 94% nd frrowed n verge of 9.6 pigs. No tretment effects on either frrowing rte or litter size were detected in either experiment. Since we begn our studies, two reserch groups in the United Kingdom hve filed to observe effects of postbreeding feed intke on fertility. However, one Cndin study found tht high feed intke fter breeding depressed embryo survivl t d 25 of pregnncy. It ppers tht ny negtive efects of feeding level re quite inconsistent compred to the dvntges obtined by high feed intke (flushing) during the 2 weeks 27

29 before breeding (Swine Dy Reports of Progress, 1984 nd 1987). Therefore, incresedlitter size my result from flushing, even in situtions where feed intke cnnot be reduced immeditely fter the femle reches estrus. Tble 1. Fertility of Sows nd Gilts Provided Different Amounts of Feed during the 10 Dys fter Breeding Litter trits Feed/d, lb No. of femles % frrowed Totl pigs frrowed (lb) Live pigs frrowed (lb) Experiment (12/13) 86 (12/14) 9.4 ± ± ±.6 (24.5 ± 1.6) 9.2 ±.6 (26.6 ± 1.6) Experiment (36/39) 95 (38/40) 9.4 ±.4 (26.7 ± 1.2) 9.7 ±.4 (27.4 ± 1.1) 8.9 ±.4 (25.5 ± 1.3) 8.6 ±.4 (24.8 ± 1.3) Weight of the litter. 28

30 THE INFLUENCE OF ADDED LYSINE DURING LACTATION ON SOW AND LITTER PERFORMANCE J. L. Lurin, R. D. Goodbnd, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Richrd, nd D. R. Keesecker 1 Summry An on-frm field study utilizing 287 crossbred sows ws conducted to investigte the influence of dditionl dietry lysine during lcttion on sow nd litter performnce. At frrowing, sows were rndomly ssigned to one of two milo-soyben mel diets contining either.65% (13.5 % CP) or.85% lysine (16.3% CP). Averge sow prity ws 3.75, nd sows on both tretments hd similr number of pigs born live nd similr pig nd litter birth weights. All litters were equlized to pproximtely 9.5 pigs within 24 hours following frrowing, nd verge lcttion length ws 21 d. No tretment prity interctions were observed for ny response criteri. Pig nd litter wening weights were incresed from nd to nd lb for sows fed the.65% nd.85% lysine diets, respectively. Pig survivl ws excellent for both groups of sows; however, survivbility tended to be improved for 2nd nd 4th prity sows fed the.85% lysine diet. Incresed dietry lysine during lcttion resulted in no difference for number dys from wening to estrus; however, the subsequent frrowing rte for the sows fed the.85% lcttion diet ws 75.7% s compred to 70.4% for the sows fed the.65% lysine diet. These results indicte tht incresed dietry lysine during lcttion improved pig nd litter wening weights. (Key Words: Sow, Performnce, Lcttion, Lysine.) Introduction In recent yers, the development of highly prolific white line sow hs forced reserchers nd producers to re-exmine current feeding strtegies for the breeding herd. At present, there is little informtion identifying the nutritionl requirements of these high producing individuls. During lcttion, the primry objectives re to mximize milk production nd prepre the sow for rebreeding. However, when dietry nutrients do not meet the sow's requirements, body tissues will be mobilized to meet these demnds. Reserch t the University of Kentucky hs recently evluted the response of sows nursing 11 to 13 pigs to severl dietry lysine levels. Incresed pig nd litter wening weights were observed for these lrge litters from sows fed incresing dietry lysine protein (i.e., lysine). Bsed on the level of milk production, high producing sows hve very high nutritionl requirements. Clcultion of nutrient requirements for these sows involves knowledge of dily feed intke nd litter weight gin. The following exmple outlines the clcultions used to determine dily protein intke necessry to mximize milk production nd litter weight gin: 1. A 400 lb sow wens nine, 15 lb pigs fter 21 d lcttion. Subtrcting litterbirth weight indictes tht the litter gined 108 lb, or 5.1 lb per d (108/21d). 2. Ech lb of litter weight gin requires 4 lb of milk; therefore, this sow is producing pproximtely 20.4 lb (5.1 lb 4 lb) of milk per d during lcttion. 1We would like to thnk Keesecker Agribusiness for the use of fcilities, nimls, nd ssistnce in collection of dt. 29

31 3. Sow's milk is 5.25% protein, resulting in 1 lb ( %) of milk protein produced dily. 4. Conversion of dietry protein into milk protein is pproximtely 56%; therefore, to produce 1 lb of milk protein, this sow requires 1.8 lb (1 lb/56%) of dietryprotein per d for milk production. 5. Protein requirement for mintennce of.2 lb, is dded to the 1.8 lb for milk product ion, for totl dietry protein requirement of 2.0 lbs per dy. 6. Knowing feed intke will llow determintion of percentge of dietry protein. If the sow is consuming n verge of 14 lb per dy, then the diet must contin 14% protein (2 lb/14 lb). However, if the sow is only consuming 12 lb of feed per dy or less, then the diet must contin t lest 16.5% protein. Our objective in conducting this field study ws to determine if high producing sows nursing 9 to 10 pigs would be ble to utilize higher level of dietry lysine for incresed milk production (mesured through wening weights) nd improved rebreeding performnce. Procedures On the dy of frrowing, sows were rndomly ssigned to one of two milo-soyben mel diets (Tble 1). Dietry lysine levels were.65% in the control diet nd.85% in the experimentl diet. The milo-soyben mel rtio ws djusted to chieve the desired level of dietry lysine nd ech diet contined 1.5 lb L-lysine-HCL. All litters were equlized nd weighed within 24 hours following frrowing. The number of pigs nd litter weights were lso recorded t wening. Individul feed intke ws recorded dily. At wening, sows were moved to n environmentlly controlled breeding fcility for estrus detection nd breeding. Dys from wening to estrus nd subsequent frrowing performnce were recorded. All first prity sows were llowed to skip their first post-wening estrus (vctioned) nd, thus, were not included in the rebreeding dt. Results nd Discussion The number of pigs born live, pig nd litter birth weight, nd number of pigs equlized/litter were similr (P>.10) t the strt of the experiment. No tretment prity interctions (P>.10) were observed for the response criteri. Additionl lysine resulted in improved pig nd litter wening weights (P<.05) for sows fed.85% lysine during lcttion. Numbers of pigs wened for the sows fed the control nd high-lysine diets were 8.71 nd 8.90, respectively. However, sows fed the high lysine diet hd numericlly higher survivbility thn sows fed the control diet (94.2 nd 92.9%, respectively). Pig survivl tended (P<.10) to be improved for 2nd nd 4th prity sows fed the.85% lysine diet. There were no differences in dily feed intke between tretments; however, sows fed the.85% lysine diet tended (P<.10) to hve higher feed intke. Dily lysine intkes were clculted t 38.1 nd 52.2 g, respectively, for sows fed the.65% nd.85% lysine diets. Dys from wening to estrus were not ffected by dietry tretment. Subsequent frrowing rtes were 75% for the sows fed the high lysine diet s compred to 70% for the sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, these results indicte tht high producing sows, nursing 9 to 10 pigs, re ble to utilize higher quntities of dietry lysine for improved milk production, s reflected in the hevier pig nd litter wening weights. 30

32 Tble 1. Composition of Lcttion Diets Lysine % Ingredients Level, Sorghum Soyben mel (48%) Soy oil Lysine-HCL Monoclcium phosphte Limestone Vitmin premix Sow dd pck Trce minerl premix Tble 2. Influence of Dietry Lysine Level during Lcttion on Sow nd Litter Performnce Lysine Level, % Criteri CV No. of litters/tretment No. of pigs equlized, d No. pigs wened b Pig survivl, % Pig wening weight, lb Litter wening weight, lb b Dily feed intke, lb Dily lysine intke, g Dys from wening to estrus Subsequent frrowing rte, % Effect of dietry lysine (P<.05). b Effect of dietry lysine (P<.10). 31

33 THE EFFECTS OF AN "IDEAL PROTEIN" LACTATION DIET ON SOW AND LITTER PERFORMANCE 1 2 M. D. Tokch, R. D. Goodbnd, J. L. Nelssen, J. L. Lurin, J. A. Hnsen, 3 3 R. D. Richrds, nd C. E. Huffmn Summry Four hundred lctting sows were used to determine the influence of n idel protein lcttion diet on sow productivity. Sows were fed either 15.8% crude protein, corn-soyben mel, control diet or 12.6% protein diet supplemented with synthetic mino cids to 15.8% crude protein equivlent. Lcttion diet hd no influence on litter wening wt (114.5 vs lb), dily feed intke (12.5 vs 12.7 lb), pig survivbility (92.3 vs 93.1%), or sow bckft loss (.11 vs.12 in). However, sows fed the idel protein diet lost more weight thn sows fed the control diet (18.6 vs 25.1 lb). These results indicte tht n idel protein diet bsed on synthetic mino cid dditions cn be effectively used during lcttion without depressing sow milk production, s mesured by litter wening wt. However, the idel protein diet did not improve sow productivity nd resulted in incresed sow weight loss. (Key Words: Sow, Performnce, AA, Intke, Protein) Introduction Idel protein is term used to describe diet with pttern of mino cids in the exct proportion required by the pig. Typicl corn- or milo-soyben mel diets re formulted to the lysine requirement of the pig, becuse it is the first-limiting mino cid. This results in diet with excess levels of ll other essentil mino cids. In theory, pigs should perform optimlly if ll mino cids re provided in the exct proportion to their requirements. In true idel protein diet, ll mino cids would be eqully limiting nd none would be present in excess. Amino cids in excess of the pig's requirement must be deminted nd broken down, nd the nitrogen must be removed from the body. The demintion nd nitrogen removl process requires energy. Thus, in theory, decresing the mount of excess mino cids tht must be deminted should conserve energy for other body functions, such s milk production, reproduction, or growth. Lctting sows re often in negtive energy stte. Milk production requires more energy thn sows consume in most production units. Therefore, ny dietry chnge tht lters metbolism to conserve energy should increse production. Decresing excess mino cids by feeding n idel protein diet should be one mens of conserving energy. Therefore, the objective of this tril ws to determine the influence of n idel protein lcttion diet on sow productivity. 1Apprecition is expressed to Nutri-Quest, Inc. for donting synthetic mino cids used for the tril. The uthors lso wish to thnk Dle Keesecker nd Keesecker Agribusiness, Wshington, KS, for use of fcilities nd nimls. 2 Extension Specilist, Livestock Production nd Mngement, Northest; Northest Are Extension Office, 1515 College Ave., Mnhttn, KS Keesecker Agribusiness, Inc., Wshington, KS. 32

34 Procedures At frrowing, 400 crossbred sows were rndomly ssigned to 15.8% crude protein diet (Control) or 12.6% crude protein diet supplemented with mino cids in n idel protein rtio (Idel). The idel protein diet ws formulted by using corn nd soyben mel to meet the isoleucine requirement, with synthetic mino cids dded to chieve the desired dietry levels of lysine, vline, threonine, tryptophn, nd methionine (Tble 1). The idel mino cid rtio used to formulte the diets ws the rtio suggested for the lctting sow by NRC (1988). This rtio, djusted to.8% lysine diet, nd the mino cid concentrtions in the experimentl diets re listed in Tble 2. Diets were clculted to contin.80% lysine,.9% clcium, nd.8% phosphorus. Sows were weighed nd ultrsoniclly scnned for bckft t frrowing nd wening to determine weight nd bckft loss. Litters were stndrdized by d 2 of lcttion. Litters were weighed t frrowing nd wening. Sow were provided d libitum ccess to feed during lcttion, nd feed intke ws recorded dily. Tble 1. Composition of Experimentl Diets, % Ingredient Control Idel Corn SBM (47% CP) Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte (21% P) Limestone Slt Vitmin premix b Sow dd pc c Trce minerl premix d Amino cid mix.54 Totl Clculted Anlysis Crude protein, % Lysine, % Metbolizble energy, Mcl/lb Ech lb of premix contins: 2,000,000 IU vitmin A, 200,000 IU vitmin D, 8,000 IU vitmin E, 800 mg mendione, 6 mg vitmin B 12, 1,500 mg riboflvin, 5,200 mg pntothenic cid, 9,000 mg nicin, nd 30,000 mg choline. b Ech lb of premix contins: 70,000 mg choline, 40 mg biotine, nd 300 mg folic cid. c Ech lb of premix contins: 50 g zinc, 50 g iron, 12 g mengnese, 5 g copper, 90 mg iodine, nd 90 mg selenium. d Amino cid mix supplied idel diet with.316% L-lysine HCl,.137% L-vline,.078% L-threonine,.01% L-tryptophn, nd.001% L-methionine. 33

35 Tble 2. Amino Acid Levels in Experimentl Diets, % Amino Acid Idel Rtio Control Idel Protein Lysine Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Met & Cys Phe & Tyr Threonine Tryptophn Vline Idel rtio is the rtio suggested for the lctting sow by NRC (1988) djusted to.8% lysine. This rtio ws used to formulte the idel protein diet. Results nd Discussion There were no prity by diet interctions for ny of the response criteri. There were no differences relted to diet for number of pigs born live, fter equliztion, or wened (Tble 3). Piglet survivbility verged 92.7% nd ws not different between lcttion diets. Litter birth wt nd wening wt were not ffected by tretment. Sows fed the idel protein diet were slightly hevier t frrowing (P<.05) nd lost more weight (P<.01) during lcttion thn sows fed the control diet. Bckft t frrowing or wening ws not ffected by tretment. Feed intke incresed s lcttion progressed; however, diet did not influence feed intke. The results of this tril cn be viewed in two different wys. First, feeding the idel protein diet did not decrese litter wening wt, indicting tht portion of the protein in the lcttion diet cn be replced with synthetic mino cids without influencing sow productivity. These results suggest tht synthetic mino cids cn be effectively used in sow lcttion diets when n idel mino cid rtio is mintined. However, second perspective is tht sows fed the idel protein diet should hve hd fewer mino cids to deminte nd, thus, more energy vilble for milk production. This should hve resulted in incresed litter wening wt. Actully, litter wening wt ws not chnged nd sow wt loss incresed for sows fed the idel protein diet compred to sows fed the control diet. Severl possible resons my be cited for the filure of the idel protein diet to improve sow productivity in this experiment. The energy svings from demintion of fewer excess mino cids my not hve been gret enough to increse milk production. Also, the idel mino cid rtio listed by NRC (1988) my not be pplicble to high-producing sows. Mny of the mino cid requirements listed by NRC (1988) were determined using sows tht wened 7 to 8 pigs per litter. The simple upwrds djustment of ll mino cids in constnt rtio my not be pproprite. Additionlly, fster bsorption rtes for synthetic mino cids my hve decresed their utiliztion for protein synthesis nd limited the effectiveness of the idel protein. 34

36 In conclusion, these results indicte tht n idel protein diet bsed on synthetic mino cid dditions cn be effectively used during lct- tion without depressing sow milk production, s mesured by litter wening wt. However, similr to the response in erlier experiments with the growing-finishing pig, formulting the lcttion diet to n idel mino cid rtio did not improve performnce. Tble 3. Influence of Idel Protein Diet on Sow Productivity Item Control Idel Protein CV No. of sows Lcttion length, d Pig performnce No. pigs born live No. pigs fter equliztion No. pigs wened Pig survivl, % Litter birth wt, lb Litter wen wt, lb Sow performnce b Postfrrowing wt, lb Wening wt, lb c Wt loss, lb Postfrrowing bckft, in Wening bckft, in Bckft loss, in Feed intke, lb/d Week Week Week Overll CV = coefficient of vrition. b Diet effect (P<.05). c Diet effect (P<.01). 35

37 THE EFFECT OF PRE-WEANING EXPOSURE TO SOYBEAN MEAL ON SUBSEQUENT POST-WEANING GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN THE EARLY-WEANED PIG 1 K. G. Friesen, R. D. Goodbnd, J. L. Nelssen, F. Blech, D. N. Reddy, P. G. Reddy, nd B.T. Richert Summry Two hundred nd forty pigs verging 11.3 lb nd 21 d of ge were utilized to determine the effect of pre-wening exposure to soyben mel on nursery performnce. Pigs were derived from sows tht were fed either soyben mel bsed- or corn gluten mel bsed-diet throughout gesttion nd lcttion. Across sow tretments, pigs were stomch-infused with 6 g/d of soyben mel or plcebo from d 5 to 9 of ge. Tretment structuring prior to wening llowed for comprisons between pigs immunologiclly sensitized to soy proteins nd pigs nonsensitized to soy proteins. Nursery tretments llowed for comprison between diet contining known soy ntigens (glycinin nd bet-conglycinin) nd diet tht did not contin dietry ntigens (milk protein). Thus, eight nursery tretments resulted bsed upon sow tretment (soyben mel vs corn gluten mel diets), stomch infusion (soyben mel vs plcebo), nd Phse I dietry tretment (soyben mel vs milk diets). Pigs were llotted by weight nd sex within sow tretment by stomch infusion group. Pig weights nd feed consumption were recorded weekly for the determintion of verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed efficiency (F/G). Sow tretment nd infusion tretments did not cuse differences in growth performnce, llowing dt to be nlyzed for the min effect of nursery diet tretment. Phse I diets (1.4% lysine) were fed from d 0 to 14 post-wening. During this time, ADG ws incresed by 18% in pigs fed diet contining ll milk protein. Averge dily feed intke ws decresed by 6% nd F/G by 24% in pigs fed the soyben mel diet, compred to pigs fed the milk diet. Pigs fed soyben mel diet during Phse I ppered to respond to the diet with delyed trnsient hypersensitivity (DTH) to soy proteins. On d 14, ll pigs were plced on common (1.25% lysine) Phse II diet. This diet contined 22.7% soyben mel nd 10% dried whey. Phse II performnce ws inverse to Phse I performnce, with pigs fed milk diet during Phse I hving 20% decrese in ADG, n 8% decrese in ADFI, nd 14% poorer F/G thn pigs fed soyben mel diet during Phse I. These results suggest tht the DTH response occurred during Phse II in pigs fed n ll milk diet during Phse I. The mgnitude of the DTH response ws similr for pigs in both phses. The overll performnce (d 0 to 35) indicted 7% decrese in ADG, 5% decrese in ADFI, with 2% poorer F/G in pigs fed milk diet during the Phse I period. These dt indicte tht pigs develop tolernce to soy proteins within 2 wk postwening. Erly-wened pigs fed diet devoid of soyben mel for 14 d will exhibit the sme DTH response when plced on corn-soyben mel diet s pigs fed diet contining soyben mel immeditely following wening. This experiment lso points out tht prior infusion to soy protein is not necessry for possible DTH response. (Key Words: Pig, Strter, Subsequent Performnce, Trnsient Hypersensitivity, Soyben.) 1Apprecition is expressed to the Ntionl Pork Producers Council for prtil funding of this project. 2 Deprtment of Antomy nd Physiology, College of Veterinrin Medicine. 3 Deprtment of Microbiology, School of Vet. Med., Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL

38 Introduction Reserch hs identified delyed trnsient hypersensitivity (llergic) response (DTH) to soyben protein in the erly-wened pig. Reserch t Knss Stte University hs chrcterized the extent of this llergic response by sensitizing the young pig (4 to 9 d of ge) to soyben mel. Once the pig hs been sensitized to soyben proteins, ntibodies specific to soyben mel re produced by the pig to protect ginst future infiltrtions of soy protein in the smll intestine. Pigs tht re wened t 21 d of ge re typiclly plced on strter diet tht contins vried mounts of soyben mel. At this point the ntibodies specific to soy ntigens mount n immune response t the intestinl level of the pig. The immune response to this ntigenic infiltrtion results in dmge to the microvilli lining of the smll intestine, reducing the bsorptive cpcity of the intestinl tissues. Poor growth performnce nd possible secondry bcteril infections (E. coli) cn result becuse of the intestinl dmge. Europen reserch indictes tht young pigs fed creep feed contining soyben mel must consume.9 to 1.1 lb of feed prior to wening before tolernce to soyben mel is obtined. Creep feed intkes below this mount my ctully sensitize the young pig to soy proteins. When soy proteins re fed in the nursery diet, the delyed type hypersensitivity results. Thus, the purpose of this tril ws to chrcterized the immune response from prcticl pproch. Dt were collected to determine if young pigs require prior exposure to soyben mel, either by pssive immunity from the sow or by stomch infusion, or if soyben mel in strter diets lone could trigger the immune response. The potentil for mternl trnsfer of ntibodies to the young pig ws lso considered. Procedures Eighty crossbred sows were rndomly llotted to one of two tretments t breeding: 1) milosoyben mel diet or 2) milo-corn gluten mel diet (Tble 1). Sows remined on these tretments throughout gesttion nd lcttion. Thus, sows fed corn gluten mel were not exposed to soy proteins for 135 d. By eliminting soy exposure, possible mternl trnsfer of ntibodies to the young pig through the colostrum could be ssessed compred to the soyben mel fed sows. On d 5 through 9 post-frrowing, six to eight pigs per litter were stomch-infused with 6 g/d of soyben mel or plcebo. These two tretments were conducted within ech of the two sow tretments. Stomch infusion of soyben mel served to sensitize the young pig to soy proteins. Two hundred nd forty pigs verging 11.3 lb were wened t 21 d of ge nd plced on one of two dietry tretments: 1) corn-soyben mel-lctose or 2) corn-dried skim milk-dried whey (Tble 1). The finl tretment structure consisted of eight tretments bsed upon sow tretment, infusion tretment, nd nursery diet tretment. Pigs were blocked in the nursery bsed on nursery tretment within infusion tretment within sow tretment (Tble 2). Gesttion diets were formulted to contin.5% lysine with milo nd soyben mel or corn gluten mel (Tble 1). The corn gluten mel diet ws supplemented with 4% fish mel s n dded protein source. Lcttion diets were formulted to contin.65% lysine, lso bsed on soyben mel or corn gluten mel. Phse I nursery diets were formulted to 1.4% lysine nd 24.4% lctose (Tble 1). A corn-soyben mel diet supplemented with 24.4% lctose ws compred to diet formulted with corn, dried skim milk, dried whey, nd csein. The milk diet contined only milk products s the protein source. Pigs were switched to common corn-soyben mel diet (1.25% lysine) with 10% dried whey on d 14 of the tril (Phse II). Pigs were housed in n environmentlly controlled nursery on wire mesh flooring. Ech pen contined self feeder nd nipple wterer to provide d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. Four pigs were plced in ech pen, with 8 replicte pens (4 ft 5 ft) for ech of the eight tretments. Pig weights nd feed consumption were recorded weekly to clculte ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Results nd Discussion 37

39 Sow tretment differences (P>.10) were not detected in subsequent strter pig performnce. Numericl increses in ADG (d 0-14 postwening) were detected for pigs rered on sows fed corn gluten mel-bsed diet throughout gesttion nd lcttion compred to soyben mel-bsed diet. These results suggest possible mternl trnsfer of nti-soy ntibodies to the young pig. Pigs stomch-infused with soyben mel hd similr ADG, ADFI, nd F/G post-wening s pigs stomch-infused with plcebo (Tble 2). These results suggest tht prior infusion of soy proteins is not neccessry to develop DTH response. Phse I nursery performnce ws drsticlly ffected by dietry tretment. Averge dily gin decresed (P<.01) by 18% when soyben mel diet ws fed insted of milk diet (Tble 3). Feed efficiency ws 24% poorer (P<.01) for pigs fed soyben mel diet, with 6% decrese in feed intke (P<.05). The poor performnce of pigs fed soyben mel diet cn possibly be ttributed to the DTH response t the intestinl level. The 6% decrese in ADFI does not fully ccount for the 24% poorer F/G, indicting tht soy proteins were poorly utilized by the pig. Growth performnce during Phse II (d 14-35) ws inverse to tht observed during Phse I (d 0-14). During this period ll pigs were fed common 1.25% lysine corn-soyben mel diet supplemented with 10% dried whey. This diet contined 22.7% soyben mel. Averge dily gin for pigs fed milk diet during the Phse I period decresed (P<.01) by 20% compred to pigs fed soyben mel diet in Phse I. An 8% decrese in ADFI (P<.01) ws detected in milk-fed pigs, wheres F/G ws 14% poorer (P<.01). Exposing milk-fed pigs to soyben mel during Phse II my hve cused DTH response. The response ws delyed 2 wk post-wening in pigs fed milk-diet during Phse I, but similr depressions in growth performnce were detected during Phse II nd Phse I. Pigs fed soyben melbsed diet for the entire tril did not exhibit the DTH response second time. It is possible tht tolernce to soy protein, llowing improved utiliztion, my hve developed in pigs fed soyben mel diet during Phse I. Overll growth performnce indicted incresed ADG (P<.05) for pigs fed soyben mel throughout Phse I nd II. Dily gins were incresed by 7% for the 35 d tril. Averge dily intke lso incresed (P<.05) for pigs fed soyben mel throughout the tril. Feed efficiency ws not different for the entire tril. Excellent feed conversion for pigs fed milk diet during Phse I negted the poor efficiency detected during Phse II. The dverse effects cused by the llergic rection during Phse II remined evident for the overll performnce in milk-fed pigs. Even though pigs hd higher ADG nd were more efficient on milk bsed diets during Phse I, pigs receiving soyben mel throughout the tril possibly developed tolernce to soyben mel erlier thn pigs fed milk diet during Phse I. Diets contining strictly milk products s protein sources did not improve overll nursery performnce, even though improved growth performnce ws detected during Phse I. From this tril, the severity of possible DTH response ws observed in both the Phse I nd II periods. It is evident tht pigs cnnot be fed diets devoid of soyben mel during Phse I without decresed growth performnce from d postwening. At some point, the pig hs to be introduced to soy products for the development of tolernce to soy protein. Pigs introduced to soyben mel in both Phse I nd II exhibited similr llergic response, which reduced growth performnce. These dt suggest tht tolernce to soy protein needs to be obtined soon in the erly-wened pig. Europen reserch indicted tht.9 to

40 lb of creep feed is required to develop tolernce to soy protein prior to wening. Further reserch is necessry to determine the mount of soyben mel needed to develop soy tolernce in the erly wened pig tht hs not received creep feed prior to wening. 39

41 Tble 1. Composition of Diets Gesttion Lcttion Phse I Phse II Ingredient, % SBM CGM SBM CGM SBM MILK Milo Corn Soyben mel, (48%) Corn gluten mel Fish mel Dried skim milk Dried whey Csein 7.41 L-Lysine DL-Methionine.05 Lctose Soyben oil Monoclcium P Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce min. premix Biotin premix Selenium premix Copper sulfte Antibiotic c Totl: Clculted Anlysis, % Lysine C P SBM = soyben mel; CGM = corn gluten mel. b 21% phosphorus. c CSP

42 Tble 2. Nursery Growth Performnce of Pigs Exposed to Soyben Mel Prior to Wening b SBM CGM d SBM Plcebo SBM Plcebo Item SBM d MILK SBM MILK SBM MILK SBM MILK CV d 0 to 14 ADG, lb e ADFI, lb e F/G e d 14 to 35 ADG, lb e ADFI, lb e F/G e d 0 to 35 ADG, lb e ADFI, lb e F/G Mens clculted from 4 pigs/pen, 8 pens/tretment. b Sow gesttion nd lcttion dietry tretment; soyben mel vs corn gluten mel. c Pre-wening infusion tretment; soyben mel vs plcebo. d Phse I nursery diet; soyben mel vs milk. e Phse I dietry tretment milk vs soyben mel (P<.05). 41

43 Tble 3. Nursery Growth Performnce Anlyzed by Min Effect of Strter Diet Phse I Dietry Tretment b Item Milk Soyben Mel S.E. c Percent Difference d 0 to 14 ADG, lb d ADFI, lb e F/G d d 14 to 35 ADG, lb d ADFI, lb d F/G d d 0 to 35 ADG, lb e ADFI, lb e F/G Mens clculted from 4 pigs/pen, 32 pens/tretment. b All pigs were fed common 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine during Phse II. c Stndrd error of men. d Milk vs soyben mel (P<.01). e Milk vs soyben mel (P<.05). 42

44 THE EFFECT OF SOY PRODUCTS WITH OR WITHOUT MOIST EXTRUSION ON STARTER PIG PERFORMANCE 1 K.G. Friesen, J.L. Nelssen, K.C. Behnke, R.D. Goodbnd, nd J.A. Hnsen Summry One hundred nd seventy pigs, verging lb nd 21 d of ge, were utilized in 35 d experiment evluting the effect of moist extrusion of soy products on growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility. Pigs were fed one of seven experimentl diets for the first 14 d of the tril. A diet contining ll milk protein served s control. Comprisons were mde between pigs fed the milk control diet nd diets contining either deftted soy flkes, soy protein concentrte or experimentl soy protein concentrte. Tretments consisted of: 1) 20% dried skim milk, 20% dried whey; 2 nd 3) deftted soy flkes with or without moist extrusion; 4 nd 5) soy protein concentrte with or without moist extrusion; 6 nd 7) experimentl soy protein concentrte with or without moist extrusion. A common diet formulted to 1.25% lysine ws fed from d 14 to 35. Weekly pig weights nd feed consumption were recorded to determine verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed efficiency (F/G). Blood serum smples were collected on d 13 nd nlyzed for ure nitrogen concentrtion. Fecl smples were collected on d 14 to determine pprent dry mtter (DM) nd nitrogen (N) digestibilities. A significnt interction between extrusion nd protein source ws detected in ADG nd F/G during the first 2 wk post-wening. Pigs fed soy proteins processed by moist extrusion hd improved ADG nd F/G, with the lrgest improvement being detected in deftted soy flkes. Dry mtter nd N digestibilities were incresed by processing soy proteins with moist extrusion. Nitrogen utiliztion ws lso improved by utilizing moist extrusion s evidenced by decresed concentrtions of blood ure nitrogen. Bsed on these results, soy protein utiliztion in strter pig diets cn be improved with moist extrusion. Though lrge response to extrusion ws not detected in highly processed soy products (soy protein concentrte nd experimentl soy protein concentrte), drmtic improvements in growth performnce resulted when soy flkes were processed by moist extrusion. (Key Words: Soyben, Strter, Performnce, Milk.) Introduction Emphsis on incresing the number of pigs wened per sow per yer, hs led to decresed wening ge over the pst severl yers. Pigs re commonly wened t 21 d of ge, incresing the potentil for post-wening lg or depression in growth performnce. This lg period results when pigs re removed from highly digestible, liquid diet (sow's milk) nd plced on dry diet bsed upon plnt proteins sources (soyben mel). Reserch t Knss Stte University hs identified n intestinl llergic rection to ntigenic properties present in soy proteins. This rection cuses intestinl dmge leding to mlbsorption of nutrients from the smll intestine. Decresed growth rte nd poor feed efficiency result from nutrient mlbsorption. The smll intestine is lso vulnerble to secondry bcteril infections (E. coli), becuse of dmge to the intestinl tissues. This problem is compounded by the incresing demnd of milk products for humn consumption, which increses product costs. Thus, reserch is being conducted to find lterntive products tht support high growth rtes for the erly wened pig. 1 Deprtment of Grin Science. 43

45 One such re of emphsis is further processing of soy products by moist extrusion. The gol of utilizing moist extrusion is to reduce ntigenic concentrtions in soy products, thus reducing the severity of the llergic rection in the smll intestine nd promoting improved growth performnce of erly-wened pigs. Procedures A totl of 170 crossbred pigs, wened t 21 d of ge, verging lb, ws utilized in 35 d growth tril. Pigs were llotted to seven dietry tretments bsed upon weight, sex, nd ncestry. There were five pigs per pen with five replicte pens per dietry tretment. Pigs were housed in n environmentlly controlled nursery in 4 X 5 ft pens with woven wire flooring. Feed nd wter were offered to the pigs on n d libitum bsis. Experimentl diets were formulted to contin 1.4% lysine, 24.4% lctose,.9% clcium, nd.8% phosphorus (Tble 1) nd fed from d 0 to 14 postwening. Dietry tretments were rrnged in 2 X 3 fctoril including milk diet s control tretment. Three soy proteins were utilized; deftted soy flkes, soy protein concentrte, nd experimentl soy protein concentrte. The fctoril rrngement ws completed by further processing the three protein sources by moist extrusion. Thus, the seven Phse I dietry tretments were: 1) milk protein (MP); 2 nd 3) deftted soy flour with or without moist extrusion (SF nd ESF, respectively); 4 nd 5) soy protein concentrte with or without moist extrusion (SPC nd ESPC, respectively); nd 6 nd 7) experimentl soy protein concentrtion with or without moist extrusion (ExSPC nd EExSPC, respectively). A common diet ws fed for the Phse II period (d 14 to 35), contining 1.25% lysine nd 10% dried whey. Pig weights nd feed consumption were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Soy proteins were processed in Wenger X-20 single screw extruder. The extruder ws mintined t constnt temperture nd pressure conditions to produce qulity textured product. Extruder conditions were mintined t similr stndrds for ll three soy proteins. The extruded products were then ground through hmmermill equipped with 1/16 in screen for inclusion in the experimentl diets. Blood smples were collected on d 13 of the tril to determine ure nitrogen concentrtions. Fecl smples were collected on d 14 to clculte DM nd N digestibilities using chromic oxide (.10%) s n indigestible mrker. Results nd Discussion An improvement in ADG nd F/G (P<.06) for the phse I period ws detected when soy proteins were further processed by moist extrusion (Tble 2). The lrgest improvement in gin nd efficiency ws detected when deftted soy flour ws moist extruded. The moist extrusion ws the first het processing for the soy flour. Proper het tretment hs been proven to decrese ntinutritionl fctor concentrtions, improving growth performnce. Extrusion of soy protein concentrte nd experimentl soy protein concentrte did not improve strter pig performnce. These two products hd lredy been processed to reduce concentrtions of complex crbohydrtes nd ntinutritionl fctors tht possibly cused depressed performnce in pigs fed the SF diet. Thus, n extrusion processing by protein source interction resulted becuse extrusion improved the qulity of soy flkes more thn the qulity of the two highly processed soy protein concentrtes. Pigs fed the milk-bsed diet hd higher ADG (P<.05) when compred to the men of the soy protein tretments. Averge dily feed intke ws not ffected by moist extrusion, though numericl increses of 10 to 15% were detected. An interction (P<.06) occurred between moist extrusion nd soy protein source for ADG nd F/G. Feed efficiency ws improved drmticlly when deftted soy flour ws processed by moist extrusion (P<.05). The F/G (P<.01) of pigs fed milk protein ws better thn the men F/G of pigs fed soy proteins. During Phse II, ll pigs were fed common diet. Performnce during Phse II ws not ffected by Phse I tretment. Slight numericl improve- 44

46 ments were evident for ESF compred to SF. Extrusion of either SPC or ExSPC in Phse I did not show ny dvntge in growth performnce during Phse II. The overll ADG indicted n interction (P<.06) between moist extrusion nd soy protein source. This interction ws due to the 20% increse in dily gin for pigs fed deftted soy flour processed by moist extrusion. Averge dily feed intke ws not ffected by moist extrusion, lthough numericl increses were detected. An interction (P<.06) between moist extrusion nd soy protein source ws detected for F/G. The lrgest improvement in efficiency ws detected between SF nd ESF. The efficiency of pigs fed milk protein tended to be greter (P<.01) thn the men efficiency of the pigs fed soy protein. Nutrient digestibility ws improved by moist extrusion of soy products. An interction (P<.06) ws detected between moist extrusion nd protein source for both DM nd N digestibility. Nitrogen digestibility ws incresed in SF becuse het tretment reduced the ntinutritionl fctor. Further increses in N digestibility my be relted to structurl chnges within the protein mtrix of soy products. Nitrogen utiliztion ws lso improved (P<.06) by moist extrusion, s evidenced by decresed blood ure nitrogen in pigs fed extruded soy protein diets. These dt suggest tht moist extrusion cn be utilized to improve the nutritionl vlue of vrious soy products. Though lrge response to extrusion ws not detected in highly processed soy product (SPC nd ExSPC), lrge improvements were seen when the rw soy product (SF) ws moist extruded. 45

47 Tble 1. Diet Composition Ingredient, % Milk SF ESF SPC ESPC ExSPC EExSPC Phse II Common Diet Corn Soy protein Soyben mel, 48% Fishmel 4.00 Dried whey Dried skim milk Csein 7.41 Lctose Lysine-HCl 0.15 DL-Methionine, 98% 0.03 Soyben oil Monocl phos, 21% P Limestone Vitmin premix Trce Minerl premix Copper sulfte Selenium premix Slt Antibiotic b Chromic oxide Totl Clculted Anlysis, % Lysine Lctose C P SF=soy flkes, ESF=extruded soy flkes, SPC=soy protein concentrte, ESPC=extruded soy protein concentrte, ExSPC=experimentl soy protein concentrte, EExSPC=extruded experimentl soy protein concentrte. b CSP

48 Tble 2. Effect of Moist Extrusion on Strter Pig Performnce, Nutrient Digestibility, nd Ure Nitrogen Concentrtions Item Milk SF ESF SPC ESPC ExSPC EExSPC CV d 0 to 14 ADG, lb bc ADFI, lb F/G cd d 14 to 35 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G d 0 to 35 ADG, lb c ADFI, lb F/G cd Dry Mtter, % bc Nitrogen, % bc Serum ure N, mg/dl bc SF=soy flkes, ESF=extruded soy flkes, SPC=soy protein concentrte, ESPC=extruded soy protein concentrte, ExSPC=experimentl soy protein concentrte, EExSPC=extruded experimentl soy protein concentrte. b Milk vs soy protein (P<.01). c Moist extrusion X protein source interction (P<.06). d Milk vs soy protein (P<.10). 47

49 EXTRUSION PROCESSING OF LOW-INHIBITOR SOYBEANS IMPROVES GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NURSERY PIGS FED PROTEIN-ADEQUATE DIETS 1 2 J. D. Hncock, A. J. Lewis, P. G. Reddy, D. B. Jones, nd M. A. Giesemnn 1 Summry One hundred fifty wenling pigs (15.4 lb vg initil wt) were used in 35-d growth ssy to determine the effects of processing method (rosting in Rost-A-Tron roster vs extrusion in n Inst-Pro extruder) on nutritionl vlue of soybens with (+K) nd without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Tretments were: 1) soyben mel with dded soyben oil; 2) +K rosted; 3) +K extruded; 4) -K rosted; nd 5) -K extruded. All diets were corn-bsed nd formulted to 1.25% lysine for d 0 to 14 nd 1.10% lysine for d 14 to 35 of the experiment. For d 0 to 14, 14 to 35, nd 0 to 35, pigs fed extruded soybens hd improved ADG nd F/G compred to pigs fed rosted soybens. Digestibilities of DM, N, nd gross energy were greter for diets with extruded soybens thn diets with rosted soybens, nd diets with soyben mel nd soyben oil were intermedite. The response to extrusion processing ws greter with -K thn +K soybens, with pigs fed extruded -K soyben hving the gretest growth performnce nd nutrient digestibilities nd lowest skinfold thickness of ny tretment. Extrusion processing of +K nd -K soybens improved growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility in wenling pigs fed protein-dequte diets. (Key Words: Soybens, Process, Strter, Performnce, Trypsin Inhibitor, Immunology.) Introduction In lst yer's KSU Swine Dy Report (pge 52), we reported tht compred to nursery pigs fed conventionl soybens, pigs fed low-inhibitor soybens hd 6% improvement in F/G nd 5 nd 3% improvements in digestibility of DM nd N, respectively. Also, compred to rosting, extrusion processing improved ADG by 21%, F/G by 7%, DM digestibility by 6%, nd N digestibility by 5%. These improvements resulted with diets tht were formulted to provide only 80% of the NRC requirement for lysine to ensure tht differences in protein qulity would be ccentuted. If the greter nutritionl vlue of extruded low-inhibitor soybens reported lst yer ws due only to differences in protein qulity, there should be no differences in performnce for pigs given those soyben preprtions in protein-dequte diets. However, if performnce is still different in protein-dequte diets, some other fctor(s) is lso contributing to improved nutritionl vlue. An experiment ws designed to determine the effects of rosting nd extrusion on nutritionl vlue of conventionl nd low-inhibitor soybens in protein-dequte diets for nursery-ge pigs. Procedures Willims 82 soybens with (+K) nd without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were either rosted or extrud- 1University of Nebrsk, Deprtment of Animl Science. 2 Tuskegee University, College of Veterinry Medicine, Deprtment of Microbiology. 48

50 ed nd incorported into corn-bsed diets with 20% dried whey (Tble 1). Tretments were: 1) soyben mel with dded soyben oil; 2) +K rosted; 3) +K extruded; 4) -K rosted; nd 5) -K extruded. The rosting nd extrusion tempertures were those deemed usul for soyben processing, i.e., throughput of pproximtely 1,000 lb/h nd n verge exit temperture of 245 F in Rost- A-Tron roster versus throughput of pproximtely 1,500 lb/h nd n verge brrel temperture of 290 F in n Inst-Pro dry-extruder. All diets were formulted to provide 1.25% lysine nd 1.60 Mcl DE/lb of diet for d 0 to 14 of the experiment nd 1.10% lysine nd 1.61 Mcl DE/lb of diet for d 14 to 35 of the experiment. The diets were formulted to be in excess of NRC (1988) requirements for lysine nd protein to ensure tht differences in growth performnce would not be due to difference in digestibility or vilbility of limiting mino cid. One hundred fifty wenling pigs (15.4 lb vg initil wt) were fed the tretment diets in 35-d growth ssy. The pigs were housed (five pigs per pen nd six pens per tretment) in n environmentlly controlled nursery equipped with wovenwire floor. Ech pen hd self-feeder nd nipple wterer, so feed nd wter could be consumed d libitum. On d 6 of the experiment, the pigs were given intrderml injections of protein extrcts from the soyben products. Results were expressed s the increse in skinfold thickness on d 7 compred to tht from n injection of sline. On d 14 of the experiment, fecl smples were collected by rectl mssge, pooled within pen, dried, nd nlyzed for DM, N, gross energy, nd Cr concentrtions. Apprent digestibilities of DM, N, nd energy were clculted using the indirect rtio method. Response criteri were ADG; ADFI; F/G; digestibilities of DM, N, nd energy; nd skinfold thickness. Results nd Discussion Chemicl composition of the soyben preprtions is given in Tble 2. Dry mtter concentrtions were similr mong ll soyben preprtions, nd protein concentrtions were similr to expected vlues for soyben mel nd full-ft soyben products. Trypsin inhibitor ctivities were cceptbly low, rnging from 1.0 to 2.8 mg/g. However, ntigenic potentil (i.e., glycinin nd conglycinin ctivity) of extruded soybens ws less thn hlf tht of rosted soybens nd soyben mel. Pigs fed rosted nd extruded soybens hd greter ADG from d 14 to 35 nd greter ADFI for d 14 to 35 nd overll (d 0 to 35) compred to pigs fed SBM nd soyben oil (Tble 3). The diet with SBM nd soyben oil hd greter digestibilities of DM, N, nd gross energy thn diets with rosted nd extruded soybens, but these differences were due to the low digestibilities for diets with rosted soybens. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed the extruded soybens gined 21% fster (.58 vs.48 lb) nd were 25% more efficient (1.53 vs 2.05 F/G) thn pigs fed rosted soybens. Similr responses were observed for d 14 to 35, so tht overll, pigs fed extruded soybens hd 13% greter ADG (.93 vs.82 lb) nd were 18% more efficient (1.63 vs 1.99 F/G). Digestibilities of DM, N, nd gross energy were incresed by 8, 13, nd 12% when soybens were extruded versus rosted. An objective of this experiment ws to determine if fctors other thn protein qulity might hve contributed to the greter nutritionl vlue of extruded soybens noted in lst yer's KSU Swine Dy Report. In the present experiment, extrusion processing improved growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility in pigs fed +K nd -K soybens. Additionlly, ntigenic potentil 49

51 (ELISA determintion, log ) ws reduced from 11 2 for rosted soybens to 3.5 for extruded soybens. Skinfold thickness ws ffected in similr mnner, with men of 1.07 mm for rosted soybens nd.73 mm for extruded soybens. These differences in growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility in protein-dequte diets nd the differences in skinfold thickness infer tht residul nti-nutritionl fctors (e.g., ntigenicity) re contributing to reduced nutritionl vlue of rosted soybens nd soyben mel. Improved nutritionl vlue of -K versus +K soybens ws pprent primrily when they were extruded nd not when rosted. Indeed, pigs fed extruded -K soybens hd numericlly the gretest growth performnce nd nutrient digestibilities of ny tretment. These responses were not nticipted for pigs fed protein-dequte diets nd did not result from differences in pltbility, becuse pigs fed +K rosted soybens hd the gretest ADFI throughout the experiment. Skinfold thickness ws less for pigs fed rosted nd extruded -K soybens compred to rosted nd extruded +K soybens. Trypsin inhibitors hve been reported to induce llergic responses in humns but hve not been implicted s mjor ntigenic fctors in livestock. Whether the reduced skinfold thickness for pigs fed -K soybens resulted from bsence of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor or some interction between the glycinin nd bens with het processing is not pprent. In conclusion, dry-extrusion improved the nutritionl vlue of +K nd -K soybens. Furthermore, when pigs were fed protein-dequte diets, extruded -K soybens were of the gretest nutritionl vlue, rosted soybens were of the lowest nutritionl vlue, nd SBM ws intermedite. 50

52 Tble 1. Diet Composition for Phse I (d 0 to 14) Ingredient, % Soyben mel +K rosted -K rosted Soyben mel Soyben oil 2.92 Whole soybens b Cornstrch Corn Dried whey Vitmins nd minerls Copper sulfte Antibiotic c Chromic oxide Totl Soyben tretments, cornstrch, monoclcium phosphte, nd limestone were djusted so tht ll diets supplied 1.25% lysine, 1.60 Mcl DE/lb,.9% C, nd.8% P for Phse I nd 1.10% lysine, 1.61 Mcl DE/lb,.9% C, nd.8% P for Phse II. b Extruded soybens nd cornstrch were dded to replce rosted soybens on protein bsis (nlyzed vlues). c Supplied per ton of diet: 100 g chlortetrcycline, 100 g sulfthizole, nd 50 g penicillin. 51

53 Tble 2. Effect of Rosting nd Extrusion on Chemicl Composition of Conventionl (+K) nd Low-Inhibitor (-K) Soybens Item Soyben mel +K rosted +K extruded -K rosted -K extruded Dry mtter, % Protein, % Trypsin inhibitor, mg/g Glycinin ctivity, log Tble 3. Performnce of Nursery Pigs Fed Conventionl (+K) nd Low-Inhibitor (-K) Soybens either Rosted or Extruded Item Soyben mel +K rosted +K extruded -K rosted -K extruded CV d 0 to 14 ADG, lb e ADFI, lb j F/G h d 14 to 35 ADG, lb cf ADFI, lb cej F/G h d 0 to 35 ADG, lb fi ADFI, lb bej F/G h Apprent digestibility (d 14) DM, % bh N, % bh Gross energy, % bh Skinfold thickness, mm de A totl of 150 wenling pigs (five pigs/pen nd six pens/tretment) were fed in 35-d growth ssy (vg initil wt of 15.4 lb). bc SBM vs extruded nd rosted (P<.05, P<.01, respectively). d -K vs +K (P<.10). efgh Extruded vs rosted (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). ij -K vs +K extruded vs rosted (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). 52

54 EVALUATION OF PORCINE BLOOD MEAL AND PLASMA, BOVINE PLASMA, AND MEAT EXTRACT AS REPLACEMENT PROTEIN SOURCES FOR DRIED SKIM MILK IN STARTER SWINE DIETS 1 J. A. Hnsen, J. L. Nelssen, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry One-hundred fifty pigs verging 21 ± 2 d of ge were utilized in 35d growth ssy to determine the efficcy of replcing the dried skim milk portion of high nutrient-dense diet with four commercilly vilble niml blood or met coproducts. Pigs were blocked by weight nd llotted by ncestry nd sex to provide six pens (five pigs/pen) per dietry tretment. Diets were rndomly ssigned within blocks to provide six replicte pens per tretment. The bsl diet ws formulted using corn-soyben mel mixture with 20% dried skim milk nd 20% dried whey to contin 1.40% lysine, 1.0% clcium, nd.90% phosphorus. Spry-dried porcine plsm protein, porcine blood mel, bovine plsm protein, nd extrcted met protein were substituted on lysine bsis for dried skim milk; lctose ws dded to mintin 24.4% lctose. During wk 1, pigs consuming the dietwith porcine plsm hd 25% nd 28% higher dily gin nd ADFI, respectively, thn those fed the skim milk bsed diet. There were no differences in growth observed between pigs fed diets contining dried skim milk, porcine blood mel, or bovine plsm. Mximum performnce ws chieved during the Phse I period by feeding porcine plsm protein. Pigs fed the met extrct diet demonstrted significntly poorer performnce thn pigs fed the other diets, indicting tht it is not n effective replcement for skim milk bsed on our substitution rtes. When pigs were fed common diet during Phse II, there ws propensity for pigs consuming porcine blood during Phse I to hve higher ADFI nd ADG, indicting possible diet interction between the two phses. During the overll tril (0 to 35 d) differences were detected only between the porcine blood mel nd met extrct diets. In conclusion, porcine plsm ppered to offer the potentil for gretest performnce during Phse I, lthough there my hve been protein source interction between Phse I nd Phse II diets, indicting tht more reserch is needed to llevite stll-out during Phse II. (Key Words: Strter, Performnce, DSM, Milk, By-product, BM.) Introduction Previous reserch t this sttion hs indicted tht improvements of up to40% cn be observed in ADG nd ADFI by replcing the dried skim milk portion of high nutrient-dense diet with porcine plsm protein. Furthermore, these differences were mintined throughout the Phse II period in which pigs were fed common cornsoyben mel diet contining 20% dried whey. At present, no dt re vilble concerning the feeding vlue of high qulity spry-dried porcine blood mel on spry-dried bovine plsm, nd dt re limited for soluble met protein. Becuse these products re commercilly vilble, the objective of this study ws to exmine their feeding vlue bsed s replcements for the dried skim milk portion of the high nutrient-dense, Phse I strter diet. 1 Apprecition is expressed to Americn Protein Corportion, Ames, IA, for prtil support nd for supplying the niml protein sources used in the reserch. Apprecition is lso expressed to the Knss Vlue Added Center for prtil support of this project. 53

55 Procedures One-hundred twenty pigs verging 21 ± 2 d of ge were utilized in 35 d growth ssy. Pigs (11.7 lb initilly) were blocked by weight nd llotted by ncestry nd sex to provide five pens within ech block (five pigs/pen). The five dietry tretments were rndomly ssigned within blocks, providing six replicte pens per tretment. The diets (Tble 1) were formulted to contin 1.40% lysine, 1.0% C, nd.90% P. The bsl diet ws formulted using corn-soyben mel mixture with 20% dried skim milk nd 20% dried whey. The porcine plsm, porcine blood mel, bovine plsm, nd met extrctre commercilly vilble (Americn Protein Corportion, Ames, IA) products nd were substituted on lysine bsis for dried skim milk. All diets were formulted to contin t lest.91% N,.76% isoleucine, nd.39% methionine (content of bsl diet) or.68% methionine plus cystine. During Phse II (14 to 35 d), common corn-soyben mel diet contining 10% dried whey nd 4% menhden fish mel ws fed. It ws formulted to contin 1.25% lysine,.90% clcium, nd.80% phosphorus. Digestibility of dry mtter (DM) nd nitrogen (N) were clculted from fecl smples obtined on d 14 using CrO 2 3 s n indigestible mrker. Pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly for clcultion of verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed/gin (F/G). Dt for the Phse I nd overll tril were nlyzed s rndomized block design. Phse II dt were subjected to covrite nlysis of vrince with Phse I ADG s the covrite nd diet x Phse I ADG s n interction term. Mens were seprted using the Bonferroni pired t-test. Results nd Discussion Phse I. During wk 1, pigs fed porcine plsm hd 25% nd 28% higher (P<.05) ADG nd ADFI, respectively, thn pigs fed porcine blood (Tble 2). This difference in growth rte cn be ttributed to improved feed intke for pigs fed porcine plsm, becuse no differences were observed for feed utiliztion. No differences in ADG or ADFI were detected between pigs fed the porcine plsm, bovine plsm, or skim milkbsed diets, indicting tht ll three protein sources re of similr nutritionl vlue in Phse I strter diets. Pigs fed the met extrct diet hd the poorest F/G rtio (P<.05), 35% poorer thn those fed skim milk, nd the slowest growth rtes (P<.05). During Phse I (0 to 14 d), pigs fed porcine plsm hd 15% higher (P <.05) ADG thn pigs on the skim milk or bovine plsm diets nd44% higher ADG (P <.05) thn pigs fed met extrct. Similrly, the highest ADFI ws observed for pigs fed porcine plsm; it ws 18% higher thn tht of pigs fed bovine plsm, the second highest. Pigs fed porcine blood hd similr ADFI to those fed the skim milk nd bovine plsm diets, but growth rtes were similr to those of pigs fed porcine plsm. The N in the porcine plsm diet my be less vilble (4% lower digestibility) to the pig thn tht in the porcine blood diet. Combined with the numericlly better F/G, this indictes tht the mino cids could hve been utilized more efficiently, thus, explining the similrity in ADG between the two diets. The met extrct diet hd the highest vilbility of N; however, this difference my hve been due to the higher totl N in the diet. Although neither urinry N nor blood ure nitrogen were mesured, the biologicl vlue of the met extrct protein probbly islow compred to skim milk or the blood protein products. 54

56 Phse II. Pigs were fed common diet during Phse II to exmine the effects of Phse I diet on subsequent performnce. Covrite nlysis of Phse II performnce indicted tht no interctions were observed for the entire Phse II period, lthough pigs fed porcine plsm tended to hve poorer performnce during wks 3 nd 4. This my indicte diet interction between Phse I nd II, becuse pigs fed porcine blood mel during Phse I hd the highest growth rtes nd gretest ADFI (P<.05) during Phse II. Overll Performnce. Viewing the overll performnce of pigs during the tril shows tht performnce during Phse II hd the gretest impct on sttisticl comprisons becuse of the mount of gin nd feed consumption chieved by the pigs. Pigs fed the porcine blood diet in Phse I consumed from 8 to 14% more feed thn pigs fed the other diets. Also, pigs fed the met extrct diet hd 13% lower (P<.05) ADFI overll thn pigs fed the porcine blood Tble 1. Composition of Diets diet. These observtions suggest tht pigs fed porcine plsm during Phse I went through stll-out phse during weeks3 nd 4, resulting in the interction between Phse I nd Phse II diets. Conclusions Our dt indicte tht mximl performnce cn be obtined during wk 1 nd Phse I by feeding porcine plsm. Spry-dried porcine blood mel nd bovine plsm cn effectively replce skim milk in Phse I strter diets; however, extrcted met protein does not pper to be n effective replcement bsed on the present substitution rte nd mino cid dditions. Compring Phse I nd Phse II performnce indictes n pprent interction between protein sources in ech phse. The results of this tril clerly indicte tht more reserch is needed on Phse II to llevite the diet interctions limiting performnce during tht period. Phse I Skim Porcine Porcine Met Bovine Common Ingredient Milk Plsm Blood Extrct Plsm Phse II Corn Soyben mel, 48% Dried whey Test protein Select menhden fish mel, 62% Lctose Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte, 21% P Monosodium phosphte Limestone Slt L-lysine HCl, 98% DL-methionine, 99% L-isoleucine CSP Copper sulfte Chromium oxide b Selenium premix KSU vitmin premix KSU trce minerls Totl

57 Tble 1. Composition of Diets (Cont.) Phse I Skim Porcine Porcine Met Bovine Common Ingredient Milk Plsm Blood Extrct Plsm Phse II Clculted nlysis, % c Crude protein Lysine Methionine Methionine plus cystine Tryptophne Isoleucine Threonine Clcium Phosphorus Sodium Lctose Provided 5 g chlortetrcycline, 5 g sulfthizole, nd 2.5 g penicillin per lb complete diet. b Provided.3 ppm Se in complete diet. c Anlyzed content. Tble 2. Effect of Protein Source on Pig Performnce Skim Porcine Porcine Met Bovine Item Milk Plsm Blood Extrct Plsm SEM b Week 1 (0 to 7 d) ADG, lb cd.71 c.79 d.63 e.49 cd ADFI, lb cd.68 c.83 d.65 d.64 cd Feed/gin c.96 c 1.05 c 1.02 d 1.30 c Phse I (0 to 14 d) ADG, lb c.72 d.83 cd.75 e.58 c ADFI, lb c.86 d 1.10 c.89 c.90 c Feed/gin c 1.19 cd 1.32 c 1.19 d 1.56 cd Digestibility (d 14), % DM N cd c cd d cd Phse II (14 to 35 d) ADG, lb ADFI, lb c 1.88 c 1.86 d 2.21 c 1.96 c Feed/gin Overll (0 to 35 d) ADG, lb cd.94 cd.97 c 1.03 d.91 cd ADFI, lb c 1.47 cd 1.55 d 1.68 cd 1.53 cd Feed/gin Vlues re mens of six replicte pens contining five pigs ech (initilly lb; 35 d tril). b Pooled stndrd error of the pen mens. cde Mens in the sme row with different superscripts re different (P <.05). 56

58 COMPARISON OF PROTEIN SOURCES FOR PHASE II STARTER DIETS 1 2 M. D. Tokch, R. D. Goodbnd, J. L. Nelssen, nd J. A. Hnsen Summry A totl of 432 wenling pigs (initilly 15.3 lb nd 21 d of ge) ws used in growth tril to compre vrious protein sources in the Phse II strter diet. During Phse I (0 to 7 d postwening), ll pigs were fed common high nutrient density diet contining 1.5% lysine, 10% porcine plsm, 10% lctose, nd 20% dried whey. During Phse II (7 to 28 d postwening), pigs were fed one of six experimentl diets. All Phse II diets contined 10% dried whey nd were formulted to 1.18% lysine. The positive control diet contined 4% menhden fish mel (FISH). Synthetic mino cids were used to replce fish mel to form n idel protein, negtive control diet (AA). Spry-dried porcine plsm (SDPP), spry-dried blood mel (SDBM), soy protein concentrte (SPC), nd extruded soy protein concentrte (ESPC) replced fish mel on lysine bsis to form the other four diets. During the grower phse (28 to 56 d postwening), ll pigs were fed common 1.1% lysine, milo-soyben mel diet. Averge dily gin (lb), ADFI (lb), nd F/G during Phse I were.39,.53, nd 1.41, respectively. During Phse II, SPC nd ESPC effectively replced fish mel s protein source; however, pigs fed diets contining the spry-dried blood products (SDPP or SDBM) gined fster thn pigs fed the other four diets. Pigs fed the diet contining synthetic mino cids hd poorer feed conversion thn pigs fed diets contining the intct protein sources. Pigs fed the diet contining SDBM during Phse II gined fster during the subsequent grower phse thn pigs fed the other diets. Bsed on these results nd erlier reserch, optiml stging of strter diets includes using SDPP in Phse I nd SDPP or SDBM in Phse II. (Key Works: Strter, Performnce, By-products, Protein, Sources.) Introduction Previous reserch t Knss Stte University hs concentrted on the utiliztion of SDPP, SDBM, nd further processed soyben products (SPC nd ESPC) in high nutrientdensity diets for the erly-wened pig. This reserch indicted tht SDPP ws superior to the other protein sources for the Phse I diet. Throughout this reserch, the Phse II diet hs received little ttention. A typicl Phse II diet recommended by Knss Stte University contins 10% dried whey nd 3 to 5% menhden fish mel. This tril ws conducted to compre lterntive protein sources in Phse II strter diet. 1Apprecition is expressed to Americn Protein Corportion, Ames, IA, for prtil finncil support nd to Feed Specilties, Inc., Des Moines, IA for donting feed ingredients for the tril. The uthors wish to thnk Louis Russell, Feed Specilties, Inc. for technicl ssistnce nd Dle Keesecker nd Keesecker Agribusiness, Wshington, KS, for use of fcilities nd nimls. 2 Extension Specilist, Livestock Production nd Mngement, Northest; Northest Are Extension Office, 1515 College Ave., Mnhttn, KS

59 Procedures A growth tril utilizing 432 wened pigs (initilly 15.3 lb nd 21 d of ge) ws conducted to compre protein sources in Phse II diet. At wening, pigs were blocked by weight nd llotted by litter nd sex to the six experimentl tretments. During Phses I (0 to 7 d postwening) nd II (7 to 28 d postwening), pigs were housed 12 per pen (6 pens per tretment) in n environmentlly controlled nursery with woven wire flooring nd llowed d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. Feed consumption nd individul pig weights were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. On d 28 postwening, pigs were moved to n environmentlly controlled grower room with sltted concrete floors. Pigs were weighed t the completion of the grower phse (d 56) to determine ADG during the grower phse (28 to 56 d postwening). During Phse I (0 to 7 d postwening), ll pigs were fed common high nutrient density strter diet contining 10% SDPP, 10% lctose, nd 20% dried whey (Tble 1). The Phse I diet ws formulted to contin 1.5% lysine,.9% clcium, nd.8% phosphorus. Pigs were switched to Phse II diets on d 7 postwening. All Phse II diets (Tble 1) contined 10% dried whey nd were formulted to 1.18% lysine,.9% clcium, nd.8% phosphorus. The positive control diet contined 5% menhden fish mel (FISH). Synthetic mino cids (L-lysine HCL nd DLmethionine) replced fish mel to form n idel protein, negtive control diet (AA). Spry-dried porcine plsm (SDPP), spry-dried blood mel (SDBM), soy protein concentrte (SPC), nd extruded soy protein concentrte (ESPC) replced fish mel on lysine bsis to form the other four diets. A constnt level of soyben mel ws mintined in ll Phse II diets. Dietswere fed s 1/8 in. pellets. During the grower phse, ll pigs were fed common, milo-soyben mel diet tht ws formulted to 1.1% lysine nd provided in mel form. Results nd Discussion Strter Phses I nd II. During Phse I, pigs gined.39 lb/d consumed.53 lb of feed per d nd hd feed conversion (F/G) of During the first wk fter pigs were switched to Phse II diets (7 to 14 d postwening), pigs fed the diets contining blood products (plsm or blood mel) gined fster nd consumed more feed thn pigs fed the other four diets (P <.01; Tble 2). The dvntge in gin ws mintined throughout Phse II (7 to 28 d postwening), resulting in more totl gin (P <.06) for pigs fed the diets contining blood products thnpigs fed the other diets. The improved responseto diets contining spry-dried blood products ppers to be due to their bility to increse feed intke. The reson tht spry-dried blood products increse feed intke in erly-wened pigs is unknown. Extrusion processing of SPC improved dily gin nd feed conversion only during the first wk of Phse II (P <.08). Cumultively, pigs fed diets contining SPC nd ESPC hd similr dily gin nd feed efficiency. Their performnce lso ws similr to tht of pigs fed the diet contining fish mel. Replcing fish mel with synthetic mino cids on n idel protein bsis resulted in similr cumultive dily gin; however, pigs fed the diet contining fish mel hd improved feed efficiency s compred to pigs fed the AA diet. Grower Phse. Pigs fed the diet contining SDBM during Phse II gined fster (P <.03) during the subsequent grower phse thn pigs ed f the diets contining the other protein sources. As result, pigs fed the diet contining SDBM during Phse II were hevier (P <.03) t the end of the grower phse thn pigs fed the other diets. Conclusion. These results indicte tht SDPP, SDBM, SPC, or ESPC cn effectively replce fish mel on n equl lysine bsis in Phse II diets. Mximl performnce in Phse II ws obtined when the diet contined SDPP or SDBM. Stging of protein sources such tht SDPP ws present in the Phse I diet nd the Phse II diet contined SDBM resulted in 58

60 improved subsequent performnce in the grower phse. Bsed on these results nd erlier reserch, optiml stging of strter diets includes using SDPP in Phse I nd SDPP or SDBM in Phse II. Tble 1. Composition of Diets b Phse Phse II Tretment Item, % I AA Fish SDPP SDBM SPC ESPC Corn Soyben mel (47% CP) Soyben mel (44% CP) Menhden fishmel 5.00 Plsm protein Blood mel 2.49 Soy protein concentrte (SPC) 5.74 Extruded SPC 5.74 Dried whey Lctose Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte (18% P) 2.47 Diclcium phosphte (21% P) Limestone FOA Mecdox Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Copper Sulfte Selenium premix L-lysine.29 DL-Methionine Totl Clculted Anlysis, % Crude protein Lysine Methionine All pigs were fed the Phse I diet from d 0 to 7 postwening then switched to their perimentl ex Phse II diets from d 7 to 28 postwening. b AA = mino cids, Fish = fish mel; SDPP = spry-dried porcine plsm, SDBM = spry- dried blood mel, SPC = soy protein concentrte, ESPC = extruded soy protein concentrte. 59

61 Tble 2. Influence of Phse II Protein Source on Pig Performnce b Phse II Tretment Item AA Fish SDPP SDBM SPC ESPC CV d 7-14 cde ADG, lb cf ADFI, lb F/G d 7-28 g ADG, lb h ADFI, lb e F/G Phse II g Totl Gin, lb Grower phse i ADG, lb i Totl gin, lb Pig wt, lb g d gi d All pigs were fed common diet from d 0 to 7 postwening. Vlues re mens of six pens contining 12 pigs per pen. b See Tble 1. c Blood products vs others, (P<.01). d SPC vs ESPC, (P<.08). e Amino Acids (AA) vs others, (P<.02). f Fish mel vs others, (P<. 07). g Blood products vs others, (P<.06). h Blood products vs others, (P<.14). i SDBM vs others, (P<.03). 60

62 EFFECTS OF SOY LECITHIN AND DISTILLED MONOGLYCERIDE IN COMBINATION WITH TALLOW ON NUTRIEN DIGESTIBILITY, SERUM LIPIDS, AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN WEANLING PIGS D. B. Jones, J. D. Hncock, nd C. E. Wlker 1 Summry Four hundred twenty pigs (21 d of ge nd 12.3 lb vg initil wt) were used to determine if dding soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to diets contining tllow ffects nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, nd growth performnce. Tretments were: 1) high nutrient density diet (HNDD) with 10% soyben oil; 2) HNDD with 10% tllow; 3, 4, nd 5) diet 2 with 9% tllow nd 1% soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride, respectively. Adding soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to tllow incresed digestibility of totl ft, long-chin sturted ftty cids, nd medium-chin ftty cids, but reduced serum concentrtions of triglycerides nd totl, HDL (high density lipoprotein), nd LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed soyben oil hd greter ADG nd ADFI thn pigs fed the other tretments, nd pigs fed tllow without emulsifiers hd the lowest ADFI. From d 0 to 7 nd 0 to 14, pigs fed diets with lecithin hd improved F/G compred to pigs fed monoglyceride. For d 0 to 35, ft source or emulsifier tretment did not ffect growth performnce. The ddition of emulsifiers incresed digestibility of tllow but hd only smll effects on growth performnce erly in the nursery phse. (Key words: Strter, Digestibility, Growth, Soyben oil, Tllow, Lecithin, Monoglyceride.) Introduction Erly-wened pigs hve unique needs for nutrient sources nd concentrtions in their diet. Milk products nd ft sources hve become common dditives to increse the nutrient density of diets nd reduce post-wening lg in performnce. Although ddition of ft to strter diets generlly increses performnce for the overll nursery phse, it hs not eliminted the growth lg typiclly observed for the first 1 to 2 wk post-wening. Ft digestibility increses with time post-wening, nd niml fts re less digestible thn those of vegetble origin. Those responses hve been ttributed to the high degree of sturtion nd long chin length of niml fts, fctors tht decrese micelle formtion. In young pigs, cpcity of the smll intestine to bsorb micellr lipid exceeds norml influx into the gut. Therefore, entry of ftty cids into the micellr phse hs been implicted s limiting ftty cid digestibility rther thn bsorption of ftty cids from the micelles into the intestinl mucos. Emulsifying gents promote incorportion of ftty cids into micelles nd should increse digestibility of ft. The objective of the present study ws to determine the effects of feeding exogenous emulsifiers in combintion with tllow on digestibility of nutrients, serum lipids, nd growth performnce in wenling pigs. Procedures A totl of 420 pigs (21 d of ge nd 12.3 lb vg initil wt) ws llotted on the bsis of sex, weight, nd ncestry to five tretments in rndomized complete block design. Tretments 1Deprtment of Grin Science. 61

63 were: 1) HNDD with 10% dded soyben oil; 2) HNDD with 10% dded tllow; 3, 4, nd 5) diet 2 2 with 9% tllow nd 1% soyben oil, lecithin, nd 3 monoglyceride, respectively. Orthogonl c- onstrsts were used to seprte tretment mens. Tretment comprisons were: 1) soyben oil vs ll other tretments; 2) tllow vs tllow plus soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride; 3) tllow plus soyben oil vs tllow plus lecithin nd monoglyceride; 4) tllow plus lecithin vs tllow plus monoglyceride. Pigs were housed (seven per pen) in n environmentlly controlled nursery with 4 ft 5 ft pens nd woven wire flooring. Pigs were llowed to consume feed nd wter d libitum during the 35- d growth ssy, nd ll diets were pelleted. The Phse 1 nd Phse 2 bsl diets re given in Tble 1. When soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride were dded to tllow, they were rigorously blended prior to ddition to diets. Pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. On d 13 nd 14 of the experiment, fecl smples were collected by rectl mssge. The smples were pooled within pen; lyophilized; nd nlyzed for N, DM, GE, Cr, nd ftty cids. Also on d 14, blood smples were collected from ll pigs, nd serum ws hrvested nd pooled within pen. The pooled ser were nlyzed for triglycerides; non-esterified ftty cids (NEFA); nd totl, HDL, nd LDL cholesterol. Tble 1. Composition of Bsl Diets Ingredient, % Phse 1 Phse 2 Corn SBM (48% CP) Dried skim milk Dried whey Ft b Monoclcium phosphte Limestone Lysine-HCl Slt.10 Vit/Min/ Antibiotic c Chromic oxide.25 Diets were formulted to supply 1.5% lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P in Phse 1 nd 1.25% lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P in Phse 2. b Ft sources were soyben oil, tllow, nd 9% tllow with 1% soyben oil, lecithin, or monoglyceride. c Provided the following per ton of complete diet: 100 g chlortetrcycline, 100 g sulfthizole, nd 50 g penicillin. 62

64 Results nd Discussion Chemicl nlyses of the ft sources nd emulsifiers re given in Tble 2. The ftty cids in soyben oil were primrily long-chin (> C 14) nd unsturted, with 86% s 18:1, 18:2, nd 18:3. Tllow lso ws essentilly long-chin ftty cids (78%) of which hlf were sturted. The ftty cid profile of lecithin ws similr to tht of soyben oil, s might be expected, becuse it ws soyben product. The monoglyceride lso ws soyben product, but the ftty cid composition ws c- hnged to 65% steric cid (C 18:0) by sturtion process nd ws predomintely ceride. The monoglyceride ws dry powder. Pigs fed soyben oil hd the gretest digestibilities of totl ftty cids, long-chin unsturted ftty cids, nd long-chin sturted ftty cids (Tble 3). Addition of soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to tllow incresed d- igestibilities of totl ftty cids nd long-chin sturted ftty cids. Unsturted:sturted ftty cid rtios (U/S) were: 5.6:1, 1.3:1, 1.4:1, 1.3:1 nd 1.1:1 for diets with soyben oil; tllow; nd tllow plus soyben oil, lecithin, nd m- onoglyceride, respectively. The differences observed in ftty cid digestibility between soyben oil nd tllow tretments could be relted to the greter U/S for soyben oil nd the greter ft digestibility tht is ssocited with incresed U/S. However, differences in ftty cid digestibility between diets with tllow nd diets with tllow plus soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride cnnot be explined by different U/S, dding support to the rgument tht these dditions incresed emulsifiction nd, thus, digestibility of tllow. D- igestibilities of N, DM, nd GE were not ffected by tretment. 2 Lecithin ws Centrol 3F UB, Centrl Soy Compny, Fort Wyne, IN. 3 Monoglyceride ws Myverol 18-06, Estmn Chemicl Products, Inc., Estmn-Kodk Co., Kingsport, TN. Pigs fed soyben oil hd the lowest serum triglycerides; NEFA; nd totl, HDL, nd LDL cholesterol. Adding soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to tllow reduced serum triglycerides; NEFA; nd totl, HDL, nd LDL cholesterol. Lecithin nd monoglyceride dditions to tllow tended to decrese serum triglycerides more thn soyben oil. Serum HDL:LDL rtio ws not ffected by tretment. From d 0 to 7, ADG ws not ffected by tretment, lthough pigs fed soyben oil hd numericlly the gretest ADG, nd pigs fed tllow, the lowest (Tbel 4). Dily feed intke ws greter for pigs fed soyben oil thn those fed other tretments nd ws improved with the ddition of soyben oil, lecithin, or monoglyceride to tllow. Pigs fed diets with lecithin hd improved F/G compred to pigs fed diets with m- onoglyceride. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed soyben oil hd greter ADG thn pigs fed other tretments, pigs fed tllow tended to hve the lowest ADG, nd pigs fed tllow plus the emulsifiers tended to hve intermedite ADG. Addition of lecithin to tllow incresed ADG by 6%. Feed intke ws greter for pigs fed soyben oil compred to pigs fed other tretments, nd ddition of soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to tllow incresed ADFI. Addition of lecithin to tllow improved F/G compred to ddition of monoglyceride. From d 0 to 35, growth performnce ws not ffected by tretment. This response indictes tht s pigs get older, differences in sturtion of ft sources become incresingly less importnt. In conclusion, benefits from dding ft to diets for erly-wened pigs (21 d of ge nd less) re inconsistent, nd the ft source chosen seems to hve n effect. In the present experiment, soyben oil ws superior to tllow, but ddition of soyben oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride to tllow improved digestibility of ft. Furthermore, diet costs were reduced by using emulsified niml ft compred to soyben oil. 63

65 Tble 2.Chemicl Anlysis of Ft Sources nd Emulsifiers Item Soyben oil Tllow Lecithin Monoglyceride Moisture, % Peroxide vlue, meq/lb Acetone insolubles, % Unsponifible mtter, % Esterified ftty cids, % Ftty cids, % C 8: C 10: C 12: C 14: C 16: C 16: C 18: C 18: C 18: C 18: Number of crbon toms nd double bonds re designted to the left nd right of the colon, respectively. 64

66 Tble 3. Item Effect of Ft Source, Ft Blends, nd Emulsifiers on Apprent Digestibility of Nutrients nd Serum Lipids in Wenling Pigs Soyben oil Tllow Tllow + soyoil Tllow + lecithin Tllow + monoglyceride Apprent digestibility, % Totl ftty cids hi Long-chin unsturted ftty cids bf Long-chin sturted ftty cids cfj Medium-chin ftty cids dfi N l GE l DM l Serum lipids Triglycerides, mg/dl gk NEFA, meq/l ek Totl cholesterol, mg/dl gj HDL cholesterol, mg/dl ei LDL cholesterol, mg/dl fi HDL:LDL rtio l Seven pigs/pen nd six pens/tretment, with n vg initil wt of 12.3 lb/pig. b Ftty cids were C16:1, C18:1, C18:2 nd C18:3. c Ftty cids were C16:0 nd C18:0. d Ftty cids were C8, C10, C12 nd C14. efgh Soy oil vs other tretments (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). ijk Tllow vs tllow + soy oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, respectively). l No tretment effect (P>.32). CV Tble 4. Effect of Ft Source, Ft Blends, nd Emulsifiers on Growth Performnce of Wenling Pigs Item Soyben oil Tllow Tllow + soyoil Tllow + lecithin Tllow + monoglyceride d 0 to 7 ADG, lb i ADFI, lb ce F/G g d 0 to 14 ADG, lb b ADFI, lb dfg F/G h d 0 to 35 ADG, lb i ADFI, lb i F/G i Seven pigs/pen nd six pens/tretment, with n vg initil wt of 12.3 lb/pig. bcd Soyben oil vs other tretments (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, respectively). ef Tllow vs tllow + soy oil, lecithin, nd monoglyceride (P<.05, P<.01, respectively). gh Lecithin vs monoglyceride (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). i No tretment effect (P>.11). CV 65

67 OPTIMUM PARTICLE SIZE OF CORN AND HARD AND SOFT SORGHUM GRAIN FOR NURSERY PIGS AND BROILER CHICKS 1 B. J. Hely, J. D. Hncock, P. J. Brmel-Cox, 2 3 K. C. Behnke, nd G. A. Kennedy Summry A totl of 240 wenling pigs (vg initil wt of 11.7 lb) ws used to determine the effects of prticle size of corn nd two sorghum genotypes on growth performnce. In ddition to the pig feeding experiment, 420 broilerchicks (vg initil wt of.15 lb) were fed the sme grin tretments to determine if they were relible model for the effects of diet prticle size on nursery pig performnce. Milling chrcteristics of the cerel grins were mesured. Tretments were corn, hrd endosperm sorghum, nd soft endosperm sorghum, ground to prticle sizes of 900, 700, 500, nd 300 µm (geometric men), with 3 4 fctoril rrngement of tretments. In generl, reducing prticle size incresed electricl energy required for milling nd decresed production rte. However, there were differences mong the grin sources for energy required for milling nd production rtes, e.g., grinding the sorghums to 500 µm took less energy thn grinding corn to 900 µm. In strter pigs, the most efficient gins were chieved t 300 µm for d 0 to 7, 300 to 500 µm for d 0 to 14, nd t 500 µm for d 0 to 35. It should be noted tht the pig diets were in pelleted form, so problems with bridging nd reduced flowbility were not concern with the finely ground grin sources. Overll, pigs fed diets contining corn grew fster, consumed more feed, nd were more efficient thn those fed sorghum. When compred t their optimum prticle sizes, hrd nd soft sorghum supported ADGs tht were 80 nd 84% tht of corn, nd efficiencies of gin tht were 96% tht of corn. For broiler chicks, reducing prticle size of corn below 900 µm did not improve gin to d 21, but grinding sorghum to 500 to 700 µm did improve gin. Efficiency of gin lso ws improved more with fine grinding of sorghum thn corn. Optimum prticle sizes for F/G were 300 nd 500 µm for hrd nd soft sorghum, respectively. It is importnt to note tht reltive to corn, t 900 µm feeding vlues for chicks fed hrd nd soft sorghums were 92%, but t the optimum prticle size for ech grin, reltive feeding vlues for hrd nd soft sorghum were 99% tht of corn. These dt suggest tht sorghums cn equl corn in feeding vlue for broiler chicks when milled to their optimum prticle size, nd tht s pigs nd chicks get older, optimum prticle size increses. However, strter pigs fed corn hd 15 to 20% greter ADG nd 4% greter efficiency of gin thn pigs fed the sorghums. (Key Words: Prticle size, Corn, Sorghum, Endosperm Hrdness, Strter, Broiler Chicks.) Introduction Cerel grins re typiclly processed before they re incorported into diets for swine. This processing nerly lwys involves grinding in hmmermill or roller mill to reduce prticle size nd, thus, improve nutrient digestibility. However, finely ground grins hve been implicted s cuse of stomch ulcers in growing-finishing pigs. This occurs s the result of incresed fluidity of stomch contents, which gretly increses contct of cid nd enzyme 1Deprtment of Agronomy. 2 Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry. 3 College of Veterinry Medicine, Deprtment of Veterinry Dignosis. 66

68 secretions from the lower stomch with the reltively unprotected upper region of the stomch. Most reserch investigtions of ulcertion in the pig stomch hve been done with finishing pigs fed corn nd whet. The reserch reported herein concerns the effects of prticle size reduction on growth performnce nd gstrointestinl morphology of strter pigs fed corn nd sorghums with different endosperm hrdness. Additionlly, comprble mesurements of growth ned intestinl morphology were mde on broiler chicks to determine how closely chick ssys prllel growth in young pigs. If dt from chick growth ssys cn be extrpolted to nursery-ge pigs, this would gretly increse the pool of knowledge vilble to swine producers nd dd mny options for reserchers. Procedures Corn nd two sorghum grins tht differed in endosperm hrdness were ground to four prticle sizes (900, 700, 500, nd 300 µm). This resulted in 3 4 fctoril rrngement of tretments. When processed, the three grin sources were between 12.5 nd 13% moisture. Gret effort ws tken to ensure tht trgeted prticle sizes were obtined nd tht prticle sizes between grins were constnt. The three corser prticle sizes (900, 700, nd 500 µm) were obtined with roller mill, nd the finest prticle size (300 µm) ws obtined with hmmermill by grinding through 1/16" nd then 3/64" screen. The roller mill settings were determined by setting the rolls, processing grin under full motor lod, smpling the milled grin, nd clculting men prticle size. The rolls were djusted bsed on the prticle size determintion, nd the process ws repeted until the trgeted prticle size ws chieved. Electricl energy consumption nd production rte were recorded to llow clcultion of electricl energy costper ton of grin processed. Diets were formulted with corn, nd the sorghums were substituted for corn on lb per lb bsis. The diets were fed in pelleted form to the pigs nd mel form tothe broiler chicks. Energy consumption, pellet durbility, nd production of fines were recorded for the pelleted diets. Response criteri for the experiment were ADG, ADFI, F/G, nd chnges in intestinl morphology (e.g., lesions in the stomch of pigs; wt, nd lesions of the proventriculus nd gizzrd of chicks). A totl of 240 wenling pigs, with n vg initil wt of 11.7 lb, ws used in 35-d growth ssy. The pigs were lloted, bsed on ncestry, sex, nd wt, to the 12 grin tretments. The pigs were housed (five pigs/pen nd four pens/tretment) in n environmentlly controlled nursery with 4 ft 5 ft pens. Feed nd wter were consumed d libitum, nd pig nd feeder weights were recorded weekly. Composition of the experimentl diets is given in Tble1. At the end of the growth ssy, five pigs from the 900 nd 300 µm tretments of ech grinsource were scrificed to evlute stomch morphology. For comprison of pig nd chick growth performnce, 420 broiler chicks (7 d of ge nd.15 lb vg initil wt) were used in 21-d growth ssy (five chicks/cge nd seven cges/tretment). Chicks were rndomly llotted to the 12 dietry tretments bsed on sex nd weight. Diets were formulted to contin t lest 110% of NRC for ll essentil nutrients. Composition of the diets is given in Tble 1. Feed nd wter were consumed d libitum, nd chick nd feed weights were recorded weekly. At conclusion of the growth ssy, 15 chicks from the 900 nd 300 µm tretments of ech grin source were scrificed for evlution of the gstrointestinl trct. Results nd Discussion Mesurements of milling chrcteristics re given in Tble 2. When verged cross ll prticle sizes, corn required over twice s much electricl energy to mill s the sorghums. This difference ws gretest for grin ground to 500 µm through the roller mill, where corn required nerly four times s much energy to grind compred to the sorghums (e.g., 14.3 kwh/ton vs 3.7 kwh/ton). It is interesting to note tht both sorghums could be ground to 500 µm with less electricl energy thn tht required to grind corn 67

69 to 900 µm. Productionrtes for the sorghums vs corn lso fvored milling the sorghums to 500 µm vs milling corn to 900 µm. Hrd sorghum required slightly less energy to roller mill thn soft sorghum t prticle sizes of 900, 700 nd 500 µm, but hrd sorghum required more energy to hmmermill to 300 µm thn soft sorghum. Energy required to pellet ws similr between grin sources with smll improvements s prticle size ws reduced to 500 µm. Likewise, pellet durbility ws not different for the cerel grins, but there ws trend for slight decreses in durbility s prticle size ws reduced from 900 to 500 µm. Growth dt for the wenling pigs re given in Tble 3. For d 0 to 7, s prticle size ws reduced from 900 to 300 µm, ADG nd F/G were improved for pigs fed ll grin sources, with the gretest positive response in pigs fed corn. At 300 µm, pigs fed hrd sorghum were 4% more efficient thn pigs fed corn, but hd 7% lower ADG. Pigs fed soft sorghum hd 7 nd 8% poorer ADG nd F/G thn pigs fed corn milled to 300 µm. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed sorghum ground to 900 µm hd greter ADG thn pigs fed corn ground to 900 µm, but t 300 µm, pigs fed corn hd 8 nd 15% greter ADG thn pigs fed hrd nd soft sorghum, respectively. Optimum prticle sizes for F/G were 500 µm for corn nd soft sorghum nd 300 µm for hrd sorghum. At these optimum prticle sizes, the feeding vlues of hrd nd soft sorghum, reltive to corn, were 94 nd 93%, respectively. For d 0 to 35, pigs fed diets contining corn gined 23% fster, consumed 16% more feed, nd were 6% more efficient thn pigs fed the sorghums. Optimum prticle size for F/G ws 500 µm for ll grin sources, with ADG for pigs fed hrd nd soft sorghum t 80 nd 84% tht of corn, respectively, nd efficiency of gin t 96% tht of corn for both sorghums. Stomchs from pigs scrificed t the end of the growth ssy were subjectively scored for lesions of the epithelium in the upper esophgel region. No ulcers were found, but there were differences in the epithelil surfce. For corn nd hrd sorghum, pigs fed the 300 µm tretment hd greter kertiniztion thn pigs fed the 900 µm tretment. In contrst, pigs fed soft sorghum hd less kertiniztion when fed the 300 µm tretment versus the 900 µm tretment. These dt csts doubt on the significnce of fine-grinding s cuse of stomch ulcers in nursery-ge pigs. Growth performnce nd intestinl trct morphology dt from the chick ssy re given in Tble 4. For d 0 to 7, chicks fed sorghum t 900 µm hd poorer gins nd F/G thn chicks fed corn t 900 µm. However, when compred t the optimum prticle size for ech grin (300 µm for corn, 500 µm for hrd sorghum nd 300 µm for soft sorghum) the hrd nd soft sorghums supported gin nd F/G tht were 108 nd 99% tht of corn. For d 0 to 21, chicks fed corn were more efficient thn chicks fed the sorghums, but tht response ws ffected by prticle size. At 900 µm, chicks fed corn hd 11% greter ADG nd were 5% more efficient thn chicks fed sorghum, but t the optimum prticle size for ech grin source, chicks fed sorghum gined 3% more weight nd were 99% s efficient s chicks fed corn. This ws becuse of less response to prticle size reduction in corn thn sorghum. Mximum gin ws chieved t 700 µm nd mximum efficiency of gin ws chieved t 300 µm for corn nd hrd sorghum. Mximum gin nd efficiency of gin ws chieved t 500 µm for soft sorghum. Gizzrd weights were reduced by 14, 21 nd 29% for corn, hrd sorghum nd soft sorghum, respectively, when the grins were milled to 300 µm versus 900 µm. Proventriculus weights were reduced 1, 23 nd 21% for chicks fed corn, hrd nd soft sorghum milled to 300 µm versus 900 µm. There is currently gret del of interest in the energy required to mintin the gstrointestinl trct nd liver of livestock; energy tht could hve been used for growth of len tissue. It is possible tht these differences in orgn weights re contributing to improved feed efficiency of chicks fed grins milled to smll prticle sizes. Gizzrds were subjectively scored on scle of 1 to 3, with 1=norml ppernce, 2=moderte brsions nd 3=severe brsions nd(or) erosions. Chicks fed corn ground to 300 µm hd 68

70 higher scores thn those fed corn ground to 900 µm, but the reverse ws true for chicks fed the sorghums. In conclusion, production rte slowed nd energy requirements incresed s prticle size ws decresed. However, the sorghums required less energy to grind nd hd greter production rtes compred to corn. There were improvements in F/G in both strter pigs nd broiler chicks s prticle size ws reduced. This reched n optimum t 300 to 500 µm for both species, nd ws somewht dependent on grin source nd ge of thenimls. It should be noted tht differences in utiliztion (especilly ADG) of sorghum versus corn were greter in nursery pigs compred to broiler chicks. Considering energy required for milling, production rte, nd growth performnce, milling sorghum nd corn to 500 µm is recommended in pelleted diets for newly wened pigs; response tht corresponds quite well with the chick dt. However, even though growth performnce ws improved for wenling pigs s prticle size ws decresed, fine-grinding hs been ssocited with stomch ulcers in finishing pigs. Microscopic evlutions of the intestinl trcts of the pigs nd chicks re in progress nd will be used to ensure tht wellbeing of the nimls ws not compromised by fine-grinding of the cerel grins. Tble 1. Composition of Bsl Diets Nursery pigs Ingredient Phse 1 Phse 2 Broilers Corn b Soyben mel (48%) Soy oil Whey Vit/Min/Antibioti c Lysine-HCl DL-methionine.25 Chromic oxide Diets were formulted to contin 1.25 lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P in Phse I nd.15% 1 lysine,.8% C, nd.7% P in Phse II. Broiler diets were formulted to contin 23% CP, 1.1% C, nd 1.0% P. b Hrd nd soft sorghums replced corn on n lb per lb bsis. c KSU vitmin, minerl nd selenium premixes, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, nd.3% slt. Antibiotic supplied 100 g/ton chlortetrcyine, 100 g/ton sulfthizole, 50 g/ton penicil lin, nd 250 ppm Cu in the pig diets, nd 100 g/ton chlortetrcycline nd.05% mprolium in the broiler diets. 69

71 Tble 2. Effects of Grin Source on Milling Chrcteristics nd Pellet Durbility Corn Hrd sorghum Soft sorghum Prticle size, µm Vrition in prticle size (Sgw) Grinding energy, kwh/ton Production rte, ton/h Pelleting energy (Phse 1), kwh/ton Pelleting energy (Phse 2), kwh/ton Pellet durbility (Phse 1), % Pellet durbility (Phse 2), % Fines (Phse 1), % Fines (Phse 2), %

72 Tble 3. d 0 to 7 Effect of Grin Type nd Prticle Size on Growth Performnce nd Stomch Lesions in Strter Pigs Corn Hrd sorghum Soft sorghum CV ADG, lb ei ADFI, lb l F/G fj d 0 to 14 ADG, lb fgj ADFI, lb m F/G fi d 0 to 35 ADG, lb b ADFI, lb bd F/G bh Stomch score cekn pigs, 5 pigs/pen, 4 pens/tretment (vg initil wt of 11.7 lb). b Corn vs sorghums (P<.001). c Hrd vs soft (P<.10). def Prticle size liner (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, respectively). gh Prticle size qudrtic (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). ij Corn vs sorghums x prticle size liner (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). k Hrd vs soft prticle size liner (P<.05). l Hrd vs soft prticle size qudrtic (P<.05). m No tretment effect (P>.10). n 1=norml, 2=moderte kertiniztion, 3=severe kertiniztion.

73 Tble 4. d 0 to 7 Effect of Grin Type nd Prticle Size on Growth Performnce Orgn Weights nd Gizzrd Lesions in Broiler Chicks Corn Hrd sorghum Soft sorghum CV Gin, lb fin Feed intke, lb h F/G gjm d 0 to 21 Gin, lb ejl Feed intke, lb il F/G bdgio Gizzrd wt, g/kg cgk Proventriculus wt, g/kg gl Gizzrd score lp chicks, 5 chicks/cge, 7 cges/tretment (vg initil wt of.15 lb). bc Corn vs sorghums (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). d Hrd sorghum vs soft sorghum (P<.001). efg Prticle size liner (P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). hij Prticle size qudrtic (P<.12, P<.05, P<.01, respectively). kl Corn vs sorghums x prticle size liner (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). m Corn vs sorghums x prticle size qudrtic (P<.10). no Hrd sorghum vs soft sorghum prticle size qudrtic (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). p 1=norml, 2=moderte brsion, 3=severe brsion nd/or erosion.

74 EFFECTS OF A GRIND & MIX HIGH NUTRIENT DENSITY DIET ON STARTER PIG PERFORMANCE J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokch, R. D. Goodbnd, L. J. Kts, nd K. G. Friesen Summry Two 4-wk growth trils utilizing 520, 21-d old wenling pigs (22 ± 2 d nd 13.7 lb) were conducted to evlute either grind & mix (mel form) or pelleted high nutrient density diets on growth performnce. One hlf of the pigs were fed stndrd (20% dried whey nd 10% plsm protein) high nutrient density diet (HNDD1) either in pelleted or mel form. The other hlf received high nutrient density diet (HNDD2; either pelleted or mel form) formulted with ingredients hving greter flowbility chrcteristics in order to determine if pelleting is necessry for pigs fed high nutrient density diets. Ech tril ws split into two identicl phses, with Phse I being d 0 to 9 postwening nd Phse II being d 9 to 28 postwening. Experimentl diets were formulted to 1.5% lysine,.90% clcium, nd.80% phosphorus nd were fed only during Phse I. All pigs were fed common diet (mel form) during Phse II formulted to 1.25% lysine contining 10% dried whey nd 5% fish mel. There ws n interction between diet form nd diet composition for ADG during Phse I (0-9 d) postwening. Pigs fed mel-form HNDD1 hd slightly higher ADG compred to pigs fed the sme diet in pelleted form. However, pigs fed pelleted HNDD2 grew slightly fster thn pigs fed the mel-form of the sme diet during Phse I. There were no interctions between diet form nd composition for F/G or ADFI during Phse I or during the overll experiment. At d 9 postwening, there ws no difference in F/G between pigs fed HNDD1 or HNDD2. However, pigs fed pelleted diets were more efficient thn mel-fed pigs. Overll (d 0 to 28), pigs fed pelleted diets during Phse I, regrdless of composition, were more efficient thn pigs fed mel diets. Bsed on the results on this experiment, high nutrient density diet cn be fed in either mel or pelleted form. Feed efficiency ws 20% poorer for pigs fed the HNDD in the mel form. Therefore, pelleted HNDD cn cost up to 120% (excluding bgging expense) of mixing the sme diet on-frm nd be cost effective. Additionl reserch is needed to understnd the interction between diet form nd composition for ADG during Phse I nd to improve diet flowbility. (Key Words: Strter, Performnce, Process, Diet, Density.) Introduction Importnt reserch brekthroughs in nutritionl progrms for the erly-wened pig hve occurred in the lst decde. Introductions of the high nutrient density diet (HNDD) nd three-phse strter progrm hve provided mngement method of economiclly eliminting the postwening lg often found when feeding simple corn-soyben mel diets to young pigs. Recent reserch hs demonstrted tht the HNDD strter diet is not only necessry to optimize growth performnce in the nursery, but lso to mximize subsequent performnce in the grower nd finisher phses. This diet hs trditionlly been high in milk products nd necessitted pelleting for flowbility, which resulted in incresed cost. With new ingredients (i.e., porcine plsm protein) used to formulte the HNDD diet, the potentil to on-frm mix the Phse I diet needs to be evluted. Thus, the objective of this experiment is to evlute the effects of two diets formulted from ingredients of known differences in flowbility fed in two physicl forms (pelleted or mel) on erly wened pig growth performnce. 73

75 Procedures This experiment ws conducted in two identicl 4-wk growth trils. A totl of d old wenling pigs (vg initil wt=13.7 lb) ws used to evlute two diets formulted from ingredients of known differences in flowbility fed in two physicl forms (pellets or mel). The four experimentl tretments were in 2 2 fctoril rrngement consisting of two high nutrient density diets (HNDD1 or HNDD2) fed in mel or pelleted form. The HNDD2 diet ws formulted with ingredients to help eliminte feeder bridging problems. Ech tril ws split into two phses, with Phse I from d 0 to 9 postwening nd Phse II from d 9 to 28 postwening. Experimentl diets were fed only during Phse I. All pigs were fed common diet (mel form) during Phse II. Pigs were housed 13 per pen (10 pens per tretment) in 4 ft 8 ft pens in n environmentlly controlled nursery with woven wire flooring nd llowed d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. Pigs were weighed, nd feed consumption ws determined on d 9 nd 28 to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Two experimentl diets were used during Phse I (Tble 1). These diets were fed in either mel or pellet form. Diets were formulted to 1.5% lysine,.9% clcium, nd.8% phosphorus. The first diet, HNDD1 ws stndrd Phse I diet contining 10% spry-dried porcine plsm protein, 10% lctose, nd 20% edible grde dried whey. Becuse of nticipted flowbility problems, HNDD2 ws formulted with only 10% dried whey. Soyben mel ws replced with extruded soy protein concentrte in this diet in n ttempt to improve growth performnce in diet with lowered dried whey content. The Phse II diet contined 1.25% lysine, 10% dried whey, nd 5% fish mel. Results nd Discussion There ws n interction (P<.05) between diet form nd diet composition for ADG during Phse I (0 to 9 d) postwening (Tble 2). Pigs fed HNDD1 in the mel form hd slightly higher ADG compred to pigs fed the sme diet in pelleted form. However, pigs fed HNDD2 in the pelleted form grew slightly fster thn pigs fed the sme diet in the mel form during Phse I. The second HNDD ws formulted from ingredients tht hd n improved flowbility compred to HNDD1, yet pigs could hve wsted more of HNDD2 fed in the mel form. The feeders used in this experiment did not hve gittors. The mel diets hd noticebly poorer flowbility thn the pelleted diets. Also, pigs fed HNDD1 in the pelleted form hd numericlly lower ADFI compred to pigs fed ny other dietry tretment, which could possibly be relted to pelleting conditions nd less wstge. Additionl experiments re needed to fully understnd this interction. There were no interctions (P>.18) between dietry form nd composition for F/G or ADFI during Phse I or during the overll experiment. At 9 d postwening, there ws no difference in F/G between pigs fed HNDD1 or HNDD2. However, pigs fed pelleted diets were more efficient (P<.01) thn pigs fed diets in mel form. These differences in feed efficiency re in greement with severl experiments showing tht feed wstge is higher in diets fed in the mel form, resulting in poorer efficiency compred to pellets. During Phse II (9-28 d), there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G mong dietry tretments. Becuse ll pigs were fed the sme diet in the mel form, similr growth performnce is not surprising. Overll (d 0 to 28), there ws tendency (P<.08) for n interction between diet form nd diet composition for ADG. This interction ws cused by the previously discussed interction during Phse I of the experiment. Diet composition hd no effect on ADFI or F/G. Pigs fed pelleted diets during Phse I, regrdless of composition, were more (P<.01) efficient thn pigs fed mel diets. Bsed on the results of this experiment, high nutrient density diet cn be fed in either mel or pelleted form. Before feeding the 74

76 HNDD in the mel form, producers must relize tht decresed flowbility results in incresed feeder mngement. Feed efficiency ws 20% poorer for pigs fed the HNDD in the mel form. Therefore, pelleted HNDD cn cost up to 120% the cost of mixing the sme diet on the frm nd still be cost effective. Additionl reserch is needed to understnd the interction between diet form nd composition for ADG in Phse I nd to improve diet flowbility. Tble 1. Composition of Diets, % Ingredient HNDD1 HNDD2 Phse II Corn Milo 54.1 Extruded soy protein concentrte 16.2 Soyben mel (44% CP) 19.3 Soyben mel (48% CP) 19.6 Dried whey Lctose Fish mel 5.0 Porcine plsm protein Soyben oil Monoclcium phoshte (21% P, 18.5% C) Limestone Slt.2 Lysine.2 D1-methionine, 99%.8.7 Vit/trce min/ntibiotic Copper sulfte Totl HNDD1=high nutrient density diet one; HNDD2=high nutrient density diet two. 75

77 Tble 2. Effect of Physicl Form (Mel or Pellet) of HNDD on Growth Performnce in Strter Pigs HNDD1 b HNDD2 b Item Pellet Mel Pellet Mel CV 0-9 d ADG, lb c ADFI, lb d F/G d 9-28 d ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G 0-28 d ADG, lb e ADFI, lb e F/G d A totl of 520 pigs, 13 pigs/pen, 10 pens/tretment. b HNDD1 = High nutrient density diet one; HNDD2 = High nutrient density diet two. c Interction of diet form diet composition (P<.05). d Min effect of mel vs pellet (P<.01). e Interction of diet form diet composition (P<.08)

78 EVALUATION OF EXPELLED SOYBEAN MEAL IN STARTER DIETS C. G. Mills, R. D. Goodbnd, M. D. Tokch, K. G. Friesen, nd J. L. Nelssen Summry Forty-eight wenling pigs (6.9 lb initil wt) were used in 28-d growth study to determine the feeding vlue of expelled soyben mel (43% CP) s compred to conventionlly extrcted soyben mel (48.5% CP). Pigs were fed one of two dietry tretments contining either expelled soyben mel or conventionl soyben mel. Both diets contined milo nd 10% dried whey nd were formulted to be slightly lysine deficient (.95%) to determine ny potentil differences in mino cid vilbilities between the two soyben mels. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed conventionl soyben mel hd higher verge dily gin (ADG) nd verge dily feed intke (ADFI) nd were more efficient (F/G; 26.2%, 11.3%, nd 21.6%, respectively) thn pigs fed expelled soyben mel. Similr trends were noted for the overll experiment (d 0 to 28) with pigs fed conventionlly extrcted mel hving greter ADG (16.1%) nd ADFI (8.8%) nd better F/G (6.2%) thn pigs fed the expelled soyben mel. Both soyben mel products were nlyzed for percentge ft; the expelled mel contined 6.2% nd conventionl mel contined.83%. The dded ft in the expeller mel did not improve F/G compred to the conventionl soyben mel. Protein solubility in both expelled nd conventionlly extrcted soyben mel ws greter thn 70%, thus neither mel ws overprocessed. However, trypsin inhibitor ctivity ws higher in the expelled soyben mel (3.4 mg/g) s compred to the conventionl soyben mel (.5 mg/g). This difference my be responsible for the poorer ADG, ADFI, nd F/G found when feeding the expelled soyben mel. Bsed on this reserch, expelled soyben mel hs pproximtely 84% the feeding vlue of conventionlly extrcted soyben mel when formulted on lysine bsis. (Key Words: Strter, Performnce, SBM, Process, Soyben.) Introduction Prior to solvent extrction, soybens were processed by expeller procedures to remove the oil. Tody solvent extrction is the most common method of extrcting soyben oil; however, the expeller process is still being used in some res. In the expeller process, the soybens re crcked, dried, nd trnsported to tempering device, which stirs the soybens for uniform het processing. The soybens re then fed into n expeller brrel, which presses the oil from the bens. The soybens leve the brrel nd re ground. The expeller process leves the bens with pproximtely 5% ft. In solvent extrction, the bens re crcked nd then heted to 140 Soybens re then llowed to cool to 113 bens re then hexne extrcted, voltilized, nd dried. From the dryer, the bens re conveyed to toster, cooled, nd ground, leving them with less thn 1% ft. Expeller mel is higher in ft content, which could dd to its feeding vlue. Therefore, this experiment ws designed to determine the feeding vlue of the expelled soyben mel in strter diets compred to conventionlly extrcted soyben mel. 77

79 Procedures The expelled nd conventionl soyben mels were nlyzed for percentge protein nd diets were then formulted (Tble 1) to.95% lysine. Lysine ws ssumed to be fixed percentge of protein in the two soyben mels. Lysine ws set to be slightly deficient to ensure tht differences in protein qulity could be detected. Light pigs (6.9 lb) were used in the study to further stress the need for lysine vilbility in the two soyben mels. Only 10% dried whey ws dded to the diet to minimize the confounding effects of other protein sources. Forty-eight wenling pigs (6.9 lb initil wt) were fed the dietry tretments for the 28 d study. The pigs were blocked by weight nd llotted by ncestry nd gender to pens (six per pen nd four pens per tretment) in n environmentlly controlled nursery equipped with elevted pens. Ech pen hd self-feeder nd nipple wterer, so feed nd wter could be consumed d libitum. The pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly to clculte performnce dt (ADG, ADFI, nd F/G). Feed nd soyben mel smples were collected nd nlyzed for percentge CP, dry mtter, ft, protein solubility, trypsin inhibitor ctivity nd urese ctivity (Tble 2). Results nd Discussion Pigs fed conventionl soyben mel from d 0 to 14 hd incresed ADG (26.2%, P<.05) nd improved F/G (21.6%, P<.07) compred to pigs fed expelled soyben mel. Also seen ws n incresed ADFI (11.3%) for the pigs fed conventionlly extrcted soyben mel, lthough this ws not significnt increse. Similr responses were noted for the overll experiment (d 0 to 28), though the differences were not s pronounced, with pigs fed conven- tionl soyben mel showing 16% increse in ADG (P<.05) compred to those fed expelled soyben mel. Pigs fed the conventionl soyben mel tended to hve improved ADFI nd F/G (8.8% nd 6.3%, respectively) compred to those fed the expelled soyben mel. Protein solubility vlues re indictors of overprocessing. Any vlue less thn 70% indictes the smple is overcooked. However, both the expelled soyben mel (82.8%) nd the conventionl soyben mel (82.7%) re well bove 70% nd, therefore, not overprocessed. The trypsin inhibitor ctivity ssy, which mesures mount of trypsin inhibitor in soyben mel smples, reveled tht the expelled soyben mel contined more trypsin inhibitor (3.40 mg/g) thn conventionl soyben mel (.5 mg/g), with less thn 2 mg/g being optimum. This difference my hve contributed to the poorer ADG, ADFI, nd F/G, seen in the pigs fed the expelled soyben mel. Urese ctivity ws determined, to check for underprocessing in the two soyben mels (the optimum rnge being.02 to.2). Expelled soyben mel (.037) ws slightly higher thn conventionl soyben mel (.017). However, bsed on urese ctivity, neither soyben mel ws underprocessed, contrdicting the trypsin inhibitor ctivity vlues. The percentge ft ws determined; the expelled soyben mel contined 6.29%, wheres the conventionl soyben mel contined only.82%. However, when the diets were formulted, the expeller mel diet contined 1.5% ft, wheres the conventionl soyben mel diet contined.83% ft. This.7% higher ft content in the expeller mel diet hd no pprent effect on ADG, ADFI, or F/G. Although expelled soyben mel ppers to be poorer protein source (pproximtely 84% of the feeding vlue of conventionl soyben mel) for strter pig diets, future studies my be needed to further evlute its feeding vlue. 78

80 Tble 1. Diet Composition Ingredient % Conventionl Soyben Mel Diet Expelled Soyben Mel Diet Conventionl SBM Expelled SBM Milo Dried whey Monoclcium phosphte Antibiotic Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl mix Copper sulfte Selenium premix Totl Tble 2. Chemicl Anlysis Conventionl Conventionl Expelled Expelled SBM SBM Diet SBM SBM Diet Crude protein, % Dry mtter, % Crude ft, % Trypsin inhibitor ctivity, mg/g Protein solubility, % Urese ctivity, ph Tble 3. Performnce of Nursery Pigs Fed Conventionl Soyben Mel or Expelled Soyben Mel Conventionl Soyben Mel Diet Expelled Soyben Mel Diet d 0 to 14 b ADG, lb ADFI, lb c F/G d 0 to 28 b ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G A totl of 48 pigs, 6.9 lb vg initil wt, 23.7 lb vg finl wt, 28 d tril. b (P<.05). c (P<.07). 79

81 EFFECTS OF PELLETING LOW-LYSINE DIETS WITH FERMENTATION PRODUCTS FOR WEANLING PIGS J. D. Hncock, D.Y.C. Fung, R. A. Hrt, nd M. T. Mnninen Summry One hundred twenty pigs (13.2 lb vg initil wt) were used in n experiment to determine the effects of pelleting on the bility of fermenttion products to improve growth performnce of nursery-ge pigs fed low-lysine diets. Tretments were: 1) positive control (1.15 nd.95% lysine for d 0 to 14 nd 14 to 35, respectively); 2) diet 1 pelleted; 3) low-lysine regimen (1.05 nd.85% lysine for d 0 to 14 nd 14 to 35, respectively) 1 supplemented with fermenttion product (FP); 4) diet 3 pelleted; 5) low-lysine regimen supplemented with modified fermenttion product 2 (MFP); nd 6) diet 5 pelleted. For pelleting, the diets were pre-conditioned to 131EF nd pelleted (5/32" dimeter pellets) t n vg production rte of 3,550 lb/h, with n vg exit temperture of 144EF. The pigs were llowed to consume feed nd wter d libitum during the 35-d experiment. For d 0 to 7 nd 0 to 14, pigs fed the pelleted diets hd greter ADG nd eficiency of gin thn pigs fed diets in mel form. At d 14, pprent digestibilities of DM nd N of the control diet were incresed by pelleting, but those of the diets with fermenttion products dded were not ffected. CFUs of lctobcilli, streptococci, nd coliforms in feces were not fected by tretment. From d 14 to 35, pigs fed pelleted diets were more efficient but consumed less feed nd hd lower ADG thn pigs fed dietsin mel form. For d 0 to 1 Fermenttion product ws Fermcto, Pet-Ag, Inc., Elgin, IL Modified fermenttion product ws Modified Fermcto, Pet-Ag, Inc., Elgin, IL , ADG ws not ffected by tretment, but pigs fed pelleted diets consumed 8% less feed nd hd 8% greter efficiencies of gin thn pigsfed diets in mel form. Growth performnce of pigs fed the low-lysine diets plus the fermenttion products ws not different thn tht of pigs fed diets with dequte lysine concentrtions. Performnce of pigs fed FP or MFP ws not diferent. At d 35, CFUs of lctobcilli in feces were not ffected by tretment. CFUs of streptococci were greter for pigs fed the control diet thn for pigs fed the tretment diets, but were decresed by pelleting the control diet, wheres pelleting the tretment diets incresed CFUs of streptococci in feces. CFUs of coliforms were greter for pigs fed diets with MFP thn those fed diets with FP. In conclusion, growth performnce of pigs fed low-lysine diets plus fermenttion products ws equl to tht of pigs fed diets with dequte lysine concentrtions. (Key Words: Lysine, Probiotic, Strter, Digestibility, Performnce, Fecl Microbes.) Introduction Use of fermenttion products to spre prot ein (lysine) could llow nutritionists to formulte low-protein diets tht re dvntgeous from economicl nd environmentl stndpoints. Previous reserch t this sttion (see 1990 KSU Swine Dy Report, pge 79) indicted tht nursery diets with 17% crude protein nd 1.25 lb/ton of FP supported growth performnce equl to 19% crude protein control diet. However, feeding FP t concentrtions greter thn 1.25 lb/ton ws of no benefit to nursery pigs nd ctully depressed feed intke nd rte of gin in growing nd finishing pigs. The experiment reported herein ws designed to confirm the performnce 80

82 enhncement from inclusion of 1.25 lb/ton of FP in low-lysine nursery diets, nd to determine if modifiction of FP would improve diet pltbility nd feed intke. Also, the efect of pelleting on ny growth-promoting efect of the fermenttion products ws evluted. Procedures One hundred twenty pigs (13.2 lb vg initil wt) were llotted to six tretments bsed on ncestry, sex, nd weight. The pigs were housed (four pigs/pen nd five pens/tretment) in n environmentlly controlled nursery equipped with woven-wire floor. Ech pen hd selffeeder nd nipple wterer so feednd wter could be consumed d libitum. At wening (21 d of ge), the pigs were given the Phse I diet (Tble 1) from d 0 to 14 of the experiment nd the Phse II diet from d 14 to 35 of the experiment. The diet ingredients were nlyzed for lysine concentrtion nd blended to give the following tretments: 1) positive control (1.15 nd.95% lysine for d 0 to 14 nd 14 to 35, respectively); 2) diet 1 pelleted; 3) low-lysine regimen (1.05 nd.85% lysine for d 0 to 14 nd 14 to 35, respectively) supplemented with FP; 4) diet 3 pelleted; 5) low-lysine regimen supplemented with MFP; nd 6) diet 5 pelleted. For pelleting, the diets were preconditioned to 131EF nd pelleted (5/32" dimeter pellets) t n vg production rte of 3,550 lb/h, with n vg exit temperture of 144EF. All feed dditions were recorded, nd pig nd feeder weights were collected weekly. On d 14 nd 35 of the experiment, fecl smples were collected from one pig in ech pen by rectl mssge for determintion of colony forming units (CFUs) of lctobcilli (Bcto Lctobcilli MRS broth), streptococci (Slnetz nd Brtley medium), coliforms (violet-red bile gr), nd totl bcteri (plte count gr). Additionlly on d 14, fecl smples were collected from ll pigs, pooled within pen, nd nlyzed for DM, N, nd Cr concentrtions. Apprent digestibilities of DM nd N were clculted using the indirect rtio method. Response criteri were ADG; ADFI; F/G; pprent digestibilities of DM nd N; percentge fecl moisture; nd CFUs of lctobcilli, streptococci, nd coliforms in the feces. Orthogonl contrsts were used to compre mel versus pelleted diets, control versus low-lysine diets with fermenttion products, FP versus MFP, nd ll pproprite interction effects. Totl CFUs of fecl bcteri (plte count gr) were used s covrites in the sttisticl nlyses of CFUs of fecl microbes. Results nd Discussion Smples were evluted pre- nd postpelleting to ensure tht pelleting conditions were uniform for ll diets. Production rtes rnged from 3,464 to 3,599 lb/h, conditioning temperture ws constnt t 131EF, nd exit temperture rnged from 142 to 145EF, so pelleting conditions were quite consistent. Results from the growth ssy re given in Tble 2. For d 0 to 7, ADFI ws not fected by tretment, but improvements were observed for ADG nd F/G when the diets were pelleted. For d 0 to 14, ADG ws improved by 16% nd F/G ws improved by 15% when the diets were pelleted. There were no interctions between pelleting the diets nd inclusion of fermenttion products for growth performnce to d 14. Performnce of pigs fed the low-lysine diets supplemented with fermenttion products ws not different thn tht of pigs fed diets with dequte lysine concentrtions, nd there were no differences in performnce for pigs fed FP versus MFP. So, the fermenttion products ppered to support norml growth performnce in pigs fed the low-lysine diets, but either product ws eqully effective during d 0 to 14 of the experiment. Digestibility of DM ws incresed by 3% when the control diet ws pelleted but ws not ffected when the tretment diets were pelleted. Digestibility of N ws greter for pelleted diets versus mel diets, lthough this response ws more pronounced in the control diet versus the diets with fermenttion products. Diets with MFP hd greter digestibility of N thn diets with FP. Bcteril concentrtions in the feces (i.e., CFUs of lctobcilli, streptococci, nd coliforms) were not ffected by tretment t d

83 For d 14 to 35, F/G ws improved by pelleting the diets, but ADFI ws decresed by 11%, to the point tht ADG ws reduced by 6%. However, for the overll experiment (d 0 to 35), ADG ws not ffected by pelleting, with n 8% reduction in ADFI nd n 8% improvement in F/G. There were no interctions for growth performnce between pelleting the diets nd inclusion of fermenttion products for d 14 to 35 or 0 to 35. CFUs of lctobcilli in feces were not ffected by tretment. Streptococci concentrt ion ws greter in control pigs thn pigs fed the fermenttion products nd ws decresed when the control diet ws pelleted but incresed when the diets with fermenttion products were pelleted. Pigs fed diets with MFP hd more CFUs of coliform in their feces thn pigs fed FP, with pigs fed the control diets being intermedite. In conclusion, pelleting nursery diets improved ADG nd F/G for the first 2 wk postwening nd F/G for the lst 3 wk of the experiment. However, depressed ADFI for pigs fed the pelleted diets during the lst 3 wk of the experiment resulted in reduced ADG. Low-lysine diets with fermenttion products nd diets with dequte lysine supported equl growth performnce, nd pelleting did not fect growth performnce of pigs fed the low-lysine diets differently thn pigs fed the control diets. Tble 1. Composition of Diets, % b Phse I Phse II Ingredient Control (1.15% lys) Low-lysine (1.05% lys) Control (.95% lys) Low-lysine (.85% lys) Corn Soyben mel (48% CP) Whey Select menhden fishmel Lysine-HCl Choice white grese Vitmins nd minerls Antibiotics c Chromic oxide Tretment premix d Diets were formulted to supply.9% C, nd.8% P in ll diets, 3.22 nd 2.65 g lys/mcl DE for the Phse I nd II control diets, nd 2.93 nd 2.37 g lys/mcl DE for the Phse I nd II tretment diets. b The diets were fed in mel nd pellet form. c Supplied per ton of diet: 100 g chlortetrcycline; 100 g sulfthizole; 50 g penicillin; 250 ppm Cu. d The tretment premix ws finely ground corn for the control diets nd supplied either 1.25 lb/ton of FP or 2.25 lb/ton of MFP for the tretment diets. 82

84 Tble 2. Growth Response of Pigs Fed Low-lysine Diets Supplemented with Fermenttion Products 1.15/.95% lysine control diet 1.05/.85% lysine + FP 1.05/.85% lysine + MFP Item Mel Pellet Mel Pellet Mel Pellet CV d 0-7 ADG, lb d.49 ADFI, lb b.67 F/G d d 0-14 ADG, lb d.61 ADFI, lb b.93 F/G f d ADG, lb c 1.18 ADFI, lb e 2.13 F/G e d 0-35 ADG, lb b ADFI, lb d F/G f Five pens/tretment nd four pigs/pen. Fermenttion products were Fermcto (FP) nd Modified Fermcto (MFP). b No tretment effect (P>.15). cdef Mel vs pellet (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, nd P<.001, respectively). 83

85 Tble 3. Effects of Fermenttion Products on Nutrient Digestibility nd Colony Forming Units (CFUs) of Fecl Microbes 1.15/.95% lysine control diet 1.05/.85% lysine + FP 1.05/.85% lysine + MFP Item Mel Pellet Mel Pellet Mel Pellet CV Apprent digestibility (d 14), % DM f 77.3 N cef 63.6 Fecl moisture (d 14), % b CFUs of fecl microbes (d 14), log 10 Lctobcilli b 7.96 Streptococci b 4.25 Coliforms b CFUs of fecl microbes (d 35), log 10 Lctobcilli b 7.94 Streptococci df 4.93 Coliforms e Fermenttion products were Fermcto (FP) nd Modified Fermcto (MFP). b No tretment effect (P>.13). c Mel vs pellet (P<.10). d Control vs fermenttion products (P<.10). e FP vs MFP (P<.05). f Mel vs pellet control vs fermenttion products (P<.10). 84

86 EFFECT OF REPLACING MILK PROTEINS WITH WHEAT GLUTEN AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTS ON DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN NURSERY PIGS B. T. Richert, J. D. Hncock, nd J. L. Morrill Summry Two experiments were conducted toevlute the nutritionl vlue of processed whet gluten for erly-wened pigs. The first experiment involved 72 wenling pigs with n vg ge of 20 d nd vg wt of 9.2 lb. Six diets were fed to the pigs in individul metbolism cges. Protein sources were csein, flsh-dried whet gluten, spry-dried whet gluten, two solubilized whet glutens, nd soyben mel. Response criteri were N digestibility, biologicl vlue, nd N retention. Csein hd greter N digestibility, biologicl vlue, nd N retention thn the other protein sources. The whet gluten products hd greter N digestibility thnsoyben mel. Modifiction of the whet gluten, to increse its solubility, resulted in mrked decreses in biologicl vlue nd N retention. Experiment 2 ws nursery growth ssy. A totl of 180 pigs were used, with n vg ge of 25 d nd vg wt of 12.3 lb. The five pelleted diets fed from d 0 to 14 were: 1) high nutrient density diet (HNDD) with 20% dried whey nd 20% dried skim milk (DSM); 2) HNDD with the DSM replced by flsh-dried whet gluten nd lctose; 3) HNDD with the DSM replced by spry-dried whet gluten nd lctose; 4) HNDD with the DSM replced by solubilized-modified whet gluten nd lctose; 5) HNDD with DSM replced by soy protein isolte nd lctose. All pigs were fed common diet from wk 3 to 5 of the experiment. No differences in ADG or ADFI were noted for d 0 to 14. Feed to gin ws best for pigs fed diets with spry-dried whet gluten nd worst for those fed diets with soy-isolte. For d 0 to 35, pigs fed diets with flsh-dried whet gluten hd lower ADG nd ADFI thn pigs fed diets with sprydried nd solubilized-modified whet gluten. Furthermore, pigs fed spry-dried whet gluten during Phse I hd the gretest overll growth performnce, with 19% improvement in ADG compred to pigs fed DSM. (Key Words: Strter, Dried Skim Milk, Whet, Gluten, Process, Digestion, Performnce.) Introduction The demnd for milk products s humn food cn mke their use in niml feeds imprcticl. Whet gluten is commonly used in the bred mking industry to improve low qulity whet flours, hs 75% crude protein, ndis priced much cheper per unit of protein thn dried skim milk. Four whet gluten products, difering gretly in solubility nd mnufcturing process (i.e., flshdried, spry-dried, solubilized, nd solubilized plus further modifictions) were evluted s potentil replcements for milk protein sources (especilly dried skim milk) indiets for wenling pigs. Procedures In Experiment 1, 72 crossbred brrows were wened t 20 d of ge (vg wt of 9.2 lb) nd strted immeditely on experimentl diets. Pigs were individully housed in stinless steel metbolism cges to llow collection offeces nd urine. The pigs were llowed to consume wter d libitum, nd their dily feed llownce ws.9 clculted s.05 body weight. Tretments 1 were: 1) csein; 2) flsh-dried whet gluten; 3) 1 spry-dried whet gluten; 4) solubilized whet 1 gluten; 5) solubilized nd further modified whet 1 gluten; nd 6) soyben mel (Tble 1). 85

87 The diets were fed for 5-d djustment period, followed by 4 d of totl collection of feces nd urine. The diets were fed four times per d t 6 h intervls. Room temperture ws mintined t 82EF. In Experiment 2, 180 crossbred pigs were wened t 25 d of ge (vg initil wt of 12.3 lb) nd used in 5-wk growthssy to determine the nutritionl vlue of whet gluten products nd lctose s replcements for dried skim milk. Pigs were housed (three brrows nd three gilts per pen) in 4 ft 5 ft pens with woven wire flooring. Ech pen hd self-feeder nd nipple wter to llow d libitum intke. The pigs were fed Phse 1 diets (Tble 2) from wening to d 14. Phse 1 tretments were pelleted nd included: 1) high nutrient density diet (HNDD) with 20% dried whey nd 20% dried skim milk(dsm); 2) HNDD with the DSM replced by flsh-dried whet gluten nd lctose; 3) HNDD with the DSM replced by spry-dried whet gluten nd lctose; 4) HNDD with the DSM replced by solubilized-modified whet gluten nd lctose; 5) HNDD with DSM replced by soy protein isolte nd lctose. All Phse 1 diets contined.20% chromic oxide s n indigestible mrker for determintion of pprent digestibilities of DM nd N. In phse 2 (d 14 to 35), ll pigs were fed common pelleted diet (corn-soyben mel- dried whey). Pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. On d 14 of the experiment, fecl smples were collected from four pigs per pen. The fecl smples were dried nd pooled within pen. The pooled smples were nlyzed for DM, N, nd Cr content to determine pprent digestibilities of DM nd N. 1 Whet protein products were supplied by Midwest Grin Products, Inc., Atchison, KS. Results nd Discussion In Experiment 1, diets with csein hd greter N digestibility, biologicl vlue, nd N retention thn diets with the other protein sources (Tble 3). The whet glutens hd N digestibilites tht were slightly lower thn csein but greter thn soyben mel. The solubilized nd solubilized-modified whet gluten hd lower biologicl vlue nd N retention thn the other whet glutens. In Experiment 2, no diferences were noted in ADG, ADFI, or F/G for d 0 to 7, lthough pigs fed the HNDD diet with DSM hd smll numericl dvntges in ADG nd F/G compred to the other tretments (Tble 4). For d 0 to 14, no differences were observed in ADG or ADFI, but pigs fed the whet gluten products hd better F/G thn those fed the soy protein isolte. Pigs fed spry-dried whet gluten hd improved F/G compred to those fed solubilizedmodified whet gluten. The HNDD diet with DSM hd greter pprent DM digestibility thn the other diets. Overll (d 0 to 35), pigs fed spry-dried whet gluten nd solubilized-modified whet gluten hd greter ADG nd ADFI thn pigs fed flsh-dried whet gluten. The spry-dried whet gluten diet supported notbly greter in ADG nd ADFI when compred to ll other diets. In conclusion, whet gluten products nd lctose cn effectively replce DSM in Phse 1 diet. To d 14, reltive feeding vlues (bsed on feed efficiency) of the diets with flsh-dried, spry-dried, nd solubilized-modified whet gluten nd soy protein isolte were 100, 109, 97 nd 95%, respectively, compred to the HNDD diet with DSM. Furthermore, pigs fed sprydried whet gluten during Phse I hd the gretest overll growth performnce, with 19% greter ADG (.99 vs.83 lb/d) thn pigs fed DSM during Phse I. 86

88 Tble 1. Diet Composition (Experiment 1) Csein-bsed Ingredient, % control. Corn Csein Corn strch Lctose Fish mel 5.00 Soy oil 3.00 Monoclcium phosphte 2.00 Limestone.37 Amino cids.33 b Vit/Min/Antibiotic 1.00 Slt.30 Chromic oxide.25 Totl 100 Flsh-dried, spry-dried, solubilized, nd solubilized-modifiedwhet gluten, soyben mel, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, nd mino cids were substituted for csein nd cornstrch to bring ll diets to 22% CP, 1.54% lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P. b Antibiotic supplied per ton of diet: 100g chlortetrcycline, 100g sulfthizole, nd 50g penicillin. Tble 2. Diet Composition (Experiment 2) Ingredient, % HNDD d 0-14 Corn SBM (48% CP) Whey DSM Soy oil 3.00 Monoclcium phosphte 1.20 Limestone.34 c Vit/Min/Antibiotic 1.55 Chromic oxide.20 Totl 100 Diets were fed from d 0 to 14. Allpigs were fed common corn-sbm-whey diet from d 14 to 35. b Flsh-dried, spry-dried, nd solubilizedmodified whet gluten, soy isolte, lctose, monoclcium phosphte, limestone, lysine nd.2% slt were substituted for the dried skim milk so tht ll diets hd 22% CP, 1.4% lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P. b Antibiotic supplied per ton of diet: 200g furzolidone, 100g oxytetrcycline, nd 90g rsnilic cid. 87

89 Tble 3. Nitrogen Digestibility nd Utiliztion of Whet Gluten Products (Experiment 1) Flsh-dried Spry-dried Solubilized Sol-mod Soyben Item Csein gluten gluten gluten gluten mel CV b N digestibility, % c Biologicl vlue, % d N retention, % Twelve pigs/tretment for N digestibility nd eight pigs/tretment for biologicl vlue nd N retention. b Csein vs others (P<.01); whet glutens vs soyben mel (P<.01). c Csein vs others (P<.01); solubilized nd solubilized-modified vs flsh- nd spry-dried whet glutens (P<.02). d Csein vs others (P<.01). Tble 4. Effect of Whet Gluten on Growth Performnce nd Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs (Experiment 2) Flsh-dried Spry-dried Sol-mod Soy Item HNDD whet gluten whet gluten whet gluten isolte CV d 0 to 7 b ADG, lb b ADFI, lb b F/G d 0 to 14 b ADG, lb b ADFI, lb c F/G d 0 to 35 d ADG, lb e ADFI, lb b F/G Apprent digestibility, % f DM b N Six pigs/pen nd six pens/tretment. b No tretment e fect (P>.10). c Whet glutens vs soy isolte (P<.01); spry-dried whet gluten vs solubilized-modified whet gluten (P<.01). d Flsh-dried whet gluten vs spry-dried nd solubilized-modified whet gluten (P<.08). e Flsh-dried whet gluten vs spry-dried nd solubilized-modified whet gluten (P<.02). 88

90 f HNDD with dried skim milk vs others (P<.07). 89

91 EFFECT OF FAT SOURCE AND LEVEL ON FINISHING PIG PERFORMANCE 1 D. A. Nichols, J. L. Nelssen, J. D. Hncock, D. H. Kropf, nd R. H. Hines Summry Two hundred nd forty finishing pigs were utilized to evlute the effect of ft source nd level on growing pig performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. Pigs were fed milo-soyben mel diet blnced on constnt energy:lysine nd energy:protein rtio. Dietry tretments were: 1) control; 2,3,4) 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% dded soyben oil; 5 nd 6) 5.0 or 7.5% dded tllow. In compring pigs fed soyben oil to tllow, there were no significnt effects on feed intke, verge dily gin, or feed to gin rtio. Soyben oil dditions compred to tllow resulted in crcsses with significntly more verge bckft s well s 10th rib ft depth. In ddition, crcss firmness ws significntly reduced s level of soyben oil ddition ws incresed compred with tllow ddition. (Key Words: G-F, Performnce, Ft, Source, Crcss.) Introduction Ft is n excellent feed source for finishing pigs. It is n energy dense, highly pltble, feed ingredient nd cn increse dily gin nd improve feed efficiency. In ddition, it cn reduce dustiness nd equipment wer. Recently, interest in ft dditions hs been renewed. The purpose of this study ws to exmine the effect of ft source on performnce nd crcss trits of finishing swine. Procedures Two hundred forty pigs were ssigned to one of the following dietry tretments: 1. Control: corn/soyben mel diet 2. Control plus 2.5% soyben oil 3. Control plus 5.0% soyben oil 4. Control plus 7.5% soyben oil 5. Control plus 5.0% tllow 6. Control plus 7.5% tllow Pigs were housed in modified open front building with 8 pigs/pen nd 5 pens/tretment. Diets were blnced on constnt energy: lysine nd energy:protein rtio. Pigs were strted on experiment t n initil weight of 120 lb nd were terminted when the weight of pigs in pen verged 230 lb. Pigs were weighed bi-weekly, nd verge dily feed intke, verge dily gin, nd pen feed efficiency were determined. Upon completion of the feeding portion of the experiment, two pigs per pen were rndomly selected to evlute tretment effects on crcss chrcteristics. Response criteri mesured included dressing percentge, verge bckft thickness, 10th rib ft depth, loin-eye re, crcss grde, nd percentge muscle. In ddition, series of ft biopsies were tken from ech crcss to determine ftty cid profiles. These dt were used to determine if feeding high levels of soyben oil dversely ffects crcss qulity nd ft composition. 1Specil pprecition to the Americn Soyben Assocition for prtil funding of this project. 90

92 Results nd Discussion As most previous studies hve estblished, incresing energy level of the diet reduced feed intke (Tble 1). With dded ft, the verge dily feed intke for pigs in this study ws reduced 12% (P<.002). Source of ft did not significntly chnge feed intke. When soyben oil ddition ws incresed from 2.5% to 5.0% nd 7.5%, we observed numericl reduction in feed intke. On the other hnd, incresing tllow from 5.0% to 7.5% hd little or no effect on feed intke. During the feeding period, Mnhttn experienced severe cold wether, which my hve incresed vribility of feed consumption. Feed to gin rtio ws improved (P<.001) with ddition of ft, regrdless of source. Higher levels of ft (5.0 nd 7.5%) resulted in lower feed to gin rtio thn the 2.5% soyben oil ddition (P<.02). No differences were observed between ft sources for feed to gin rtio. Tretment effects on crcss trits re presented in Tble 2. Ft source or level hd no effect on dressing percent (P>.17), loin eye re (P>.17), crcss length (P>.18), or percentge len (P>.13). Ft source did ffect verge nd 10th rib bckft thickness. Pigs fed soyben oil hd higher verge bckft thickness (P<.01) thn those fed tllow. In ddition, soyben oil ddition tended to increse 10th rib ft depth compred to tllow ddition. When tissue smples were tken for lbortory nlysis, crcsses were scored for firmness. Hms nd loins were scored for mrbling, color nd firmness. Results re presented in Tble 3. No tretment effects were observed for hm mrbling, loin color, or loin firmness. A ft source by ft level interction ws observed when we evluted hm color. Incresing levels of soyben oil tended to reduce hm color scores, wheres incresing tllow levels tended to increse hm score. Hms from soyben oil-fed pigs hd lower firmness scores (P<.01) thn hms from tllow-fed pigs. ft level incresed, mrbling score incresed, regrdless of ft source. No differences were observed in loin color or firmness (P>.10). Prior to tissue collection, we subjectively evluted crcsses for firmness by hndling the belly wll s well s pplying pressure to the outside of the subcutneous ft lyers. Upon nlysis, ft level s well s ft source effect ws observed. Crcsses from pigs fed soyben oil were softer (P<.01) thn those from pigs fed tllow. Incresing level of soy oil resulted in significnt reduction in firmness score, both t the 5% nd 7.5% dietry level. In compring soyben oil to tllow, we cn mke the following conclusions: 1. Ft source hd no significnt effects on feed intke, verge dily gin, or feed to gin rtio. 2. Soyben oil ddition compred to tllow ddition resulted in crcsses with significntly more verge bckft, s well s 10th rib ft depth. 3. Hms from soyben oil-fed pigs were significntly softer thn those from tllowfed pigs. 4. Crcss firmness ws significntly reduced s level of soy oil ddition ws incresed, compred with tllow ddition. 5. Sensory pnel nlysis showed tht ll dietry tretments resulted in cceptble pork qulity. 6. Differences in ftty cid profiles between soyben oil- nd tllow-fed pigs cn be explined bsed on composition of the ft sources. 7. Feed efficiency continued to improve linerly with incresing soyben oil ddition to finishing swine diets. When loins were evluted we observed (P<.05) liner effect of ft level on mrbling. As 91

93 Tble 1. Lest Squre Mens for Performnce Trits Soyben oil, % Tllow, % Item Control CV Averge dily gin, lb Averge dily feed, lb b Feed to gin rtio c No tretment effect (P>.19). Control vs dded ft (P<.002). c Control vs dded ft (P<.001); 2.5% soy vs 5.0% nd 7.5% soy nd tllow (P<.002). Tble 2. Lest Squre Mens for Crcss Trits Soyben oil, % Tllow, % Item Control CV Dressing percent Loin eye re, in Length, in Averge bckft, in th rib bckft, in b Percent len Soy oil vs tllow (P<.05). b Soy oil vs tllow (P<.10)

94 Tble 3. Lest Squre Mens for Crcss Mrbling, Color nd Firmness Soyben oil, % Tllow, % Item Control CV Hm Mrbling Color Firmness Loin Mrbling Color Firmness Totl crcss firmness b,c,d Soy oil vs tllow (P<.05). Soy oil vs tllow (P<.10). b Control vs dded ft (P<.05). 1=very soft, 10=very firm. c d 93

95 SELECTION FOR INCREASED IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY IMPROVES FEEDING VALUE OF SORGHUM GRAIN 1 B. J. Hely, J. D. Hncock, P. J. Brmel-Cox, 2 3 B. T. Richert, C. F. Klopfenstein, nd M. D. Witt Summry Six cnnulted brrows nd two hundred eighty-eight chicks were used in n experiment to determine the vlue of n in vitro protein digestibility ssy (pepsin digest) for identifiction of sorghum prent lines with improved nutritionl vlue. The brrows were used to determine digestibility of the experimentl sorghums t the terminl ileum nd for the totl digestive trct. Due to limited supply of the sorghums, broiler chicks were used s model to predict the vlue of the experimentl sorghums for growth performnce. Four sorghum prent lines were selected from 100 S 1 fmilies grown t severlloctions in Knss. Two of the sorghums were consistently low nd two were consistently high for in vitro digestibility. Tretments were: 1) corn-soyben mel control; 2) nd 3) low digestibility sorghums (LD1 nd LD2); 4) nd 5) high digestibility sorghums (HD1 nd HD2); nd 6) perl millet (PM). The sorghums tht hd consistently high in vitro digestibility were of greter nutritionl vlue to pigs nd growing chicks thn sorghums with low in vitro digestibility. In the pig experiment, digestibility of N t the terminl ileum rnged from 69.6% for LD1 to 79.0% for HD1, compred to 81.6% for the corn-bsed control. Similr responses were noted for digestibility of gross energy, with vlues of 71.8% nd 77.0% for LD1 nd HD1, compred to 80.2% for the cornbsed control. The HD lines were equl or nerly equl to corn in the chick growth ssy, withefficiencies of gin tht were 98 nd 100% tht of corn for HD1 nd HD2, respectively. Perl millet ws of greter feeding vlue thn sorghums for chicks but less digestible thn sorghums in pigs. These dt suggest tht in vitro pepsin digestibility cn be vluble tool for sorghum breeders to select prent lines with improved feeding vlue. (Key words: Performnce, GF, Ilel, Digestibility, Sorghum, Millet, Corn.) Introduction Sorghum grin is often viewed s substitute for corn, with somewht lower feeding vlue. Tht imge is due lrgely to vrition in nutrient content nd qulity. An ongoingreserch project, by plnt breeders in the KSU Deprtment of Agronomy, hs identified prent lines of sorghum with high in vitro digestibility. However, the true merit of these sorghums, selected by using the in vitro ssy, must be determined in niml feeding experiments. Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritionl vlue of sorghums tht were selected for high digestibility by using n in vitro pepsin digestibility procedure. Procedures Four sorghums tht hd different in vitro protein digestibilities were selected from 100 S 1 fmilies grown for 2 yr t severl loctions in Knss. Two of the sorghums consistently hd low in vitro digestibility nd two consistently hd high in vitro digestibility. Tretments were: 1) corn-soyben mel control; 2) nd 3) low digestibility sorghums (LD1 nd LD2); 4) nd 5) 1Deprtment of Agronomy. 2 Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry. 3 Southwest Knss Reserch nd Extension Center. 94

96 high digestibility sorghums (HD1nd HD2); nd 6) perl millet (PM). LD1 hd high tnnin nd LD2 hd corneous (hrd) endosperm. The grins were grown during 1988 nd 1989, nd fed during 1989 nd 1990, respectively. Grin produced in both yers ws used in the chick growth ssy, but quntities of the grins were sufficient only from the 1989 crop to llow the pig feeding experiment in For the digestibility experiment, six brrows (vg initil wt of 87.8 lb) were surgiclly fitted with T-cnnuls t the terminl ileum. These cnnulted pigs were used in n experiment to determine pprent digestibilities of DM, N, nd GE. A diet ws formulted to contin 15% crude protein,.65% C, nd.55% P with the corn tretment (Tble 1). The other grin sources replced corn on lb for lb bsis. Feed llotments.9 were determined s.05 BW, with BW in kg. Feed ws offered t 7.m. nd 7 p.m. s wet msh. Wter ws consumed d libitum. The experimentl design ws six by six Ltin squre, where ech grin source ws fed to ech pig in one of the six feeding periods. The feeding periods lsted 7 d, with 4-d dpttion period, 36-h of fecl collection, nd 11-h collections of ilel digest on d 6 nd 7. Digest ws collected into continers immersed in n ice-wter bth. Digest nd fecl smples were homogenized, subsmpled, frozen, nd subsequently freezedried nd nlyzed for DM, N, nd GE. For the growth ssy, 288 chicks(7 d of ge) were used in 14-d experiment. The chicks were housed with four birds/cge nd 12 cges/tretment. The diets were formulted to contin 24% CP, 1.1% C nd.9% P. Feed nd wter were consumed d libitum. Chicks were weighed t the end of the experiment nd feed consumption ws recorded. Response criteri were gin, feed intke nd F/G. Results nd Discussion Results from the experiment with pigs (Tble 2) indicted tht ilel nd totl trct digestibilities of DM, N, nd GE were greter for corn thn the other grins. Ilel nd totl trct digestibilities of DM, N, nd GE were greter for the HD sorghums thn LD sorghums. Digestibilities of DM, N, nd GE were greter for LD2 thn LD1, suggesting tht the tnnin content of LD1 hd greter negtive effect thn the hrd endosperm of LD2. Ilel N digestibilities for LD1, LD2, HD1, HD2, nd PM were 85, 94, 97, 96, nd 95% tht of corn, respectively. Ilel GE digestibilities for LD1, LD2, HD1, HD2, nd PM were 90, 94, 96, 95, nd 91% tht of corn, respectively. From the growth ssy, chicks fed the HD sorghums gined more weight thn chicks fed LD sorghums (Tble 2). Weightgins for chicks fed LD1, LD2, HD1, HD2 nd PM were 95, 96, 98, 100, nd 99% of weight gins for chicks fed the corn-bsed diet. Feed intke ws not ffected by tretment. Efficiency of gin ws greter for chicks fed HD sorghums thn chicks fed LD sorghums. Feeding vlues (i.e., efficiencies of gin) for LD1, LD2, HD1, HD2 nd PM were 95, 97, 98, 100 nd 100% of the corn-bsed control diet. In conclusion, these dt suggest tht n in vitro pepsin ssy ws effective s predictor of feeding vlue for sorghum grin. In pigs, ilel nd totl trct digestibilities of the HD sorghums were improved compred to LD sorghums, but were still of lower digestibility thn corn. Broiler chicks were ble to utilize nutrients from the HD sorghums nd millet essentilly s well s nutrients from corn. 95

97 Tble 1. Composition of Experimentl Diets, % Ingredient Pig digestibility Chick growth Grin source Soyben mel (48% CP) Soyben oil 3.50 DL-methionine.23 Vit/Min/Antibiotic mix b Pig diets were formulted to hve 15% CP,.65% C, nd.55% P. Chick diets were formulted to hve 24% CP, 1.1% C, nd.9% P. b Antibiotic ws mprolium (.05%) nd chlortetrcycline (100 g/ton) for chick diets. Tble 2. Apprent Digestibilities in Growing Pigs nd Chick Growth Performnce Item Corn LD1 LD2 HD1 HD2 Millet CV Ilel digestibility in pigs, % DM cfh N cgj GE cfi Totl trct digestibility in pigs, % DM dgjl N dgjk GE dgjl Chick performnce b Gin, lb e F/G e Six cnnulted brrows in six by six Ltin squre (six observtions per tretment). b 288 chicks, 5 chicks/cge, 12 cges/tretment. cd Corn vs others (P<.01, P<.001, respectively). efg LD1 nd LD2 vs HD1 nd HD2 (P<.11, P<.05, P<.001, respectively). hij LD1 vs LD2 (P<.11, P<.07, P<.001, respectively). kl Sorghums vs millet (P<.01, P<.001, respectively). 96

98 THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AND LYSINE ON FINISHING PIG PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS K. G. Friesen, R. D. Goodbnd, 1 R.C. Thler, nd J.L. Nelssen Summry One hundred nd sixty pigs verging lb were used to determine the benefit of 5% supplementl ft nd (or).20% lysine on growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. The tril consisted of four tretments: 1).61%, lysine milosoyben mel control diet; 2) control + 5% ft; 3) control +.20% lysine; 4) control + 5% ft nd.20% lysine. Lysine:metbolizble energy rtios were held constnt t 1.91:1 for tretments 1 nd 2 nd t 2.52:1 for tretments 3 nd 4. Pig weights nd feed consumption were recorded every third wk to clculte verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed/gin (F/G). At the termintion of the experiment, pigs were scnned vi ultrsound for 10th rib bckft thickness (BF) nd loineye re (LEA). High nd low mbient tempertures were monitored to evlute growth performnce reltive to temperture. Improvements in feed efficiency were detected when supplementl ft ws dded to the diet from d 0 to 21. During this period, the verge temperture fluctuted from low of the hottest of the experiment, with men temperture of 80.4 d. Averge dily gin incresed 5 to 8% with supplements of ft or the combintion of both ft nd lysine to the diet. From d 21 to 42, no differences in performnce were detected for diets supplemented with ft nd(or) lysine. Overll, supplementl ft tended to improve feed efficiency by 8 to 14% in control nd lysine-supplemented diets, respectively. Differences in ADG nd ADFI were not detected over the entire tril. Supplementl ft incresed BF nd tended to reduce LEA. Supplementl lysine incresed LEA with no effect on BF. These dt suggest tht supplementl ft nd (or) lysine cn be beneficil during periods of temperture bove 90 benefit to supplementing lysine in combintion with ft ws not detected. (Key Words: Performnce, Ft, Lysine, G-F.) Introduction Pigs in the growing-finishing stge obtin mximum performnce t their therml neutrl zone of erture rnge, body mintennce requirements re t their lowest levels. At tempertures below this zone, the pig requires incresed energy intke for body mintennce. Thus, incresed feed intkes re detected in conjunction with poorer feed efficiency s result of the body's need to mintin het production. Conversely, tempertures bove the therml neutrl zone depress feed intke. The pig consumes less feed during periods of high tempertures, which decreses the het dissipted throughout the body from nutrient metbolism; however, the pig retins high mintennce requirement through incresed efforts to dissipte het. Decresed growth rtes re typicl during periods of high tempertures becuse of the decrese in feed intke. A solution to this decresed performnce is to supplement diets with ft nd (or) lysine during the summer months. Adding ft nd(or) lysine to the diet does not increse intkes but increses nutrient density of the diet. The pig does not consume more feed, but the feed tht is consumed contins higher energy nd mino cid concentrtions for growth. Thus, the objective of this study ws to evlute the effect of supplemen- 1 In coopertion with South Dkot Stte University, Brookings, SD. 97

99 tl ft nd(or) lysine to finishing diets. Subsequentil crcss chrcteristics were lso obtined to determine tretment effects upon crcss merit. Procedures A totl of 160 crossbred pigs verging lb were utilized to determine the effects of supplementl ft nd lysine to finishing diets. The tril consisted of four dietry tretments: 1).61% lysine, milo-soyben mel control; 2) control + 5% ft; 3) control +.20% lysine; nd 4) control + 5% ft nd.20% lysine. Experimentl diets were formulted to contin.66% clcium nd.55% phosphorus (Tble 1). A constnt lysine: clorie rtio (grms lysine per Mcl energy) ws mintined between tretments 1 nd 2 (1.91:1) nd between tretments 3 nd 4 (2.52:1). By mintining equl lysine:energy rtios, the response to dded ft could be determined without lysine limiting performnce. Pigs were blocked by weight nd by sex into four blocks of four replicte pens. Ech pen contined 10 pigs. Pigs were housed in modified open-front building. Pens hd 50% sltted floor nd 50% solid floor. Ech pen contined selffeeder nd nipple wterer, providing feed nd wter d libitum. Drip coolers were utilized during the experiment nd cycled on for period of 3 min out of 15 min when tempertures exceeded 85 Pig weights nd feed consumption were collected every third wk of the tril. Pigs were removed from the tril when the verge weight of ll pigs in pen ws 230 lb. Averge dily gin (ADG), ADFI, nd F/G were clculted t ech weigh period. High nd low temperture redings were tken ech dy to ssess therml environment effects on growth performnce. At the termintion of the tril, BF nd LEA were mesured ultrsoniclly (Technicre 210DX, Johnson nd Johnson Co.). Results nd Discussion Averge dily gin nd ADFI were not ffected by supplementl ft nd(or) lysine during the first 21 d of the tril. However, n improvement in F/G (P<.05) ws detected for pigs fed the diets contining 5% supplementl ft (Tble 2). Numericl improvements of 5 to 8% were detected in ADG with dditions of ft to either the control diet or the diet +.20% lysine. Pigs fed diets contining.20% dded lysine tended to hve 7 nd 8% improvement in ADG. The verge high temperture during this period ws 94 1). The high tempertures resulted in decresed feed intke during the first 21 d of the tril compred to the second 21 d period. Decresed intkes during d 0 to 21 would correlte to tempertures bove the mximum temperture of the therml neutrl zone. After d 21, verge high tempertures were (Figure 1), t which the pig is within the therml neutrl zone. Growth performnce ws not ltered by supplementing ft nd lysine to the diets from d 21 to 42, though tendencies for increses up to 12% in ADG were detected for pigs fed the combintion of supplementl ft nd lysine. Feed efficiency tended to be improved by supplements of either ft or lysine during this period. In the overll tril, F/G tended to improve with 5% supplementl ft (P<.10) to either the control diet or the control +.20% lysine diet. Averge dily gin ws similr cross tretments, with slight numericl increse when the diet ws supplemented with both ft nd lysine. These dt show tht the therml environment plys role in finishing pig performnce. Though significnt differences were not detected in ADG with supplementl ft nd lysine, improvements in F/G were detected (P<.05). As verge tempertures decresed fter d 21 of the tril, tretment differences were less evident. This suggests tht pigs do not require ddition energy nd lysine during periods of mbient temperture within the therml neutrl zone. Crcss qulity ws ltered by supplements of ft nd lysine to the control diet (Tble 2). Bckft thickness ws improved (P<.10) when ft ws supplemented to the diets. Lysine supplementtion did not hve n effect 98

100 upon BF thickness. Loineye re ws incresed (P<.05) by diets supplemented with lysine; however, decreses in LEA (P<.10) were detected with supplementl ft. These dt indicted tht though supplementl ft improves F/G, increses in BF nd decreses in LEA result s consequence. Additionl lysine increses LEA by providing more mino cid vilble for len growth. Tble 1. Composition of Diets Ingredient, % Control Control + 5% Ft Control +.2% Lysine Control + 5% Ft +.2% Lysine Sorghum Soyben mel, 48% Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Selenium premix Antibiotic Totl Clculted Anlysis Lysine, % Metbolizble energy, Kcl/lb 1,451 1,541 1,456 1,548 Lysine:Energy, g/mcl C, % P, % Chlortetrcycline. 99

101 Tble 2. Growth Performnce nd Crcss Trits for Pigs Fed Diets Contining Supplementl Ft nd(or) Lysine Item Control Control + 5% Ft Control +.2% Lysine Control + 5% Ft +.2% Lysine CV d 0 to 21 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G d 21 to 42 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G d 0 to 63 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G c th rib BF, in cd LEA, in bcd Ft effect (P<.05). b Lysine effect (P<.05). c Ft effect (P<.10). d NPPC equtions utilized to djust mesurements bsed upon 230 lb live weight. 100

102 Figure 1. High, Low, nd Averge Tempertures for the Tril. 101

103 COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND LOW-INHIBITOR SOYBEANS WITH DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENTS AND LYSINE CONCENTRATIONS IN DIETS FOR FINISHING PIGS 1 J. D. Hncock, M. A. Giesemnn, B. J. Hely, nd A. J. Lewis 1 Summry Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, het tretment, nd concentrtion of lysine in the diet on nutritionl vlue of soybens for finishing pigs. In Experiment 1, 108 pigs (113 lb vg initil wt) were fed diets with two soyben cultivrs (Willims 82 nd Amsoy 71), with (+K) nd without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, subjected to three het tretments (1/2-, 3/4-, nd full-rosting). Nutritionl vlue of the Willims 82 nd Amsoy 71 cultivrs ws not different, but -K soybens were superior to +K soybens t ll levels of het tretment. Results indicted tht full-rosted -K soybens were of the gretest nutritionl vlue, nd 3/4-rosted -K soybens were of equl nutritionl vlue to full-rosted +K soybens. In Experiment 2, Amsoy 71 soybens (+K nd -K) were fed rw nd extruded, t 80 nd 110% of the lysine concentrtion recommended by the NRC. Growth performnce ws improved by feeding the -K vs +K, extruded vs rw, nd 110 vs 80% tretments. Additionlly, the -K soybens supported greter performnce thn +K soybens, even when both were fully processed nd fed in diets bove the lysine requirement for finishing pigs. (Key Words: GF, Process, Soybens, Trypsin Inhibitors, Lysine.) Introduction In the 1989 KSU Swine Dy Report (pge 65), we reported tht het tretment of Willims 82 soybens with (+K) nd without (-K) the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gve improvements in growth performnce of finishing pigs. These improvements in growth performnce seemed to plteu between 1/2- nd full-rosting time, but with tretments of none, 1/2-, nd ful l-rosting, it ws not possible to determine if less thn fullrosting (e.g., 3/4-rosting) might be sufficient to optimize nutritionl vlue of the +K nd(or) -K soybens. A second observtion ws tht -K soybens were of greter nutritionl vlue thn +K soybens t ll levels of het tretment, even with full-rosting. Those differences were observed in diets tht were formulted to be deficient in lysine (i.e., 80% of NRC) to ccentute differences in protein qulity. With those observtions in mind, two experiments were conducted to determine if reduced rosting time of -K soybens would yield soyben product of equl or greter nutritionl vlue thn fully processed, conventionlsoybens nd to determine if -K soybens were of greter nutritionl vlue thn +K soyben in diets tht were dequte s well s deficient in lysine concentrtion. Procedures Experiment 1 ws conducted t the University of Nebrsk to determine the effects of rosting +K nd -K soybens on growth performnce of finishing pigs. Two soyben 1University of Nebrsk, Deprtment of Animl Science. 102

104 cultivrs (Willims 82 nd Amsoy 71), ech with +K nd -K isolines, were hetprocessed for 1/2-, 3/4- nd full-rosting times in Rost-A-Tron roster (i.e., fctoril rrngement of tretments). Full rosting ws throughput of pproximtely 1000 lb/h nd n exit temperture B of 245F. Three-fourths- nd 1/2-rosting tretments were ccomplished by incresing throughput to 1,500 lb/h nd 2,000 lb/h, respectively. The soybens were ground through hmmermill, nd dded to 12 corn-soyben-bsed diets (Tble 1). The diets were formulted to supply.48% lysine (i.e., 80% of the NRC requirement) to ensure tht differences in protein qulity would be detected. One hundred eight finishing pigs (nine pigs/tretment) were individully penned nd fed from 113 to 219 lb. Response criteri included ADG, ADFI, F/G, nd lst rib ft depth. Experiment 2 ws conducted t Knss Stte University, to determine the effects on finishing pigs of feeding rw nd het processed +K nd - K soybens t 80 nd 110% of the NRC requirement for lysine, with fctoril rrngement of tretments. The +K nd -K soybens were the Amsoy 71 cultivr, nd het processing ws extrusion in Wenger extruder with brrel temperture of 300EF. The rw soybens were ground through hmmermill before being dded to the experimentl diets, but the extruded soybens required no further processing before use. The tretments were fed to 80 finishing pigs (two pigs/pen nd five pens/tretment), with n vg initil wt of 124 lb nd n vg finl wt of 219 lb. Response criteri were ADG, ADFI, F/G, lst rib ft depth, nd digestibilities of DM nd N. Results nd Discussion No differences were observed for pigs fed the two soyben cultivrs inexperiment 1 (Tble 2). Furthermore, there were no interctions between soyben cultivr nd gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (+K nd -K) or durtion of het tretment (1/2-, 3/4-, nd full-rost). Thus, differences between +K nd -K isolines nd 1/2-, 3/4-, nd full-rosting tretments were consistent for both soyben cultivrs. Pigs fed -K soybens hd 5% greter ADG (1.93 vs 1.84 lb) nd 3% improvement in F/G (3.38 vs 3.49) compred to pigs fed the +K soybens. Incresing time of heting from 1/2- to full-rosting improved ADG by 8%, F/G by 7%, nd lst rib ft depth by 8%. Of prticulr interest ws tht -K soybens were of greter nutritionl vlue thn +K soybens t ll het tretments. This ws surprise, becuse with full-rosting, trypsin inhibitor ctivities for +K nd -K soybens would be sufficiently low to give similr growth performnce. However, these results re in greement with the dt we reported in the KSU 1989 Swine Report (pge 65). Thus, less processing time (i.e., 3/4-rosting) cn be used with -K soybens to give performnce equl to tht obtined with fully processed +K soybens, or full-processing of -K soybens cn be used to yield soyben product of greter nutritionl vlue thn fully processed +K soybens. For Experiment 2, pigs fed -K soybens hd improved ADG nd F/G nd greter digestibilities of DM nd N thn pigs fed +K soybens (Tble 3). One objective of this experiment ws to determine if improved nutritionl vlue of -K soybens would be observed with different form of het processing, i.e., extrusion rther thn rosting. Extrusion processing improved the nutritionl vlue of both soyben isolines, but -K soybens were still of greter nutritionl vlue thn +K soybens even with dequte het tretment. Incresing lysine concentrtion of the diets from 80 to 110% of NRC improved growth performnce of pigs fed +K or -K soybens, rw or extruded. With digestibility of rw -K soybens being only slightly lower thn tht of fully rosted +K soybens in previous experiments, it seemed possible tht feeding n excess of lysine in diets with rw -K soybens might meet the pig's needs for mino cids, even with slightly reduced nutrient digestibilities. This 103

105 ws not the cse in the current experiment, with growth performnce of pigs fed extruded +K soybens being greter thn tht of pigs fed rw -K soybens. Fctor(s) other thn decresed nutrient digestibility must hve limited growth of pigs fed the rw soybens. Alterntively, extruded -K soybens were of greter nutritionl vlue thn extruded +K soybenst 80 nd 110% of NRC for lysine. This response ws prticulrly surprising, becuse differences inprotein sources re typiclly not observed when diets re formulted such tht mino cids re in excess of their requirements. A similr response in nursery pigs fed extruded -K soybens in protein-dequte diets is reported elsewhere in this publiction (Hncock et l.). In conclusion, -K soybens required 25% less het tretment to supportgrowth performnce equl to fully processed +K soybens. Fullprocessing (rosting or extruding) of -K soybens resulted in greter growth performnce thn fullprocessing of +K soybens. This response ws observed not only in the protein-deficient diet formultions (Experiment 1) used to mesure qulity of these protein sources, but lso in diets bove the current NRC recommendtion for lysine (Experiment 2). Tble 1. Composition of Diets, % Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Willims 82 Amsoy 71 +K -K Ingredient +K -K +K -K 80% 110% 80% 110% Corn Soybens Cornstrch Vitmins nd minerls The rw soybens were nlyzed for lysine concentrtion, nd diets were formulted to.48% lysine in Experiment 1 nd.48% (80% of NRC) nd.66% (110% of NRC) lysine in Experiment 2. One-hlf, 3/4-, nd full-rosted soybens were substituted (protein bsis) for the rw soybens in Experiment 1. Extruded soybens were substituted (protein bsis) for the rw soybens in Experiment

106 Tble 2. Effect of Cultivr, Rosting Time, nd Gene Expression for the Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor on Nutritionl Vlue of Soybens for Finishing Pigs Willims 82 Amsoy 71 +K -K +K -K Item 1/2 3/4 Full 1/2 3/4 Full 1/2 3/4 Full 1/2 3/4 Full CV Growth performnce ADG, lb be ADFI, lb h F/G cf Lst rib ft depth, in dg Vlues re mens for five brrows nd four gilts, fed individully, from 113 to 219 lb. bc +K vs -K (P<.05, P<.01, respectively). def Rosting time liner (P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). g +K vs -K rosting time liner (P<.10). h No tretment effect (P>.10). 105

107 Tble 3. Growth Performnce nd Nutrient Digestibility in Finishing Pigs Fed Soybens with (+K) nd Without (-K) the Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor, Rw nd Extruded in Diets Formulted to Provide 80 nd 110% of the Lysine Requirement +K -K Rw Extruded Rw Extruded Item 80% 110% 80% 110% 80% 110% 80% 110% CV Growth performnce ADG, lb bhi ADFI, lb l F/G chj Lst rib ft depth, in g Apprent digestibility, % DM be N dfk Vlues re mens for five pens/tretment nd two pigs/pen, fed from 124 to 219 lb. bcd +K vs -K (P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). efgh Rw vs extruded (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). ij Lysine concentrtion (P<.05, P<.001, respectively). k +K vs -K lysine concentrtion (P<.05). l No tretment effect (P>.18). 106

108 EXTRUSION OF SORGHUM, SOYBEAN MEAL, AND WHOLE SOYBEANS IMPROVES GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN FINISHING PIGS J. D. Hncock, R. H. Hines, nd T. L. Gugle Summry One hundred forty-four finishing pigs (124 lb vg initil wt) were used to determine the efects of extruding sorghum, soyben mel (SBM), nd whole soybens on growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility. Tretments were: 1) control diet with ground sorghum, SBM, nd soyben oil; 2) diet 1 with the ground sorghum, SBM, nd soyben oil blended nd extruded; 3) sorghum nd whole soybens extruded seprtely nd blended; nd 4) sorghum nd extruded soybens blended nd extruded together. Extrusion ws in n Inst-Pro extruder. All diets were formulted to be equl in concentrtions of metbolizble energy (ME) nd lysine. Pigs fed diets with extruded ingredients hd improved F/G. Extrusion of sorghum nd extruded soybens together ws of greter benefit thn extruding those ingredients seprtely. Diets with extruded ingredients hd greter digestibilities of DM nd N, but ft thickness t the lst rib ws not ffected by tretment. Overll, optimum nutrient digestibility ws chieved by feeding extruded diet ingredients, nd eficiency of gin ws mximized by feeding n extruded blend of sorghum nd whole soybens. (Key Words: GF, Process, Sorghum, Soybens, Performnce, Digestibility.) Introduction Extrusion processing is not new technology; extruders hve been used to process humn foodstuffs for more thn 50 yr. Since those erly pplictions, the high cost of equipment nd considerble expertise needed to operte nd mintin extruders hs restricted their use lrgely to preprtion of humn foodstufs nd pet foods. However, there is currently resurgence of interest in extrusion processing of ingredients nd(or) whole diets for swine feeding, lrgely becuse of the dvent of low-cost extrusion equipment nd recognition of specific pplictions for preprtion of specilty protein nd strch products (e.g., extruded whole soybens, soy flour, nd soy protein concentrtes for bby pig diets.) In lst yer's KSU Swine Dy Report (pge 76), we reported mrked improvements in efficiency of growth nd nutrient digestibility (5 to 20%) when whole soybens nd sorghum grin were extruded seprtely nd blended into diets for finishing pigs versus feeding ground sorghum-soyben mel-soyben oil-bsed diets. Reported herein re the results of second experiment with objectives to determine: 1) if extrusion of ground sorghum-soyben melsoyben oil-bsed dietimproves its utiliztion by finishing pigs nd 2) if the positive response to extrusion processing of sorghum nd whole soybens is the sme when they re blended nd then extruded versus extruded nd then blended. Procedures One hundred forty-four finishing pigs, with n vg weight of 124 lb, were llotted to one of four dietry tretments bsed on initil weight, sex, nd ncestry. There were nine pigs per pen nd four pens per tretment. The pigs were housed in modified open-front building, with 50% solid concrete nd 50% concrete slt flooring. Ech pen (6 16 ft) hd two-hole selffeeder nd nipple wterer. 107

109 Tretments were: 1) control diet with ground sorghum, SBM, nd soyben oil; 2) diet 1 with the ground sorghum, SBM, nd soyben oil blended nd then extruded; 3) sorghum nd whole soybens extruded seprtely nd blended; nd 4) sorghum nd extruded soybens blended nd extruded together. Brrel tempertures during extrusion were 160EF for the sorghum- SBM-soyben oil mixture in diet 2, 140EF for the sorghum nd 290EF for the whole soybens in diet 3, nd 150EF for the blend of sorghum nd extruded soybens in diet 4. The sorghum nd sorghum-soy mixtures were tempered to 18% moisture before extrusion. Extrusion ws in n Inst-Pro extruder. All diets were formulted to be equl in concentrtions of ME nd lysine (Tble 1), using published vlues from the NRC, Three weeks fter initition of the experiment, chromic oxide ws dded to the diets (.25%) s n indigestible mrker. After 4-d djustment period, fecl smples were collected from eight pigs per tretment. The smples were dried, ground, nd nlyzed for Cr, DM, nd N concentrtions, so tht pprent digestibilities of DM nd N could be clculted. Feeding continued until pigs in one pen of wt block verged t lest 230 lb, t which time ll pigs in tht wt block were scnned for ft depth t the lst rib nd removed from the experiment. Finl wt ws used s covrite in nlyses of the ft depth mesurements. Results nd Discussion Averge dily gin ws not fected by dietry tretment (Tble 2). However, pigs fed diets with extruded ingredients were 14% more efficient (F/G of 3.11 vs 3.61) thn pigs fed the ground sorghum-sbm-soyben oil control diet. Although extrusion of the sorghum, SBM, nd soyben oil reduced F/G from 3.61 to 3.19, pigs fed tht diet were still less eficient thn pigs fed diets with extruded sorghum nd extruded whole soybens, especilly when sorghum nd extruded soybens were blended nd then extruded. All diets were formulted to be in excess of the lysine requirement for finishing pigs nd to hve the sme ME concentrtion nd lysine/me rtio. Thus, improved feed e ficiency for pigs fed extruded sorghum nd soybens indictes tht the ME vlue of sorghum grin is dependent on processing method, nd the NRC vlue for ME of het processed soybens is probbly too low, t lest for dry-extruded whole soybens. Apprent digestibilities indicted tht extrusion processing of diet ingredients incresed DM digestibility by 6% (from 84.1 to 89.5%) nd N digestibility by 14% (from 72.3 to 82.3%). Digestibilities of DM nd N in diets with the different extrusion tretments were not diferent (P>.70). Lst rib ft thickness ws not fected by tretment. In conclusion, results from this experiment support dt reported lst yer, i.e., extrusion of sorghum nd whole soybens improves growth performnce nd nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs compred to feeding ground sorghum-sbmsoyben oil-bsed diets. Furthermore, these differences in energy vlue of extruded sorghum vs ground sorghum nd extruded whole soybens vs SBM nd soyben oil wrrnt re-evlution of published ME vlues (such s those found in the NRC for swine) nd ME vlues used in lest-cost diet formultion progrms. 108

110 Tble 1. Composition of Diets Ingredient, % Sorghum b Soyben mel (48% CP) Extruded soybens Soyben oil Vit/Min/Antibiotics c Control (with SBM) Extruded soyben diet All diets were formulted to supply.65% lysine,.65% C,.55%, P 1.48 Mcl ME/lb of diet, nd 2.0 g lysine/mcl ME (clculted nlysis). b Extruded sorghum replced ground sorghum on lb for lb bsis. c Antibiotic supplied 100 g chlortetrcycline per ton of diet. Tble 2. Effect of Extrusion Processing on Nutritionl Vlue of Sorghum, Soybens, nd Soyben Mel for Finishing Pigs Extrusion tretment Item Control Blended sorghum, SBM, soy oil Sorghum nd soybens Blended sorghum nd soybens CV Growth performnce ADG, lb b ADFI, lb c F/G def Apprent digestibility DM, % d 84.1 N, % d Lst rib ft thickness, in b A totl of 144 finishing pigs, vg initil wt of 124 lb, vg finl wt of 224 lb. There were nine pigs per pen nd four pens per tretment. b No tretment e fect (P>.32). cd Control vs extrusion tretments (P<.01, P<.001, respectively). e Extruded sorghum-sbm-soy oil vs extruded sorghum nd whole soyben tretments (P<.08). f Sorghum nd whole soybens extruded seprtely vs sor ghum nd whole soybens extruded together (P<.02). 109

111 SPACE REQUIREMENTS OF FINISHING PIGS FED TO A HEAVIER WEIGHT (REMOVED INDIVIDUALLY) R. H. Hines, G. E. Fitzner, D. A. Nichols, nd J. D. Hncock Summry 2 Spce llownces of 6, 8, 10,nd 12 ft were evluted for pigs fed from 120 to 250 lb. The mngement system used ws to remove pigs individully s they reched 250 lb, which provided incresing spce per pig. Using this mngement system, verge dily gin, verge dily feed intke, nd feed efeciency improved linerly with incresing spce llownce. Pigs 2 llowed 6 ft gined slower, te less, nd required more feed per lb of gin compred to pigs llowed 8, 10, nd 12 ft. Pigs permitted 8, 10, nd ft were similr in rte of gin, feed consumption, nd feed e ficiency, suggesting tht 8 2 ft is dequte spce for the finishing pig, if pens re topped out s pigs individully rech 250 lb. If pigs re fed to pen verge of 250 lb without 2 removing pigs individully, 10 ft is required to mximize performnce, s reported in Report of Progress 581. In this tril, spce llownce of 6 2 ft /pig impired pigs performnce from 120 to 200 lb. These results hve been observed in previous studies, suggesting tht finishing pigs 2 need minimum of 8 ft in the finishing phse. (Key Words: G-F, Performnce, Spce, Hevy Wt.) Introduction In the 1989 KSU Swine Dy Report of Progress 581, we reported the efect of spce llownce for finishing pigs fed to n verge pen weight of 250 lb. In those studies, verge dily gin nd verge dily feed intke incresed linerly (P<.05) s spce llownce incresed by ft /pig from 6 to 12 ft/pig. However, pigs 2 permitted 10 or 12 ft of spce were similr in 2 performnce, indicting tht 10 ft ws dequte spce for feeding hogs to 250 lb verge pen weight. This study ws conducted to evlute 6, 8, 2 10, nd 12 ft per finishing pig with pigs fed to hevier mrket weight but removed individully s they reched 250 lb when weighed weekly. This mngement procedure is similr to tht used by swine producers who stock pens t 6 to 7 2 ft nd then remove pigs s they rech mrket weight. Procedures Pigs were llotted to one of four replicted 2 tretments (6, 8, 10, or 12 ft/pig spce llownce) on the bsis of weight, litter nd sex. Feeder nd wterer spce ws subtrcted from the totl pen squre footge to determine llowble spce per pig. Pigs were housed in modified open front building with 16 ft long pens djusted for width to develop the desired squre footge. Ech pen hd 8 ft of concrete slts nd 8 ft of solid floor. Ech pen housed 15 pigs nd ws equipped with one nipple wterer nd round feeder. All pigs were fed d libitum sorghum grin-soyben mel fortified diet tht hd clculted nlysis of 14.7% crude protein,.65% lysine,.65% clcium, nd.50% phosphorous. No ntibiotic ws dded to the finisher rtion. Pigs were weighed biweekly for the first 42 d of the tril nd weekly therefter. Pigs were removed ech week s they individully reched 250 lb. When t lest 50% of the pigs hd been removed from the pen individully, the reminder of the pen of pigs were fed to n verge group 110

112 weight of 250 lb, t which time the experiment ws terminted. Results nd Discussion The effect of spce llownce on pigs fed to hevier weight re shown in Tble 1. During the first 42 d of the tril, those pigs llowed 10 2 nd 12 ft of spce were significntly more efi- 2 cient (P<.05) thn those pigs permitted 6 ft. Pigs 2 llowed 8 ft grew slightly fster nd were more 2 efficient thn those permitted 6 ft; however, the difference ws not significnt. At the end of 42 d on tril, the verge weight of the pigs ws pproximtely 198 lb, suggesting tht 6 sq ft ws not enough spce for pigs s they grew from 120 to 200 lb. The impired performnce observed for this weight pig ws lso reported in 1989 Report of Progress 581 for pigs permitted only 6 2 ft of spce/pig. In the overll tril, verge dily gin nd verge dily feed intke incresed linerly (P<.05) s pigs were permitted more spce. In ddition, feed/gin rtio improved linerly (P<.05) with more spce llownce per pig. Averge dily gin ws significntly reduced 2 (P<.05) for those pigs permitted 6 ft when 2 compred to those llowed 8, 10, or 12 ft. Averge dily feed intke ws significntly less (P<.05) nd F/G ws significntly poorer (P<.05) 2 for pigs permitted 6 ft compred to those 2 permitted 12 ft. Averge dily gin, verge dily feed intke, feed efficiency, nd dys on test were similr for 2 2 pigs llowed 8, 10, or 12 ft, suggesting tht 8 ft is dequte spce if the pigs re removed individully s they rech 250 lb. Tble 1. Effect of Spce Allownce on Performnce of Finishing Pigs Fed to 250 lb. (Removed Individully) 2 Spce llownce, ft/pig Item Dy 1-42 Avg dily gin, lb b Avg dily feed intke, lb Feed/gin b 1.77 c c 1.91 cd cd 1.96 d d 2.02 d d Overll Avg finl wt, lb Avg no. d on feed Avg dily gin, lb b Avg dily feed intke, l b Feed/gin b c 6.00 c 3.54 c d 6.26 cd 3.37 cd d 6.36 cd 3.39 cd d 6.40 d 3.26 d Fifteen pigs per pen with four pens/tretment; vg initil wt = 121 lb. b Liner effect of spce llownce (P<.05). cd Mens on sme line with diferent superscripts difer significntly (P<.05). 111

113 EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN DOSAGE AND LYSINE LEVEL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS G. E. Fitzner, R. H. Hines, J. L. Nelssen, T. L. Weeden R. D. Goodbnd, J. D. Hncock, nd B. R. Schricker 1 Summry Eighty crossbred brrows initilly weighing 70.5 lb were used in 5 wk tril to determine the optimum dosge of porcine somtotropin (pst) required to promote mximum growth response in growing pigs fed diets contining either 1.0 or 2.0% lysine. Pigs received dily injection of plcebo or 2, 4, or 8 mg pst in combintion with one of two experimentl diets contining either 1.0 or 2.0% dietry lysine. Incresing the dosge of pst of pigs fed both diets resulted in n increse in verge dily gin (ADG), reduction in verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd n improvement in feed conversion (F/G). Averge bckft, clculted from ultrsonic mesurements t the first rib, lst rib, nd lst lumbr vertebr, ws reduced in pigs fed both diets s pst dosge incresed. Serum pst incresed nd ure nitrogen decresed for pigs fed both diets s pst dosge incresed. The improvement in ADG nd F/G of pigs fed both diets ws qudrtic, indicting tht plteu ws chieved between 4 nd 8 mg/d pst dministrtion. The serum ure nitrogen response ppered to plteu ner 8 mg/d. The combintion of these response criteri indictes tht the dosge required for mximum response is bout 7 mg/d pst, wheres the more optimum level of pst dministrtion my be bout 5 mg/d for growing pigs fed diets contining 1.0 or 2.0% lysine. (Key Words: GF, Reprtition, Performnce, Lysine.) Introduction The effects of porcine somtotropin (pst) on growth performnce of finishing swine hve been much greter thn those seen in growing pigs. Incresed levels of dietry lysine improved growth performnce of growing pigs injected with pst by only 10% in n experiment reported in the 1990 Swine Dy, Report of Progress 610. Pigs in tht experiment were injected with either plcebo or 3 mg/d pst. The optimum dosge of pst hs not been previously determined for the growing pig. Therefore, this experiment ws designed to determine the dosge of pst dministrtion required to promote mximum response in growing pigs fed either 1.0 or 2.0% dietry lysine. Procedures Eighty crossbred brrows initilly weighing 70.5 lb were llotted by weight nd ncestry to one of eight experimentl tretments. Tretments included two corn-corn gluten mel-soyben mel diets (Tble 1) formulted to contin either 1.0 or 2.0% lysine in combintion with injections of plcebo or 2, 4, or 8 mg/d pst. L-lysine HCl ws substituted for corn in the diet contining 2.0% lysine. Diets were formulted to provide 200% of NRC recommended levels for ll other essentil mino cids, vitmins, nd minerls. Pigs were llowed d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. There were two pigs per pen nd five pens per tretment. Pigs were housed in modified open front building with solid concrete floors. All pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly for clcultions of verge dily gin (ADG). verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed conversion (F/G). Blood smples were obtined on d 14 nd d 28 for nlysis of serum pst nd ure nitrogen. At the 1Pitmn-Moore, Inc., Terre Hute, IN

114 Ingredient Corn Soyben mel (48% CP) Corn gluten mel (60% CP) Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte (21% P) Limestone L-lysine HCl 1.28 L-threonine Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Antibiotic Copper sulphte Selenium premix Totl Clculted Anlysis, % CP Lysine C P Ech lb of ntibiotic contined 10 g chlortetrcycline, 10 g sulfthizole, nd 5 g peniend of the 5 wk growth tril, verge bckft thickness, mesured ultrsoniclly t the first rib, lst rib, nd lst lumbr vertebr, ws determined. Tble 1. Composition of Diets Dietry Lysine, % Results nd Discussion During the first 2 wk of the tril, there ws no effect of pst dosge on verge dily gin (ADG) for pigs fed 1.0% dietry lysine (Tble 2). However, there ws liner reduction (P<.01) in verge dily feed intke (ADFI), which resulted in liner nd qudrtic improvement in feed conversion F/G s pst dosge incresed. Porcine somtotropin dosge hd no effect on ADFI of pigs fed diets contining 2.0% dietry lysine. Incresing the dosge of pst from 0 to 8 mg/d resulted in incresed ADG (liner, P<.01) nd improved F/G (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.05) of pigs fed 2.0% lysine. Incresing the dietry lysine level of pigs from 1.0 to 2.0% resulted in n improvement in F/G (P<.05). Pigs fed 1.0% dietry lysine for the totl 5 wk tril hd incresed ADG (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.05), reduced ADFI (liner, P<.01), nd improved F/G (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.05) s pst dosge incresed. Incresing the pst dosge lso reduced verge bckft (liner, P<.01) of pigs fed 1.0% lysine diets. During the 5 wk tril, pigs injected with n incresing pst dosge nd fed diets with 2.0% lysine hd greter ADG (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.05), reduced ADFI (liner, P<.01), nd improved F/G (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.05). The qudrtic nture of the response for ADG nd F/G of pigs to pst dosge indictes tht the dosge of pst required to chieve mximum growth response of pigs fed 2.0% lysine diets ws chieved nd ws between 4 nd 8 mg/d. Incresing pst dosge of pigs fed 2.0% dietry lysine resulted in decrese (liner, P<.01) in verge bckft. As expected, incresing the pst dosge resulted in liner increse (P<.01) in serum pst of pigs fed both the 1.0 nd 2.0% lysine diets. The reduction in wk 2 serum ure nitrogen of pigs fed the 2.0% lysine diet compred to those fed the 1.0% lysine diet suggests tht the dietry mino cids metbolized by the pigs were better utilized, which is n indiction tht lysine ws limiting in those pigs fed the 1.0% lysine diet. The improvement in F/G (P<.05) of pigs fed the diet contining 2.0% lysine compred to those fed the 1.0% lysine diet lso supports the theory of n 113

115 improvement in utiliztion of dietry mino cids. The liner (P<.01) nd qudrtic (P<.05) reduction in serum ure nitrogen s pst dosge ws incresed suggests tht there ws better utiliztion nd less demintion of the dietry mino cids. A sttisticl nlysis indicted tht the response in serum ure nitrogen ws mximized ner 8 mg/d. The improvements in growth performnce (ADG nd F/G) indicte tht growing pigs fed 1.0 nd 2.0% dietry lysine require between 4 nd 8 mg/d pst dministrtion for mximum response. The point of inflection for ADG nd F/G is pproximtely 5 mg/d. The level of pst required to optimize serum ure nitrogen is ner 8 mg/d. The point of inflection for serum ure nitrogen is pproximtely 7 mg/d pst dministrtion. The dosge required for mximum response in serum ure nitrogen ws higher thn the dosge required for mximum growth performnce. The dosge of pst required for optimum growth performnce of growing pigs fed 1.0 or 2.0% dietry lysine ws determined to be ner 5 mg/d. 114

116 Tble 2. Performnce, Crcss, nd Blood Chrcteristics of Pigs Fed 1.0 or 2.0% Dietry Lysine nd Injected with Porcine Somtotropin (pst) Lysine, % pst Dosge, mg/d pst Dosge, mg/d Chrcteristics CV Growth Performnce Wk 0-2 ADG, lb b ADFI, lb c F/G bcde Wk 0-5 ADG, lb bcf ADFI, lb bc F/G bcef Crcss nd Blood Prmeters g Averge bckft, in bch Wk 2 serum ure nitrogen, mg/dl bcdef Wk 4 serum ure nitrogen, mg/dl bcef Wk 2 serum pst, ng/ml bc Wk 4 serum pst ng/ml bc A totl of 80 pigs initilly weighing 70.5 lb, 2 pigs/pen, 5 pens/tretment. b Pigs fed 2.0% lysine, liner response to pst (P<.01). c Pigs fed 1.0% lysine, liner response to pst (P<.01). d Lysine effect (P<.05). e Pigs fed 2.0% lysine, qudrtic response to pst (P<.05).

117 f Pigs fed 1.0% lysine, qudrtic response to pst (P<.05). g Serum smples obtined 4 h post-injection, 3 h post-prndil. h An verge of ultrsonic mesurements t the first rib, lst rib, nd lst lumbr vertebr t the end of the 5 wk tril.

118 EFFECTS OF DAILY PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GROWING PIGS 1 G. E. Fitzner, R. H. Hines, D. H. Kropf, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, J. D. Hncock, T. L. Weeden, nd K. G. Friesen Summry One-hundred twenty crossbred brrows initilly weighing 68.7 lb were used to determine the lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d porcine somtotropin (pst) during 5-wk growth tril. Pigs received one of six levels of dietry lysine (.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, or 2.7%) nd were injected dily with either 5 mg pst or plcebo. During the 5 wk tril, pst-injected pigs hd incresed verge dily gin (ADG), decresed verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd improved feed conversion (F/G) compred with plceboinjected pigs. With incresing dietry lysine, ADFI of pigs injected with both pst nd plcebo ws reduced. Pigs injected with pst hd improved ADG s dietry lysine incresed to 1.5% nd improved F/G s dietry lysine incresed to 1.9%. Dietry lysine hd no effect on ADG or F/G of plcebo-injected pigs. Pigs injected with pst hd improved verge bckft, tenth rib ft depth, nd longissimus re compred to plcebo-injected pigs. Tenth rib ft depth of both plcebo- nd pst-injected pigs ws reduced s dietry lysine incresed. Longissimus re of pst-injected pigs improved s dietry lysine incresed to 1.5%. The improvements in ADG, ADFI, F/G, nd longissimus re of pst-injected pigs indicte tht the dietry lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d pst is 1.5 to 1.9%. (Key Words: GF, Reprtition, Performnce, Crcss, Lysine.) Introduction Administrtion of porcine somtotropin (pst) to growing pigs hs been shown to be n effective mens of improving growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. The dosge of pst required to elicit the gretest response hs been found to be greter in growing pigs thn in finishing pigs. The lysine requirement of finishing pigs injected dily with pst hs been determined to be bout twice tht recommended by the NRC. The lck of response in experiments using growing pigs my be becuse the dosge of pst or the dietry lysine ws indequte to provide for the mximum response. This experiment ws designed to determine the lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d pst. Procedures One-hundred twenty crossbred brrows initilly weighing 68.7 lb were llotted by weight nd ncestry to one of 12 experimentl tretments. Tretments included six diets (Tble 1) formulted to contin either.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, or 2.7% lysine in combintion with dily injections of either plcebo or 5 mg pst. A mixture of soyben mel nd L-lysine HCl were substituted for corn to increse the dietry lysine from.7 to 2.7%. Diets were formulted to contin 250% of NRC recommendtions for ll other essentil mino cids using synthetic L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-tryptophn, L-vline, nd DL-methionine. Vitmins nd minerls were included in diets to provide 200% of NRC recommended levels. Pigs were llowed d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. There were two pigs per pen nd five pens per tretment. Pigs were housed in fully enclosed, environmen- 1We would like to cknowledge BioKyow, St, Louis, MO for the dontion of synthetic mino cids nd Pitmn-Moore, Inc., Terre Hute, IN in support of this reserch. 117

119 tlly regulted building with totlly sltted floor. All pigs nd feeders were weighed weekly, nd ll feed dditions were recorded for clcultions of verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed conversion (F/G). At the end of the 5 wk experiment, six pigs from ech tretment were slughtered for determintion of crcss chrcteristics. Results nd Discussion During the first 2 wk of the experiment, ADG incresed, ADFI decresed, nd F/G improved for pigs injected with pst (P<.01) compred to pigs injected with plcebo (Tble 2). Averge dily gin of pigs injected with pst incresed (P<.05) with incresing levels of dietry lysine up to 1.9%, wheres ADG of pigs injected with plcebo incresed up to 1.5% dietry lysine. Feed intke of both plcebo- (P<.05) nd pst-injected pigs (P<.01) decresed s dietry lysine levels incresed. This resulted in improved F/G of psttreted pigs up to 1.9% dietry lysine nd of plcebo-injected pigs up to 1.5% dietry lysine (P<.01). During the overll 5 wk tril, pigs injected with pst hd incresed ADG, reduced ADFI, nd improved F/G compred to plcebo-injected pigs (P<.01). Injection of pigs with pst lso resulted th in reduced verge bckft, reduced 10 rib ft depth, nd incresed longissimus re compred to injection with plcebo (P<.01). Incresing the dietry lysine level of pstinjected pigs resulted in n increse (P<.05) in ADG up to lysine level of 1.5%, liner (P<.02) reduction in ADFI, nd n improvement (P<.05) in F/G to between 1.5 nd 1.9% dietry lysine. Crcsses of pst-injected pigs hd less (P<.05) bckft s dietry lysine ws incresed to 1.5% th nd liner reduction (P<.02) in 10 rib ft depth with incresing levels of dietry lysine. Longissimus re of pst-injected pigs incresed (P<.05) s dietry lysine ws incresed to 1.5 nd 1.9%. Incresing the dietry lysine hd no effect on ADG, F/G, or verge bckft of plcebo-injected pigs. Pigs injected with plcebo hd liner th reduction (P<.02) in ADFI nd 10 rib ft depth with incresing levels of dietry lysine. The longissimus re of plcebo-injected pigs incresed s dietry lysine incresed up to level of 1.1%. The only trit indicting tht the dietry lysine level of plcebo injected pigs ws indequte ws the increse in longissimus re up to 1.1% dietry lysine. Thus, the current NRC recommendtion of.75% lysine closely pproximtes the requirement of the plcebo-injected pigs in this experiment. The lysine intke of plcebo-injected pigs fed diets contining.7 nd 1.1% lysine ws 14 nd 21 g/d, respectively. Becuse of the lrge differences in dietry lysine in this experiment, it is possible tht response occurred in plcebo-injected pigs between.7 nd 1.1% nd ws not detected. The improvement in growth performnce of psttreted pigs with incresing levels of dietry lysine up to 1.5% (ADG) or 1.9% (ADFI nd F/G) long with the increse in longissimus re up to 1.9% indictes tht the lysine requirement of growing pigs injected with 5 mg/d pst is between 1.5 nd 1.9%. The lysine intke of pst-injected pigs ws 24 nd 28 g/d for pigs fed diets contining 1.5 nd 1.9% lysine, respectively. These recommendtions represent 200 to 250% increse in the lysine requirement of pst-injected pigs compred to the NRC recommendtion of.75% lysine for 44 to 110 lb pigs on the bsis of dietry percentge. The NRC recommendtion for lysine is g/d. Compring the lysine requirement of pst-injected pigs in g/d, the increse is between 170 nd 195% of the NRC recommendtion. Tble 1. Composition of Diets 118

120 Percentge Lysine Ingredient Corn Corn gluten mel (60% CP) Soyben mel (48% CP) Menhden fishmel Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte(21% P) Limestone L-lysine HCl Vitmin premix Antibiotic Slt Trce minerl premix Copper sulfte Selenium premix L-threonine L-isoleucine L-tryptophn L-vline.04 DL-methionine.06 Totl Clculted nlyses CP, % Lysine, % C, % P, % ME, Kcl/lb Ech lb of ntibiotic contined 10 g chlortetrcycline. 119

121 Tble 2. Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Pigs Injected Dily with Plcebo (0) or pst (5 mg) Porcine Somtotropin (pst), mg/d 0 5 Lysine, % Lysine, % Item CV Growth Performnce Wk 0-2 ADG, lb bcd ADFI, lb bef F/G bcdef Wk 0-5 ADG, lb bdg ADFI, lb bef F/G bdfg Crcss Chrcteristics h Slughter wt, lb Averge bckft, in bdfi th bef Ft depth, 10 rib, in Longissimus re, sq in bdf A totl of 120 pigs initilly weighing 68.7 lb, 2 pigs/pen, 5 pens/tretment. b pst effect (P<.01). c plcebo injected pigs, qudrtic response to lysine (P<.05). d pst injected pigs, qudrtic response to lysine (P<.05). e plcebo injected pigs, liner response to lysine (P<.02). f pst injected pigs, liner response to lysine (P<.02). g Lysine X pst (P<.05). h A totl of 72 pigs, 6 pigs/tretment. i Men of mesurements tken over the first rib, the lst rib nd the lst lumbr vertebr

122 THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY THREONINE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PST-TREATED FINISHING PIGS 1 R. D. Goodbnd, J. L. Lurin, J. L. Nelssen, J. A. Hnsen, nd B. R. Schricker 2 Summry Eighty crossbred brrows (initil wt = 131 lb) were utilized to determine the dietry threonine requirement of finishing pigs injected with porcine somtotropin (pst). Brrows were injected dily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either 4 mg pst or plcebo nd fed diets contining either.45,.55,.65, or.75% threonine. All other mino cids, vitmins, nd minerls were clculted to be t lest double current requirements for finishing pigs so s not to limit performnce. Pigs were housed in n open-sided building with two pigs per pen nd five replictions of the eight tretments. Feed nd wter were provided d libitum. When the men weight of the two pigs per pen verged 235 +/- 5 lb, pigs were slughtered nd crcss dt collected. Porcine somtotropin-treted pigs hd greter verge dily gin (ADG), reduced dily feed intke (ADFI), nd improved feed efficiency (F/G) compred to control pigs. A dietry threonine pst interction ws observed for ADG. Control pigs exhibited no improvement in ADG with incresing dietry threonine. However, pst-treted pigs hd 22% increse in ADG s dietry threonine incresed from.45 to.65%. Incresing dietry threonine resulted in incresed ADFI, but hd no effect on F/G. Averge bckft thickness, tenth rib ft depth, nd kidney ft were reduced by pst dministrtion. Longissimus muscle re nd trimmed hm nd loin weights were greter in pst-treted pigs. Dietry threonine tended to reduce verge bckft thickness but hd no effect on other crcss criteri mesured. These results suggest tht growth rte of pst-treted pigs is incresed by dietry threonine level compred to control pigs. This interctive response between pst nd threonine ws not observed in feed efficiency or crcss criteri mesured; however, there were numericl trends similr to those observed for dily gin. (Key Words: G-F, Performnce, Threonine, Reprtition, Crcss.) Introduction Porcine somtotropin (pst) is n effective modifier of swine growth, feed utiliztion, nd crcss criteri. However, the mgnitude of response to pst dministrtion hs been determined to be interctively linked with the nutritionl llownces of the pig. Reserch t Knss Stte University hs estblished tht the response of finishing pigs to pst dministrtion is directly dependent on the dietry lysine level. The lysine requirement of pst-treted pig is pproximtely 25 to 30 g/d compred to the 18 to 20 g/d for non-pst-treted finishing pig. Bsed on these dt, we hypothesize tht other mino cid requirements my be ltered by pst dministrtion. In ddition, the extent tht one mino cid requirement is chnged in proportion to nother my be ltered if growth rte is significntly ltered (i.e., chnge in mino cid rtio). Therefore, the objective of this experiment ws to determine the influence of dietry threonine on growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of control nd psttreted finishing pigs. 1The Authors would like to thnk BioKyow nd Nutri-Quest for donting mino cids nd prtil funding of this experiment. 2 Pitmn-Moore, Inc. Terre Hute, IN

123 Procedures Eighty crossbred brrows verging 131 lb were llotted on the bsis of weight nd ncestry to one of eight experimentl tretments. Tretments included either dily injection of 4 mg pst or plcebo in combintion with pelleted milo-penut mel diet contining either.45,.55,.65, or.75% threonine provided by L-threonine (Tble 1). All other mino cids, vitmins, nd minerls were clculted to be t lest double current requirements for finishing pigs so s not to limit performnce (Tble 2). Pigs were housed in n opensided building with two pigs per pen nd five replicte pens per tretment. When the men weight of the two pigs per pen verged 230 +/- 5 lb, pigs were slughtered nd crcss dt collected. Tble 1. Composition of Bsl Diet Ingredient % Sorghum Penut mel, solvent Soyben oil 7.00 Monoclcium phosphte 3.31 Limestone 1.13 L-lysine HCl 1.47 Vitmin premix.50 Trce minerl premix.20 DL-methionine.34 Slt.25 L-isoleucine.21 L-tryptophn.06 Selenium premix.05 b Sucrose/threonine.40 Totl Provided.3 ppm Selenium. b Sucrose ws replced by threonine to provide levels of.55,.65, nd.75%. Dt were nlyzed s 2 4 fctoril rrngement with pst nd dietry threonine s min effects. Averge bckft, longissimus muscle re (10th thorcic vertebre), nd length were ll djusted to constnt weight of 230 lb using NPPC (1988) guidelines. Other crcss criteri were djusted using finl weight s covrite. Tble 2. Chemicl Anlysis of Bsl Diet Item % Crude Protein C P 1.00 Essentil Amino Acids Threonine 0.45 Arginine 1.31 Cystine 0.23 Histidine 0.38 Isoleucine 0.78 Leucine 1.48 Lysine 1.49 Methionine.49 Phenyllnine.82 Tyrosine.59 Tryptophn.21 Vline.73 Results nd Discussion Porcine somtotropin-treted pigs hd greter verge dily gin (ADG; P<.05) thn control pigs (Tble 3). In ddition, incresing dietry threonine level incresed ADG (P<.06); however the gretest response ws observed for pst-treted pigs. This resulted in pst threonine interction (P<.10) becuse control pigs exhibited no chnge in ADG, but pst-treted pigs hd 22% increse in ADG s threonine incresed from.45 to.65%. Averge dily feed intke (ADFI) ws reduced in psttreted pigs (P<.10); however, pst-treted pigs fed the diet contining.65% threonine unexplinbly hd the gretest feed intke of ny tretment group. Porcine somtotropin-treted pigs were more efficient thn control pigs (P<.05); however, there ws no improvement with incresing threonine level. Becuse of the high feed intke, psttreted pigs fed the.65% threonine diet hd the poorest feed efficiency mong pst-treted pigs. 122

124 Becuse ll pigs were slughtered when their men weight ws 235 lb, there were no differences in hot crcss weight or skinned dressing percent. Averge bckft thickness nd 10th rib ft depth were reduced (P<.05) for pst-treted pigs. Longissimus muscle re ws incresed for psttreted pigs (P<.05) nd tended to increse (8%) with incresing threonine level compred to control pigs. Weight of kidney ft ws reduced (P<.05) in pst-treted pigs compred to control pigs. Within pst-treted pigs, there ws 30% reduction in kidney ft s threonine level incresed from.45 to.65%. Trimmed loin nd hm weights were greter in pst-treted pigs. Control pigs hd no chnges in hm or loin weight in response to incresing dietry threonine; however, pst-treted pigs tended (P>.10) to hve numericlly hevier hm nd loin weights s threonine incresed. These results suggest tht growth rte of psttreted pigs is incresed by dietry threonine level compred to control-treted pigs. This interctive response between pst nd threonine ws not observed in feed efficiency or crcss criteri mesured; however, there were numericl trends similr to those observed for dily gin. Bsed on results of previous reserch, pst dministrtion my increse the dietry lysine nd threonine requirements of finishing pigs. However, there ppers to be much greter increse in the pig's lysine requirement compred to threonine. Therefore, pst dministrtion my chnge the optiml mino cid rtio. This chnge is similr to the chnges in mino cid rtios between strter pigs, which hve reltively wide lysine to threonine rtio (dietry threonine level is pproximtely 57% of dietry lysine level) compred to finishing pigs (dietry threonine level is pproximtely 66% of lysine level). 123

125 Tble 3. Influence of Dietry Threonine nd pst on Growth Performnce of Finishing Pigs Threonine, % Item CV bcd ADG, lb. Control mg pst ADFI, lb. ce Control mg pst F/G b Control mg pst A totl of 80 pigs (five observtions per tretment), verge initil weight 131 lb, verge finl wt 235 lb. b PST effect (P<.05). c Qudrtic effect of threonine (P<.05). d PST threonine interction (P<.10). e PST effect (P<.10). 124

126 Tble 4. The Influence of pst nd Dietry Threonine on Crcss Mesurements Threonine, % Item CV Hot crcss wt, lb Control mg pst Skinned dressing percentge Control mg pst Bckft thickness, in. bc Control mg pst Tenth rib ft depth, in. b Control mg pst Longissimus muscle re, in. b Control mg pst Crcss length, in. Control mg pst Kidney ft, g b Control mg pst Trimmed loin wt, lb. b Control mg pst Trimmed hm wt, lb. b Control mg pst A totl of 80 pigs, verge initil wt 131 lb, verge finl wt 235 lb. Mens represent 10 observ- tions/tretment. b PST effect (P<.05). c Qudrtic effect of threonine (P<.10). 125

127 THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF pst AND SALBUTAMOL ON THE LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF FINISHING PIGS 1 J. A. Hnsen, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, nd J. L. Lurin Summry A metbolism study ws conducted to evlute the interctive effects of dily pst injections nd the $-gonist slbutmol on the lysine requirement of finishing pigs bsed on nitrogen retention. Sixteen finishing pigs (137 lbs initilly) were exposed to one of four biologicl tretments for 32 d. These tretments were: 1) non-treted control; 2) 4 mg/d pst; 3) 2.75 ppm of dietry slbutmol; 4) both slbutmol nd pst. Pigs were kept on the sme biologicl tretment nd offered one of four diets for n 8 d period in Ltin squre rrngement. Diets were formulted to contin.8, 1.2, 1.6, nd 2.0% dietry lysine, the ssumed first-limiting mino cid. Pigs were cclimted to ech diet for 4 d period, fter which feces nd urine were collected for 4 d to evlute nitrogen retention. Results indicte tht the $-gonist slbutmol incresed the dily feed consumption, dily gin, nd the efficiency of gin; wheres pst injection reduced feed consumption nd incresed efficiency of gin. No interction occurred between pst nd slbutmol for percent nitrogen retention; however, pigs injected with pst nd fed slbutmol hd higher dily nitrogen retention becuse of n incresed nitrogen intke nd improved nitrogen utiliztion. Pigs treted with pst hd lener crcsses with higher percent muscle thn non-treted controls or pigs fed slbutmol. These dt suggest tht pigs injected with pst hve dietry lysine requirement between 1.2 nd 1.6%, wheres those fed slbutmol hve requirement similr to tht of non-treted pigs, which my be confounded with incresed dily feed intke. Pigs treted with both pst nd slbutmol pper to hve lysine requirement slightly lower thn thtof pigs injected with pst lone, which ppers to be due to incresed feed intke. (Key Words: G-F, Lysine, Reprtitioning, Hormone.) Introduction Recombinnt porcine somtotropin (pst) hs been shown to increse the dietry lysinerequirement of finishing pigs. This is primrily consequence of two phenomen. First, pigs injected dily with pst hve significntly lower feed intkes thn non-treted pigs; secondly, psttreted pigs hve fster rtes of protein deposition. The combintion of reduced feed consumption nd incresed net protein deposition leds to much higher requirement for lysine when expressed on dily bsis nd when represented s percent of the diet. The $-gonist slbutmol hs been shown to improve longissimus muscle re nd dily gins when included t 2.75 ppm of the diet. No dt hve been reported on the lysine requirement of pigs fed diets contining slbutmol; thus, estblishing such requirement serves to enhnce our understnding of the growth-promoting effects of the $-gonist. Therefore, it ws the objective of this study to evlute the interctive effects of pst nd slbutmol on the lysine requirement of finishing pigs. 1 Apprecition is expressed to Pitmn-Moore, Terr Hute, IN, for supplying the porcine somtotropin used in this reserch. 126

128 Procedures Sixteen pigs were rndomly ssigned to one of the four biologicl tretments imposed during the 32 d study. These tretments were: 1) non-treted control; 2) 4 mg/d pst; 3) 2.75 ppm of dietry slbutmol; 4) both 2.75 ppm slbutmol nd 4 mg/d pst. Pigs received the sme biologicl tretment throughout the study to void potentil residul effects. The tril ws further subdivided into four periods, ech lsting 8 dys. In the 8 d periods, pigs were fed ech of four diets (Tble 1) formulted to contin.8, 1.2, 1.6, nd 2.0% lysine, the ssumed first-limiting mino cid. During the first 4 dys of ech period, pigs were cclimted to the ssigned diet, nd during the subsequent 4-dy period, both feces nd urine were collected for clcultion of dily nitrogen retention, percent nitrogen retention, pprent biologicl vlue of nitrogen, pprent nitrogen digestibility, nd pprent dry mtter digestibility. Percent nitrogen in the smples ws determined using the Kjeldhl procedure for nitrogen determintion. Ferric oxide (.1%) ws included to mrk the strt nd stopping points for feces collection. Dt were nlyzed s split-plot design with biologicl tretments s whole plots nd lysine levels s subplots. Pigs were ssigned to diets by period ccording to 4 4 Ltin squre design. Pigs were fed twice dily t level equl to or exceeding their mximl intke during the previous 12 hour period, to llow d libitum ccess to feed nd wter. After the lst pig pssed red mrker, ll pigs were slughtered nd crcss criteri mesured. Mesured performnce criteri included: verge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed/gin (F/G). Results nd Discussion Interction mens for the performnce dt re presented in Tble 2, though no interctions between tretments for performnce criteri were detected. Min effect mens demonstrte tht slbutmol (tretments 2 nd 4 vs tretments 1 nd 3) increses ADG (2.51 vs 2.02 lb, respectively; P<.01) nd ADFI (6.76 vs 6.23 lb, respectively; P<.04) nd improves F/G (2.79 vs 3.68, respectively; P<.01). Min effects of pst injection (tretments 3 nd 4 vs tretments 1 nd 2) were observed for reduced ADFI (5.46 vs 7.53 lb, respectively; P<.001) nd F/G (2.55 vs 3.91, respectively; P<.001); however, becuse of the reduced intke, no differences were observed in ADG (2.29 vs 2.23 lb, respectively). No interctive effects occurred between pst, slbutmol, nd lysine for growth prmeters. However, n interction ws seen between pst lysine (P<.01) for plsm ure nitrogen, indicting tht pst-treted pigs did not brek down bsorbed mino cids to ure t rtes similr to pigs not injected with pst. Dietry lysine level cused liner (P<.04) nd qudrtic (P<.001) reductions in ADFI, trnslting into qudrtic (P<.04) reduction in ADG. Performnce dt indicted tht pigs treted with pst hve lysine requirement between 1.2 nd 1.6%. This ws supported by plsm ure nitrogen, which demonstrted liner, qudrtic, nd cubic (P<.001) increses with incresing lysine level. Pigs treted with slbutmol ppered to hve no higher requirement for dietry lysine on percentge bsis thn pigs not treted, which my be confounded becuse slbutmol incresed ADFI. Digestibility of dry mtter nd nitrogen (Tble 3) were higher for pst-treted pigs ( vs for dry mtter; vs for nitrogen; min effect, P<.01), wheres pigs treted with slbutmol did not lter the digestibility of dry mtter or nitrogen. There were no interctive effects of pst nd slbutmol for digestibility dt, indicting different modes of ction for the two compounds. Lysine level tended (P<.15) to cuse qudrtic improvements in dry mtter digestibility nd qudrtic (P<.02) nd cubic (P<.05) improvements in dietry nitrogen digestibility, demonstrting tht dietry mino cid excesses re digested nd utilizedless efficiently. This becomes clerer when using pprent biologicl vlue of dietry nitrogen (mino cids) s mesure of efficiency, where n interction between pst nd lysine (P<.05) is observed, indicting tht pst-treted pigs benefit 127

129 from incresed lysine levels, resulting in improved biologicl vlue of nitrogen. Retined nitrogen ws interctively ffected by pst nd slbutmol when mesured dily (P<.14) or s percent of intke (P<.10), suggesting tht slbutmol increses the efficiency of nitrogen utiliztion of pst-treted pigs. Significnt interctions occurred between pst nd lysine for dily nitrogen retention (P<.07) nd percent nitrogen retention (P<.05), demonstrt ing tht pigs injected with pst hd improved nitrogen retention t higher lysine levels thn non-injected pigs, with mximum occurring between 1.2 nd 1.6% lysine for dily nitrogen retention nd between.8 nd 1.2% lysine for percent nitrogen retention. Although no interction ws observed between pst, slbutmol, nd lysine level, these dt suggest tht pigs treted with pst nd slbutmol hd slightly lower lysine requirement thn pigs treted with pst lone. This gin my be interrelted to incresed dily lysine intke with slbutmol. Crcss dt (Tble 4) indicte tht pst incresed (P<.01) percent muscle, longissimus muscle re, nd kidney nd liver weight. Similrly, verge bckft nd tenth rib ft were decresed (P<.001) with pst dministrtion, s well s kidney ft nd dressing percent (P<.01). Slbutmol tended to reduce kidney nd liver weight s percent of live weight (P<.09 nd P<.02, respectively), increse length (P<.05), nd decrese crcss shrink (P<.001). Slbutmol nd pst interctively (P<.01) influenced dressing percent, which ws ttributble to possible reductions in orgn weights of slbutmol-treted pigs. Conclusions These dt indicte tht pigs injected dily with 4 mg pst hve lysine requirement between 1.2 nd 1.6%. Furthermore, pigs fed slbutmol t 2.75 ppm of the diet do not pper to hve higher lysine requirement thn non-treted pigs nd pper to utilize n.8% level of lysine in the diet more efficiently. Subsequently, dministrtion of pst nd feeding slbutmol pper to be dditive in terms of nitrogen retention nd efficiency of utiliztion. Thus, pigs receiving both my respond dequtely t lower lysine level thn pigs treted with pst lone, which my be relted to increses in feed intke cused by slbutmol. These dt re useful in determining the optiml rnge needed to observe mximl performnce; however, they cnnot recommend one vlue using such wide rnge of lysine levels. 128

130 Tble 1. Composition of Bsl Diets (s fed) Lysine level, % b Ingredient, % Corn Soyben mel, 48% Fish mel, select menhden Porcine plsm protein Soyben oil Monoclcium phosphte, 21% P, 18% C Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix L-lysine-HCl, 98% Dl-methionine, 99% L-threonine Totl Clculted nlysis Metbolizble energy, kcl/lb 1,507 1,508 1,511 1,514 Crude protein, % b Crude protein, % Tryptophn, % Threonine, % Methionine, % C, % P, % Slbutmol ws included t 2.75 ppm to ech diet. b Anlyzed content. 129

131 Tble 2. Interctive Effects of pst, Slbutmol, nd Lysine Level on Growth Performnce nd Plsm Ure Nitrogen of Finishing Pigs pst, Slbutmol, Lysine, ADG, ADFI, Feed/gin, PUN, mg/d ppm % b lb c lb d lb/lb ef mg/dl SE Vlues re mens of four pigs (137 lb verge initil wt) fed ech diet for 8 d periods. b Min effect of slbutmol (P<.01); qudrtic (P<.11) effect of lysine level. c Min effects of pst (P<.001) nd slbutmol (P<.04); liner (P<.04) nd qudrtic (P<.001) effects of lysine level. d Min effects of pst (P<.001) nd slbutmol (P<.01). e Plsm ure nitrogen. f Interctive effects of pst slbutmol (P<.14) nd pst lysine (P<.01); min effects of pst (P<.001) nd slbutmol (P<.13); liner, qudrtic, nd cubic effect of lysine level (P<.001). 130

132 Tble 3. Interctive Effects of pst, Slbutmol, nd Lysine Level on Finishing Pig Nitrogen Metbolism pst, Slbutmol, Lysine, Digestibility, % Nitrogen retined Apprent mg/d ppm % b Dry mtter c Nitrogen d g/d e % fg BV, % SE Vlues re mens of four pigs (137 lb verge initil wt) fed ech diet for 8 d periods. b Effect of pst (P<.01); qudrtic effect of lysine level (P<.15). c Min effect of pst (P<.01); qudrtic (P<.02) nd cubic (P<.05) effects of lysine level. d Interctive effects of pst slbutmol (P<.14) nd pst lysine (P<.07); min effect of slbutmol (P<.02); qudrtic (P<.001) nd cubic (P<.02) effects of lysine level. e Interctive effects of pst slbutmol (P<.10) nd pst lysine (P<.05); min effects of pst (P<.001) nd slbutmol (P<.01); qudrtic (P<.01) effect of lysine level. f Apprent biologicl vlue of nitrogen. g Interctive effects of pst slbutmol (P<.15) nd pst lysine (P<.05); min effects of pst (P<.001) nd slbutmol (P<.02); qudrtic (P<.001) effect of lysine level. 131

133 Tble 4. Interctive Effects of pst nd Slbutmol on Crcss Chrcteristics of Finishing Pigs pst, mg/d Item Slbutmol, ppm SE b Muscle, % c Loin muscle re, in b Averge bckft, in b Tenth rib ft, in d Length, in b Kidney, g be Kidney, % c Kidney ft, g c Kidney ft, % b Liver, g bf Liver, % bfg Dressing percent, % h Crcss shrink, % Vlues re mens of four pigs per tretment, except for pigs receiving both pst nd slbutmol, which is represented by five pigs. Averge initil wt ws 137 lb. b Min effect of pst (P<.001). c Min effect of pst (P<.01). f Min effect of slbutmol (P<.02). d Min effect of slbutmol (P<.05). g Slbutmol pst interction (P<.01). e Min effect of slbutmol (P<.09). h Min effect of slbutmol (P<.001). 132

134 1 EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN AND DIETARY PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH AND BONE CRITERIA IN GILTS T. L. Weeden, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, G. E. Fitzner, J. A. Hnsen, K. G. Friesen, M. E. Johnston, nd B. R. Schricker 1 Summry One hundred-eight gilts with n verge initil wt of 129 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somtotropin (pst) nddietry phosphorus on growth performnce nd bone minerliztion nd mechnicl properties during the finishing phse (129 to 230 lb) nd 35 d post-finishing phse. Gilts were injected dily with plcebo (control) or 4 mg pst nd fed diets contining.4,.8, or 1.2% P during the finishing phse. Administrtion of pst improved F/G 18%, incresed ADG 8%, nd decresed dily feed intke 9%. There ws qudrtic response to P, becuse gilts receiving the.8% P diet were more efficient thn gilts fed either.4 or 1.2% P, regrdless of whether they received pst or plcebo. When pen wt reched 230 lb, hlf of the gilts were slughtered nd 1st rib, femur, nd 3rd nd 4th metcrpls were collected. First rib sh content incresed linerly s the level of dietry P incresed; however, pst dministrtion hd no effect on sh content. There ws pst P interction for rib bending moment, stress, nd modulus of elsticity. Bone strength ws mximized for control gilts t.8% P, wheres bone strength continued to increse s the level of dietry P ws incresed for pst-treted gilts. The remining 54 gilts were individully fed 4 lb/d of common diet for 35 d post-finishing phse nd then slughtered. Gilts tht received higher P levels in the finishing phse hd higher rib sh content t the end of the post-finishing phse. There ws pst P interction for tretment combintion received in the finishing phse on rib nd femur bending moment post-finishing. Bone strength for pst-treted gilts receiving the.8 or 1.2% P diet in the finishing phsed incresed to levels exceeding those of control gilts by the end of the post-finishing phse, regrdless of dietry P level control gilts were fed in the finishing phse. These dt indicte tht gilts dministered pst in the finishing phse do not hve higher C nd P requirements thn non-pst treted gilts to mximize growth performnce. However, pst-treted gilts do hve higher requirements for C nd P thn non-pst treted gilts to ttin comprble bone strength in the finishing phse. Gilts receiving pst in the finishing phse demonstrte compenstory minerliztion in the post-finishing phse, becuse bone strength increses to equl or exceed tht of control gilts fed similr P levels. (Key Words: Reprtition, Performnce, Gilts, Phosphorus, Bone.) Introduction Porcine somtotropin (pst) lters metbolism of crbohydrtes, proteins, nd lipids to significntly improve growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. These improvements hve been well documented; however, the effect of pst on minerl metbolism nd bone development is less defined. Becuse pst increses the lysine requirement for finishing pigs, C nd P requirements lso my be incresed. Recent reserch hs indicted some mobility problems in gilts dministered pst. A possible reson for these my be tht bones of pst-treted pigs re weker thn those of non-pst-treted pigs, s observed during slughter t the end of the finishing period. This would seem to indicte tht 1Pitmn-Moore, Inc., Terre Hute, IN

135 pst-treted gilts would hve reduced durbility nd longevity in the sow herd. Conversely, psttreted pigs hve been shown to hve incresed growth of the collgen mtrix, indicting tht their bone is less mture nd my hve the potentil for compenstory minerliztion. Therefore, this study ws conducted to evlute the effects of pst dministrtion nd dietry P on growth performnce nd bone minerliztion nd mechnicl properties in finishing gilts nd to determine if compenstory bone minerliztion would occur in pst-treted gilts during 35 d post-finishing period. Procedures A totl of 108 crossbred gilts (initil wt = 129 lb) were llotted on the bsis of weight nd ncestry in 2 3 fctoril rrngement to one of six experimentl tretments. Experimentl tretments consisted of dily injections of plcebo or 4 mg pst in combintion with corn-soyben mel diet (Tble 1) contining either.4,.8, or 1.2% phosphorus. This corresponds to 100, 200, nd 300% of the NRC (1988) recommendtions for P in finishing diets. Dietry P levels were ttined by replcing corn with monoclcium P nd limestone. All finishing diets were formulted to contin 1.2%lysine, nd constnt C:P rtio of 1.25:1 ws mintined throughout the experiment. All nutrients except C nd P were formulted to be t lest 200% of NRC (1988) recommendtions for finishing pigs. There were three gilts per pen nd six replictes per tretment. Gilts were housed in n open-front building with solid concrete floors in 4 15 ft pens. Feed nd wter were supplied d libitum, nd strw ws used for bedding s needed. All gilts nd feeders were weighed on d 14 nd 28, then weekly therefter until men pen weight reched 230 lb. Gilts were injected dily in the extensor muscle of the neck until the pen men weight reched 230 lb, t which time injections were terminted nd 54 gilts were slughtered (nine per tretment). The femur, 1st rib, nd 3rd nd 4th metcrpls were removed from the right side of the crcss, lbeled, nd frozen for lter nlyses. In the 35 d post-finishing phse, the remining 54 gilts (nine per tretment) were individully fed 4 lb/d of common diet (Tble 1) to ensure dily intkes of 22.9 g P. This corresponds to 200% of the NRC (1988) recommended dily P intke for developing gilts. An dditionl 1 lb of corn for extr energy ws offered to ll gilts fter consumption of the 4 lb ws complete. At the end of the 35 d period, ll gilts were slughtered nd bones were collected s described for the finishing phse. Bones were mnully clened of connective tissues nd were constntly stored in plstic bgs prior to mechnicl determintion on n Instron Universl Testing Mchine (Instron Corp., Cnton, MA) to prevent drying, with the exception of the few minutes when bones were clened. After testing, bones were clened of ny remining residue, extrcted in petroleum ether for 48 h, nd dried prior to shing. All bones were shed t 1,112EF for 12 h. Ash is the minerl content of the bone, expressed s percentge of the dried, ft-free bone. Mechnicl properties of bones must be ssessed through equtions derived to evlute the strength nd elsticity of bones tht differ in size nd shpe. These equtions re similr to those used to evlute strength nd durbility of building mterils. Bending momentrefers to the ctul force required to "brek" or more ppropritely bend bone, djusted for differences in the spn over which the force is pplied. Stress djusts the force for the re nd shpe of the bone t the point where the force is pplied. Stress ctully gives better estimte of the bones overll strength thn bending moment. Modulus of elsticity gives mesure of the bility of the bone to return to its originl shpe, which is n indictor of the stiffness or rigidity of the bone. High vlues for modulus of elsticity indicte high degree of rigidity, wheres lower vlues indicte more flexible bone. Strin is mesure of the mount of deformtion tht tkes plce in the bone while it is being tested. 134

136 Results nd Discussion Growth performnce dt re reported s interction mens in Tble 2. However, min effects of pst nd dietry P will be discussed, becuse no pst P interctions (P>.25) occurred for growth performnce. In typicl pst response, gilts dministered pst hd higher (P<.01) verge dily gin (ADG), were more efficient (P<.01), nd consumed pproximtely.6 lb/d less feed thn plcebotreted gilts over the entire finishing period. From d 0 to 35 of the finishing phse, gilts receiving the.4% P diet hd reduced (liner, P<.05) ADG compred to gilts fed the.8 nd 1.2% P diets, regrdless of whether they received pst or not. This cn be explined by dily feed intkes below NRC (1988) estimtes on ll diets nd subsequently reduced dily P intkes during this period for the gilts fed.4% P diet, which were 2 to 3 g below the NRC (1988) dily recommendtion of 1.3 g. However, for the overll finishing phse (129 to 230 lb), ADG ws unffected by dietry P level. There ws P effect (qudrtic, P<.06) on F/G, becuse gilts were most efficient when fed.8% dietry P from d 0 to 35 nd for the entire finishing phse, whether pst ws dministered or not. This should not be interpreted s.8% P being the optiml dietry level to feed in order to mximize F/G, becuse the dietry levels (.4 to 1.2% P) cover wide rnge. Consequently, dily P intkes rnged from slightly deficient on the.4% P diet, becuse of feed intkes below NRC (1988) estimtes, to fr in excess of current NRC (1988) recommended dily intkes of P in the 1.2% P diet. For the finishing phse, pst dietry P interction (P<.05) occurred for rib bending moment; plcebo-treted gilts hd highest rib strength t.8% P nd then slight decline t 1.2% P. In contrst, pst-treted gilts showed incresed rib strength s the level of dietry P incresed, lthough vlues for the 1.2% P diet were still below those the control gilts ttined on the.8% P diet (Tble 3). Rib stress followed similr trend (pst P interction, P<.12), with highest strength ttined by the control gilts on the.8% P diet nd incresing rib strength for the pst-treted gilts s dietry P ws incresed. Rib strin ws unffected (P>.19) by either pst dministrtion or dietry P level. Modulus of elsticity for the rib showed pst P interction (P<.05), with control gilts hving more rigid bones t ll P levels, wheres pst-treted gilts hd the highest degree of flexibility t the.4% P level. This would gree with previous reserch tht showed incresed collgen formtion but decresed clcifiction of the bone protein mtrix in pst-treted pigs. The femur bending moment incresed (liner, P<.04) s the level of dietry P ws incresed. Although the pst P interction ws not significnt for femur bending moment, similr trend occurred s in the rib with bending moment being highest for control gilts t.8% P nd pst gilts t 1.2% P. However, femurs from pst-treted gilts fed 1.2% P diets hd higher bending moments thn those of ny of the control gilts. Bending moment for the metcrpl incresed (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.06) s dietry P incresed. Gilts dministered pst hd decresed (P<.04) bending moments compred to control gilts. The metcrpl bones were less responsive thn rib or femur to dietry P levels. This would be expected, becuse the metcrpl bones were the furtherest skeletl extremities to be evluted, nd the skeletl extremities re ess l sensitive to deminerliztion. However, similr trend in metcrpl bending moment ws noted, with control gilts hving the highest bending moment on.8% P nd pst-treted gilts on 1.2% P. Rib sh content incresed (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.06) s dietry P incresed, whether gilts received pst or not (Tble 3). In previous reserch, pst-treted pigs hd decresed sh content s lysine level ws incresed. However, in this experiment, lysine levels were constnt t 1.2%, nd, consequently, dily lysine, C, nd P intkes between control nd pst-treted pigs were similr. Ash contents were lower cross ll tretments thn typiclly mesured for pigs fed lower lysine diets, becuse incresing protein levels results in incresed collgen mtrix formtion nd slight decreses in bone sh content. This grees with previous reserch 135

137 showing decresed sh content s protein level ws incresed. In the post-finishing phse, pst P interctions (P<.03) were observed for rib bending moment nd strin (Tble 4). At the end of the post-finishing phse, bending moment for ribnd femur of pst-treted gilts on the.8% P diet ws s high s bending moment for ny of the control gilts. Additionlly, pst-treted gilts fed 1.2% P in the finishing phse hd bending moments t the end of the post-finishing phse tht exceeded those of ll control gilts. These results indicte tht compenstory minerliztion occurs in the post-finishing phse. Post-finishing rib stress ws unffected by tretment received in the finishing phse. However, similr pttern of highest rib strength per unit re ws found in control gilts fed.8% P in the finishing phse, wheres rib strength incresed in pst-treted gilts s the dietry P level ws incresed. Post-finishing rib modulus of elsticity hd no crryover effects from tretment received in the finishing phse, lthough pst-treted gilts tended to hve less rigid bones. Metcrpl bending moments were unffected by previous tretments received in the finishing phse, lthough bending moments incresed substntilly from the finishing phse. Rib sh ws incresed (liner, P<.01 nd qudrtic, P<.10) by incresed P levels received in the finishing phse. Administrtion of pst hd no effect on post-finishing sh content. Our dt indicte tht commonly fed finisher diets contining.45 to.55% P should be dequte to mintin mximum growth performnce in pst-treted gilts. Mobility ws not problem in this experiment, becuse no differences in mobility or structurl soundness through live evlution were found to be due to pst tretment or dietry P level. Bone strength ws mximized in the nonpst-treted gilts t.8% P, wheres dietry P levels t 300% of NRC (1988) recommendtions did not mximize bone strength in pst-treted gilts during the finishing phse. This suggests tht mximum bone strength of pst-treted gilts my not be ttinble without using excessively high levels of P tht my depress intke nd, consequently, growth performnce. In contrst, compenstory increses in bone strength of psttreted gilts post-finishing potentilly offers n lterntive to incresing bone strength by feeding extremely high P levels in the finishing phse. Further reserch needs to be conducted to determine the P intke required to fcilitte postfinishing compenstory minerliztion nd to determine the time needed for the compenstory effect. Extrpoltion of our results suggests tht with compenstory minerliztion, longevity of pst-treted gilts in the breeding herd should not be decresed by reduced bone strength nd minerliztion. In conclusion, pst-treted finishing gilts do not hve higher requirements for C nd P thn non-pst treted gilts for mximizing gin nd feed efficiency. Gilts treted with pst do hve higher requirements for C nd P to chieve similr levels of bone strength in the finishing phse. However, through compenstory minerliztion post-finishing, gilts treted with pst pper to hve the cpbility of incresing bone strength to levels equl to or bove those of nonpst-treted gilts. 136

138 Tble 1. Composition of Diets Finishing phse Post-finishing b Ingredient, %.4 P.8 P 1.2 P 1.2 P Corn Soyben mel (48% CP) Soyben oil L-lysine HCl Monoclcium P (21% P) Limestone Slt Vitmin premix Trce minerl premix Selenium premix Antibiotic c Totl Clculted nlyses, % Lysine C Finishing phse, 129 to 230 lb. b Post-finishing, 35 d following the finishing phse. c Ech lb of ntibiotic contined 10 g chlortetrcycline. 137

139 Tble 2. Effect of Porcine Somtotropin nd Dietry Phosphorus on Growth Performnce of Finishing Gilts Plcebo 4 mg pst Item.4 P.8 P 1.2 P.4 P.8 P 1.2 P CV 0 to 35 d b ADG, lb ceh Feed intke, lb/d d F/G de P intke, grms/d df Finishing phse g ADG, lb d Feed intke, lb/d d F/G de P intke, grms/d df A totl of 108 gilts initilly weighing 129 lb, 3 gilts/pen, 6 pens/tretment. b Dy 0 to 35 of the finishing phse. c Effect of pst (P<.08). d Effect of pst (P<.01). e Effect of phosphorus (qudrtic (P<.06). f pst phosphorus interction (P<.04). g The entire finishing phse, d 0 until pen wt verged 230 lb. h Effect of phosphorus (liner, P<.05). 138

140 Tble 3. Effect of Porcine Somtotropin nd Dietry Phosphorus on Bone Mechnicl Properties nd Minerliztion (Finishing Phse) Plcebo 4 mg pst Item.4 P.8 P 1.2 P.4 P.8 P 1.2 P CV Rib Bending moment, kg b Stress, kg/cm 2cef Strin Modulus of elsticity kg/cm 2b 2,974 3,022 2,816 1,260 2,174 2, Ash, % de Femur Bending moment, kg e Metcrpl Bending moment, kg cde Mens represent 9 observtions per tretment. b pst P interction (P<.05). c Effect of pst (P<.06). d Effect of P (qudrtic P<.06). e Effect of P (liner P<.04). f pst P interction (P<.10). 139

141 Tble 4. Effect of Porcine Somtotropin nd Dietry Phosphorus during the Finishing Phse on Bone Mechnicl Properties nd Minerliztion during 35-d Postfinishing Phse Plcebo 4 mg pst Item.4 P.8 P 1.2 P.4 P.8 P 1.2 P CV Rib Bending moment, kg b Stress, kg/cm Strin b Modulus of elsticity kg/cm 2 2,402 3,243 2,500 2,493 2,233 2, Ash, % cd Femur Bending moment, kg def Metcrpl Bending moment, kg Mens represent 9 observtions per tretment. b pst P interction (P<.03). c Effect of P (qudrtic, P<.10). d Effect of P (liner, P<.01). e Effect of pst (P<.01). f pst P interction (P<.12). 140

142 EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN ADMINISTRATION AND ITS DURATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FINISHING SWINE FED TO 280 LB M. E. Johnston, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, D. H. Kropf, R. H. Hines, nd B. R. Schricker 1 Summry One hundred eight brrows with n initil weight of 120 lb were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somtotropin (pst) dministrtion period nd durtion on growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of finishing swine fed to 280 lb. Pigs were injected dily in the extensor muscle of the neck with either plcebo or 4 mg pst. Tretments included: (A) plcebo injection from 120 to 280 lb; (B) pst injection from 120 to 280 lb; (C) pst injection from 120 to 230 lb nd then plcebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; (D) plcebo injection from 120 to 230 lb nd then pst injection from 230 to 280 lb; (E) plcebo injection from 120 to 170 lb, pst injection from 170 to 230 lb, nd then plcebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; nd (F) plcebo injection from 120 to 250 lb nd then pst injection from 250 to 280 lb. All pigs were fed corn-soyben mel diet contining 1.2% lysine. Performnce dt were collected nd evluted for three weight rnges: 120 to 230 lb, 230 to 280 lb, nd 120 to 280 lb. Two pigs from ech pen were slughtered to determine crcss chrcteristics. The first pig ws slughtered t 230 lb nd the second pig t 280 lb. Averge dily gin (ADG), verge dily feed intke (ADFI), nd feed conversion (F/G) were ll optimized when pigs were treted with pst for the entire time from 120 to 230 lb nd from 120 to 280 lb. Longissimus muscle re (LEA), bckft thickness, percentge crcss muscle, nd kidney ft were ll improved t 230 lb when pigs were injected with pst. There ws no difference in these crcss trits when pigs were injected with pst from 120 to 230 lb compred to pigs treted with pst from 170 to 230 lb. These sme crcss chrcteristics mesured in pigs slughtered t 280 lb showed significnt improvement with pst tretment compred to the control. However, when pst tretment lsted the entire tril (120 to 280 lb), there ws significnt improvement in crcss chrcteristics over pst tretments of shorter durtion. Whole hm weight ws unffected by pst tretment t either slughter weight, but trimmed hm weight ws improved by pst tretment t 230 lb. Dily protein ccretion rte (DPA) nd dily ft ccretion rte (DFA) were optimized t both slughter weights by pst tretment tht lsted for the durtion of the tril. Orgn weights were incresed by pst tretment but were unffected by dministrtion period or durtion of pst tretment. These dt indicte tht growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics were mximized when pst ws dministered continully from 120 to 280 lb. (Key Words: Reprtition, GF, Performnce, Crcss, Hevy Weight.) Introduction To tke dvntge of inexpensive grin prices nd mximize pcking plnt efficiency, mny swine producers re mrketing their hogs t much hevier weights. A drwbck to this trend is the chrcteristic slow growth nd excessive ft deposition of these pigs fter they rech 230 lb. The decline in growth rte cn be costly to the producer by slowing down production flow nd tieing up fcilities. Also, overly ft pork does not hve high consumer or pcker ppel. 1Pitmn-Moore, Inc., Terre Hute, IN

143 Use of pst during the finishing phse hs the potentil to lter pig performnce nd mke it more dvntgeous to feed pigs to hevier weights. Becuse of the costs in time nd lbor of injecting pst, it is necessry to determine the proper time of dministrtion nd durtion of tretment to chieve mximum benefit. Therefore, the objective of this experiment ws to determine the effects of pst dministrtion nd its durtion on growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of finishing pigs fed to 280 lb. Procedures One hundred eight crossbred brrows (Yorkshire Duroc Yorkshire) with n verge initil weight of 120 lb were llotted on the bsis of weight nd ncestry to one of six tretments. Pigs were housed in modified open front building with three pigs per pen nd six pens per tretment. Tretments included: (A) plcebo injection from 120 to 280 lb; (B) pst injection from 120 to 280 lb; (C) pst injection from 120 to 230 lb nd then plcebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; (D) plcebo injection from 120 to 230 lb nd then pst injection from 230 to 280 lb; (E) plcebo injection from 120 to 170 lb, pst injection from 170 to 230 lb, nd then plcebo injection from 230 to 280 lb; nd (F) plcebo injection from 120 to 250 lb nd then pst injection from 250 to 280 lb. Injections were given dily in the extensor muscle of the neck nd pst dosge level ws 4 mg. Pigs were fed corn-soyben mel diet (Tble 1) contining 1.2% dietry lysine. The diet ws formulted to contin t lest 200% of NRC (1988) recommendtions for other mino cids. Pigs were weighed t 14-d intervls until the men weight of pigs in pen reched 230 lb. At this time, one pig per pen ws slughtered for recording crcss mesurements nd orgn weights. The other two pigs remined on experimentl tretmentnd were weighed t 7- d intervls until they reched finl men weight of 280 lb. One of the two remining pigs ws then slughtered for crcss mesurements nd orgn weights. At the strt of the tril, six pigs with n verge weight of 120 lb were slughtered, nd the right hms were ground to determine bseline for protein nd ft composition. Pigs slughtered t 230 nd 280 lb hd the right hm removed nd ground for determintion of protein nd ft ccretion rtes. A whole hm weight ws recorded. The ft then ws removed, nd the hm ws reweighed to obtin trimmed hm weight. Ech hm ws lso evluted for color, firmness, nd mrbling. Production mesurements tken included ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. Tble 1. Composition of Diet Ingredients Percentge Corn Soyben mel (48%) D-L methionine.05 Soyben oil 6.00 Monoclcium phosphte 3.05 Limestone 1.00 Vitmin premix.50 Trce minerl premix.20 Selenium premix.05 Slt.50 Totl Clculted nlysis, % Crude protein Results nd Discussion Averge dily gin for pigs fed from 120 to 230 lb (Tble 2) ws gretest for those pigs tht received pst during this entire time. Pigs treted with pst from 120 to 230 lb gined 20% fster thn the pigs tht received no pst (P<.01) nd 12% more thn the pigs tht were treted with pst from 170 to 230 lb. There ws decrese (P<.05) in ADFI for pst-treted pigs, with 142

144 control pigs consuming 7% more feed. There ws no difference in ADFI when compring pigs treted with pst for the entire time to pigs treted for the shorter period. Feed conversion ws improved (P<.01) for pst-treted pigs by 24% compred to the control pigs receiving plcebo injections. Pigs tht were pst-treted from 120 to 230 lb hd n verge improvement of 15% in F/G (P<.01) over pigs tht received pst from only 170 to 230 lb. In terms of performnce from 230 to 280 lb, ADG ws 25% higher (P<.01) for those pigs receiving pst compred to control pigs. Pigs tht received pst from 250 to 280 lb showed 33% increse in ADG when compred to pigs tht were pst-treted from 230to 280 lb. Dily feed intke ws greter (P<.01) for plcebo-injected nd pigs injected with pst from 250 to 280 lb compred to pigs receiving pst for the entire time period. Porcine somtotropin-treted pigs consumed 28% less feed thn the other pigs during this period of the tril. Feed conversion ws improved (P<.01) for pst-treted pigs by 37% compred to control pigs. There ws no difference in F/G between pst tretments. There ws numericl dvntge in dily gin for pigs treted with pst for the entire tril (120 to 280). These pigs hd 10% increse in gin over pigs tht received no pst or pst tretment for shorter durtion of the tril. Control pigs receiving plcebo injections for the entire tril consumed 15% more feed (P<.01) thn pigs receiving pst tretment for the entire tril. There ws no difference (P>.17) in ADFI between pst tretments, but pigs treted with pst for the entire tril did hve numericl reduction in feed consumption of 8% compred to pigs treted with pst for shorter durtions. Feed conversion ws optimized (P<.01) for pigs treted with pst for the entire tril, with those pigs showing 20% improvement in F/G over pigs tht received no pst nd 15% improvement over pigs treted withpst for shorter durtion. When pigs were slughtered t 230 lb, there ws reduction (P<.01) in verge bckft thickness. Pigs injected with pst hd 20% less bckft thn control pigs (Tble 3). Durtion of pst tretment hd no significnt effect on LEA, but there ws n 8% increse in LEA when pigs were given pst for the entire time rther thn receiving it from 170 to 230 lb. All pst-treted pigs showed 23% increse in LEA (P<.01) when compred to plcebo-treted pigs. Percentge crcss muscle incresed 12% (P<.01) for pst-treted pigs slughtered t 230 lb compred to control pigs killed t the sme weight. Kidney ft ws 35% less (P<.01) when pigs were injected with pstcompred to no pst tretment. Whole hm weight ws not ffected by pst, but trimmed hm weight incresed 6% (P<.05) with pst tretment. The subjective evlution of hm color showed no effect from pst or durtion of tretment. Hm firmness ws ffected by pst tretment, with ll pst-treted pigs hving 17% decrese (P<.04) in firmness compred to control pigs. Porcine somtotropin treted pigs lso hd significnt decrese in mrbling (P<.03). Hms from pst-treted pigs slughtered t 230 lb scored 34% lower in mrbling thn hms from control pigs. Pigs slughtered t 280 lb exhibited 11% less bckft (P<.04) when treted with pst for the entire tril (120 to 280 lb) thn when given pst for shorter durtion or not t ll. There ws 13% increse (P<.03) in LEA when pigs were given pst injections for the entire time of the tril. Percentge crcss muscle ws lso incresed (P<.01) with incresing durtion of pst tretment. Those pigsinjected with pst showed 6% increse in percentge crcss muscle compred to pigs only receiving plcebo injection. Pigs injected with pst for the entire tril hd n 8% increse (P<.01) in percent muscle compred to pigs treted with pst for shorter durtion. Kidney ft ws decresed by 28% (P<.01) when pigs were injected with pst compred to control pigs. Pigs treted with pst for the entire tril nd from 230 to 280 lbshowed n verge decrese of 29% in kidney ft compred to the other pst-treted pigs. Whole hm weight nd trimmed hm weight of pigs slughtered t 280 lb ws unffected by pst 143

145 tretment of ny durtion when compred to control pigs. Hm color nd firmness scores were lso unffected when pigs were treted with pst. Hm mrbling showed significnt decrese (P<.04) of 25% when pigs were treted with pst. Pigs treted with pst for the entire durtion of the tril showed numericl trend (P<.06) towrd less mrbling when compred to pst tretments of shorter durtion. Dily protein ccretion rte ws incresed (P<.01) by 55% when pigs were treted with pst nd slughtered t 230 lb (Tble 4). Among pst tretments, those pigs receiving pst from 120 to 230 lb hd 35% increse (P<.01) in DPA compred to pigs injected with pst from 170 to 230 lb. Dily ft ccretion (DFA) rte ws 69% lower for pst-treted pigs (P<.01), with pigs receiving pst for the entire time hving 66% lower DFA (P<.02)thn pigs injected with pst from 170 to 230 lb. Pigs slughtered t 280 lb showed n increse (P<.01) in DPAwhen given pst for the entire tril. Pigs treted with pst from 120 to 280 lb hd 34% increse in DPA compred to control pigs nd 28% increse in DPA compred to pst-treted pigs on the other tretments. Ft ccretion rte ws 28% lower (P<.05) when verged cross ll pst tretments thn it ws for pigs receiving plcebo injection. Pigs receiving pst from 120 to 280 lb, from 120 to 230 lb, nd from 230 to 280 lb hd 43% reduction in DFA compred to pigs injected with pst from 170 to 230 lb nd from 250 to 280 lb. Orgn weights recorded t the time of slughter included hert, liver, kidneys, lungs, nd spleen (Tble 5). All orgn weights for pigs slughtered t 230 lb were significntly hevier (P<.03) for pigs treted with pst compred to control pigs. Pigs slughtered t 280 lb hd significnt increse (P<.05) in hert, liver, nd kidney weights when treted with pst. Those pigs treted with pst for the entire tril showed n increse (P<.03) in orgn weight when compred to the pigs on pst tretments tht were shorter in durtion. The results of this study indicte tht growth performnce of pigs fed to 230 or 280 lb is optimized when pigs re injected with pst for the entire finishing phse rther thn for shorter durtions. Porcine somtotropin tretment improved crcss trits of pigs slughtered t 230 lb. However, there ws no difference in crcss chrcteristics between pigs treted with pst from 120 to 230 lb nd pigs tht were pst-treted from 170 to 230 lb. Pigs slughtered t the hevier weight of 280 lb hd lrger LEA, less bckft thickness, greter percent muscle, nd less kidney ft when they were treted with pst from 120 to 280 lb compred to the pst tretments of shorter durtion. Dily protein nd ft ccretion rtes were improved (P<.05) t both slughter weights for pigs given pst for the entire finishing phse. These results demonstrte tht if pigs re fed to the conventionl weight of 230 lb, crcss trits cn be improved with pst injections from 170 to 230 lb. However, if pigs re to be fed to the hevier mrket weight of 280 lb, pigs must receive pst tretment for the entire time period (120 to 280 lb) to chieve optimum improvements in efficiency, crcss trits, nd protein nd ft ccretion rtes. 144

146 Tble 2. Effect of pst Administrtion Period nd Durtion on Growth Performnce Weight, lb PST (+) or Plcebo ( ) Injection Item ADG, lb bc 2.19 d 2.24 d 1.93 c 1.98 c 1.72 b cd 1.64 bc 1.44 b 1.90 c 1.32 b 2.36 d ADFI, lb c 5.34 b 8.12 c 5.38 b 7.20 c 7.08 c cdef 5.62 b 6.12 bd 6.02 bc 6.15 be 6.16 bf F/G d 2.65 b 2.49 b 3.26 d 2.97 c 3.54 e b 3.66 b 5.70 c 2.87 b 5.61 c 3.02 b e 2.75 b 3.04 c 3.22 cd 3.37 de 3.34 de Ech tretment men represents six replictions. There were three pigs per repliction from 120 to 230 lb nd two pigs per repliction from 230 to 280 lb. bcdef Mens with unlike superscripts differ (P<.05). 145

147 Tble 3. Effect of pst Administrtion Period nd Durtion on Crcss Chrcteristics Weight, lb pst (+) or Plcebo ( ) Injection Chrcteristic Bckft, in 230 lb 1.40 c 1.17 b 1.04 b 1.39 c 1.15 b 1.41 c 280 lb 1.50 bc 1.36 b 1.47 b 1.45 b 1.52 bc 1.73 c Longissimus, muscle, in lb 4.36 bd 5.32 e 5.45 e 4.28 bc 4.97 cde 4.21 b 280 lb 5.11 b 5.97 d 5.25 bc 5.89 cd 5.19 b 5.05 b Percent muscle 230 lb 50 b 55 c 58 d 51 b 55 c 49 b 280 lb 48 b 54 e 50 cd 52 de 50 bc 48 b Kidney ft, g 230 lb 1365 c 848 b 772 b 1322 c 899 b 1194 c 280 lb 2518 e 1459 b 1882 c 1473 b 1967 cd 2315 de Whole hm weight, lb 230 lb lb Trimmed hm weight, lb 230 lb b cde de b bd bc 280 lb bc c bc c bc b Hm color score f 230 lb 2.92 bc 2.42 b 2.75 bc 2.67 bc 2.67 bc 3.00 c 280 lb 3.00 bc 2.92 bc 3.00 bc 3.25 c 2.83 bc 2.67 b Hm firmness score g 230 lb 2.83 b 2.33 bc 2.17 c 2.50 bc 2.17 c 2.67 bc 280 lb Hm mrbling score h 230 lb 2.08 cd 1.33 b 1.33 b 2.00 cd 1.67 bc 2.50 d 280 lb 2.60 d 1.50 b 1.67 bc 2.25 cd 2.00 bcd 2.33 cd 146

148 Ech tretment men represents six replictions with one pig per repliction. bcde Mens with unlike superscripts differ (P<.05). f Bsed on scle with 1=extremely ple, 3=uniformly gryish pink, 5=drk. g Bsed on scle with 1=soft nd wtery, 3=modertley firm nd dry, 5=very firm nd dry. h Bsed on scle with 1=trce, 3=smll, 5=bundnt. 147

149 Tble 4. Effect of pst Administrtion nd Durtion on Hm Protein nd Ft Accretion Rtes Weight, lb PST (+) or Plcebo ( ) Injection Item DPA, g lb 9.94 bc e e bd cd 8.63 b lb bc d cd cd b 9.43 b DFA, g lb d 4.51 bc 1.80 b d 9.36 c d lb d 9.93 b bc b d cd 148

150 Ech tretment men represents six replictions with one pig per repliction. bcde Mens with unlike superscripts differ (P<.05). Tble 5. Effect of pst Administrtion Period nd Durtion on Orgn Weight Weight, lb pst (+) or Plcebo ( ) Injection Orgn Hert, g 230 lb lb 360 b 421 cd 405 cd 392 bd 355 b 388 bc Liver, g 230 lb 1542 b 2124 c 2110 c 1751 b 2059 c 1592 b 280 lb 1898 b 2323 c 1981 b 2084 b 1944 b 2037 b Kidneys, g 230 lb 375 b 480 c 453 c 361 b 454 c 340 b 280 lb 416 b 525 c 464 b 448 b 455 b 453 b Lungs, g 230 lb 752 b 902 bc 958 bd 806 b 1096 cd 722 b 280 lb Spleen, g 230 lb 148 bc 187 de 181 ce 133 b 178 cd 139 b 280 lb Ech tretment men represents six replictions with one pig per repliction. bcde Mens with unlike superscripts differ (P<.05). 149

151 CAUSES OF DIARRHEA, PNEUMONIA, AND SEPTICEMIA IN SWINE FOR 1991 SUBMISSIONS TO THE KSU VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY R. K. Frnk nd M. W. Vorhies 1 Summry Cuses of pre- nd postwening dirrhe, pneumoni, nd bcteril septicemi in pigs were summrized for fiscl yer 1991 (July, 1990 to June, 1991) for submissions to the Knss Stte University Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory. Escherichi coli ws the most common cuse of both pre- nd postwening dirrhe in pigs (33.5% nd 25.0%, respectively, of submissions for dirrhe). Other commonly dignosed cuses included trnsmissible gstroenteritis (24.4%) nd coccidiosis (16.5%) for prewening dirrhe, nd prolifertive enteritis (19.2%) nd slmonellosis (13.2%) for postwening dirrhe. The most commonly dignosed cuses of pneumoni in nursing, growing, nd finishing pigs were Psteurell multocid, Mycoplsm, nd Actinobcillus (Hemophilus) pleuropneumonie. Streptococcus nd Slmonell were common cuses of bcteril septicemi in Knss pigs. (Key Words: Disese, Dignosis, Dirrhe, Pneumoni.) Introduction Enteric nd respirtory diseses ccount for lrge economic losses to the swine industry ech yer. An ccurte dignosis of the cuse is essentil for effective prevention nd control of these diseses. The present summry ws performed to demonstrte the reltiveimportnce of vrious cuses of enteric, respirtory, nd septicemic diseses s determined t the dignostic lbortory level. Procedures Dignoses nd ge were summrized for cses of dirrhe, pneumoni, nd bcteril septicemi in pigs from computer records for submissions to the Knss Stte University Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory for fiscl yer 1991 (July, 1990 to June, 1991). Specimens included living or ded pigs nd/or tissues. A dignosis ws mde following light microscopic, bcteriologic, nd virologic exmintion of tissues nd summrized in computer dt bse. Results nd Discussion Cuses nd number of cses of pre- nd postwening dirrhe, pneumoni, nd septicemi re summrized in Tbles 1 nd 2, respectively. In spite of extensive vccintion nd effective vccines for the control of colibcillosis,e. coli still remins the mostfrequent cuse of both prend postwening dirrhe in pigs in Knss. Trnsmissible gstroenteritis ws much more common cuse of prewening thn postwening dirrhe nd frequently recurred in sequentil frrowings (endemic or chronic TGE). The highest incidence of coccidiosis ws in the months of July nd August (12/27 cses). Prolifertive enteritis (terminl ileitis) is n importnt cuse of dirrhe in Knss swine herds. Cses of dirrhe with n idiopthic dignosis were those for which no cuse coul d be determined by routine lbortory testing. The primry resons for no dignosis in cses of dirrhe were 1) submitting tissues from pigs too lte in the disese process, 2) dvnced postmortem chnge in submitted tissues, nd 3) 1Deprtment of Veterinry Dignosis. 150

152 improper tissue collection by the referring veterinrin. Psteurell multocid, Mycoplsm, nd Actinobcillus (Hemophilus) pleuropneumonie were the most commonly dignosed cuses of respirtory disese in pigs (Tble 3). Frequently more thn one bcteril species ws isolted from the sme lung. Antibiotic tretment is one likely explntion for the lrge number of idiopthic dignoses. Additionlly, some lungs were submitted fixed in formlin, with no unfixed tissue vilble for bcteril culturing. Steptococcus nd Slmonell were the most common cuses of bcteril septicemi inknss pigs, ccounting for 33.3 nd 26.7% of ll cses, respectively (Tble 4). Tble 1. Cuses of Prewening (< 3 Weeks of Age) Dirrhe in Pigs for Submissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory (July, 1990 to June, 1991) Cuse/Disese No. cses % of totl cses E. coli TGE Isospor suis (Coccidi) Idiopthic Rotvirus Clostridium perfringens type C b Virl Other Totl Exct cuse of the dirrhe could not be determined. b Microscopic intestinl chnges were consistent with virl dirrhe, but virus ws not identified by routine testing. 151

153 Tble 2. Cuses of Postwening (> 4 weeks of ge) Dirrhe in Pigs for Submissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory (July, 1990 to June, 1991) Cuse/Disese No. cses % of totl cses E. coli Prolifertive enteritis (Terminl ileitis) Slmonell Idiopthic Swine dysentery Non-specific colitis TGE b Necrotic enteritis Hemorrhgic bowel syndrome c Virl Rotvirus Totl Exct cuse of the dirrhe could not be determined. b No cuse ws identified, but often the end result of Slmonell infection or swine dysentery. c Microscopic intestinl chnges were consistent with virl dirrhe, but virus ws not identified by routine testing. Tble 3. Cuses of Pneumoni in Nursery, Growing, nd Finishing Pigs for Submissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory (July, 1990 to June, 1991) Cuse/Disese No. cses % of totl cses Mycoplsm Psteurell multocid Actinobcillus (Hemophilus) pleuropneumonie b Idiopthic Streptococcus suis Streptococcus (not suis) Bordtell bronchiseptic Swine influenz Other bcteril Misc Totl Isoltes were from pproximtely 150 different submissions. b Exct cuse of the pneumoni could not be determined. 152

154 Tble 4. Cuses of Septicemi in Nursery, Growing, nd Finishing Pigs for Submissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignostic Lbortory (July, 1990 to June, 1991) Cuse/Disese No. cses % of totl cses Streptococcus (not suis) Slmonell Edem disese Streptococcus suis Erysipels Other Totl

155 EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF NURSERY DIETS WITH AN ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID ON IMMUNITY IN ARTIFICIALLY REARED PIGS D. S. McVey, J. D. Hncock, G. S. Elliot, G. A. Kennedy, 1 3 M. M. Chengpp, N. V. Anderson, 3 D. A. Schoneweis, M. M. Hervey, nd S.M. Cown Summry Introduction Twenty four pigs were wened immeditely Swine producers re well wre of the t frrowing, rered rtificilly for 21 d, nd then stressful period tht pigs experience t wening, used in 35-d nursery experiment to determine with the brupt chnges in environment, socil the effects of essentil ftty cid deficiency on structure, nd diet. These stressors re espeimmune function. Tretments were: 1) semi- cilly problemtic becuse the pigs no longer purified diet deficient in essentil ftty cids nd hve ccess to the pssive immunity supplied by 2) diet 1 with 2% dded linoleic cid. Conver- ntibodies from sow's milk, combined with sion of linoleic cid to linolenic nd then reltively undeveloped immune system in the rchidonic cid is norml step in ftty cid pigs themselves. Reserchers focused primrily metbolism. Metbolites of rchidonic cid re on the use of ntibiotics nd vccines to ssist thought to hve role in mediting immune wenling pigs during this time of stress, until function. On d 28 of the experiment, pigs were recent dvnces in the use of specilty diets orlly dosed with Slmonell choleresuis to (e.g., with 30 to 60% milk products, emulsified chllenge their immune systems. At d 35, pigs nd blended fts, dried plsm protein, specilty fed linoleic cid hd greter concentrtions of soyben products, etc.) stimulted interest in severl ftty cids in both smll intestine nd mnipultion of dietry ingredients to fcilitte liver tissues. Also, severl mesures of erly wening with minimum morbidity nd rchidonic cid metbolites in the plsm, mortlity. which ctivte inflmmtory rections nd stimulte white blood cell ctivity, were greter One re of interest common to veterinrins for pigs fed diets with dded linoleic cid. nd nutritionists results from the understnding However, no gross lesions were noted t necrop- tht the essentil ftty cids (linoleic, linolenic, sy tht would result from infection with S. nd rchidonic cid) re precursors for choleresuis. Thus, for the short period of this prostglndins tht medite ctivity of the imexperiment (35 d), deficiency of essentil ftty mune system. The experiment reported herein cids pprently hd miniml effect on bility of ws designed to determine the potentil for nursery pigs to resist disese. improving immune function in compromised pigs by ddition of n essentil ftty cid to their (Key Words: Strter, Essentil Ftty Acid, diets. Immunity, Slmonell choleresuis.) Procedures Twenty-four pigs were removed from sows immeditely t birth nd orlly dosed with 1,2,3 College of Veterinry Medicine, Deprtments of Lbortory Medicine, Veterinry Dignosis, nd Surgery nd Medicine, respectively. 154

156 porcine blood plsm to ensure consumption of ntibodies without exposure to possible disese orgnisms from the sows. The pigs were housed in isoltion for 21 d nd given diet of cnned milk. At d 21, the pigs were moved to individul cges in disese control fcility nd given the experimentl diets (Tble 1) for 35 d. The two diets were: 1) semi-purified control diet, formulted to be nerly devoid of ft (.45%) nd essentil ftty cids; nd 2) diet 1 with 2% linoleic cid (20 the published NRC requirement) dded t the expense of cornstrch. There were no tissue by tretment inter- ctions, indicting tht the slight increses in ftty cid concentrtions for pigs fed the diet with dded linoleic cid were consistent in the intestine nd liver. When pooled cross tissues (intestine nd liver), feeding diets with dequte linoleic cid resulted in numericl increses in concentrtions of ll ftty cids, with sttisticlly significnt increses for plmitoleic nd oleic cid. These dt indicte tht diets deficient in essentil ftty cids nd nerly devoid of ny ft tend to reduce ftty cid concentrtions in tissues of nursery pigs. However, lrge chnges in ftty cid concentrtions were not observed, indict- ing tht pigs hd substntil reserves of ftty cids fter rtificil rering to 21 d of ge with cnned milk. Blood smples were collected 2 d before nd 27 d fter initition of feeding the experimentl diets (i.e., strt of the experiment). On d 28 of the experiment, the pigs were chllenged by orl infusion with vible S. choleresuis orgnisms. Blood smples were collected on d 32 nd 35. Pigs were euthnized on d 35 for collection of tissue from the smll intestine nd liver. The intestines, spleen, liver, lungs, nd mesenteric lymph nodes were exmined for lesions ssocited with S. choleresuis infection nd scored on scle from 1 (no symptoms) to 3 (moderte to severe lesions). Response criteri were plsm concentrtions of protein, lbumin, leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), prostglndin E 2 (PGE 2) nd thromboxne B 2 (TXB 2); white blood cell counts; neutrophil chemotxis; neutrophil chemiluminescence; neutrophil synthesis of eicosnoids; ftty cid concentrtions in the smll intestine nd liver; nd severity of lesions in the intestines, spleen, liver, lungs, nd mesenteric lymph nodes. Results nd Discussion Plsm concentrtions of totl protein, l- bumin, nd TXB 2 were greter t d 27 for pigs fed the dequte diet compred to pigs fed the diet tht ws deficient in essentil ftty cids (Tble 3). These chnges suggest tht deficiency of essentil ftty cids impres protein synthesis in the liver. Plsm concentrtions of the rchidonic cid metbolites LTB 4, PGE 2, nd TXB 2 were greter t d 32 (fter chllenge) for pigs fed the dequte diet thn pigs fed the Intestine tissue hd greter concentrtion of myristic cid nd numericlly greter mounts of plmitoleic nd linoleic cid thn liver tissue (Tble 2). Liver tissue hd greter concentrtions of plmitic, steric, oleic, linolenic, nd rchidonic cid thn intestine tissue. Tble 1. Diet Composition Deficient Ingredient,% diet Cornstrch Soy protein isolte Dried skim milk Dried whey (edible grde) Cellulose (solk-floc) 3.00 Monoclcium There were no phosphte tissue by tretment 1.88 inter Limestone.44 Slt.10 Vit/Min mix.52 Lysine-HCl.13 Chromic oxide.25 For the diet with dequte essentil ftty cid concentrtion, 2% linoleic cid ws used in plce of cornstrch. 155

157 deficient diet. These compounds ctivte ml pthologicl tissue dmge. At necropsy, inflmmtory rections nd stimulte white the only tissue rections observed were indicblood cells to recognize nd destroy infectious tive of mild inflmmtion tht clered the infectmicroorgnisms. However, these dvntges in ing orgnisms. There were no differences in plsm concentrtions of rchidonic cid me- frequency or severity of lesions for pigs fed the tbolites could not be correlted with incresed dequte or deficient diets. This observtion is synthesis in isolted white blood cells (Tble 4). consistent with effective white blood cell func- Totl nd differentil white blood cell counts tion in both groups. were not different for pigs fed the experimentl diets. No differences were noted for the bility These dt indicte tht diets deficient in of white blood cells to migrte towrd infectious essentil ftty cids nd nerly devoid of ft tend orgnisms (chemotxis). Luminol-dependent to reduce ftty cid concentrtions in tissues of chemiluminescence ( mesure of white blood nursery pigs. However, wholesle chnges in cells bility to kill) decresed significntly in ll ftty cid concentrtions were not observed, pigs fter S. choleresuis chllenge, but pigs fed indicting tht pigs hd substntil reserves of the dequte diet hd four times the ctivity t d ftty cids fter rtificil rering to 21 d with 35 compred to pigs fed the deficient diet (Fig- cnned milk. Furthermore, lthough the pigs fed ure 1). dequte diets hd smll dvntges in some mesures of immune function (i.e., plsm Apprently, the ttempt t moderte infec- concentrtions of totl protein, lbumin, LTB 4, tion by orl chllenge with S. choleresuis ws PGE 2, nd TXB 2), pigs in both tretment groups met with sufficient immune function by pigs in were ble to thwrt ttempts t inducing mild both tretment groups to prevent ll but mini- infection with S. choleresuis. Thus, short-term deficiency of essentil ftty cids (i.e., for 35-d nursery experiment) ppers to hve miniml effect on immune function of rtificilly rered pigs. Tble 2. Effect of Feeding Diet Deficient in Essentil Ftty Acids on Ftty Acid Profiles of the Smll Intestine nd Liver Smll intestine Liver Ftty cid, % of tissue wt Deficient Adequte Deficient Adequte CV d Myristic (14:0) Plmitic (16:0) f Plmitoleic (16:1) d Steric (18:0) e Oleic (18:1) g Linoleic (18:2) b Linolenic (18:3) c Archidonic (20:4) bcd Intestine vs liver (P<.10, P<.05, P<.01, P<.001, respectively). ef Deficient vs dequte (P<.10, P<.05, respectively). g No tretment effect (P>.44). 156

158 Tble 3. Clinicl Chemistry Item Deficient diet Adequte diet Totl protein, g/dl (d 27) 3.9 ± ±.36 Albumin, g/dl (d 27) 2.3 ± ±.16 Leukotriene B 4, pg/100 µl (d 32) 6.3 ± ± 1.1 Prostglndin E 2, pg/100 µl (d 32) 80 ± ± 15 Thromboxne B 2, ng/100 µl d 2.8 ± ±.3 d 27.9 ± ±.4 d 32.9 ± ±.1 Effect of diet tr etment (P<.05). Tble 4. White Blood Cell (Neutrophil) Synthesis of Eicosnoids (In Vitro), Dy 27 Stimulnt Metobolite Tretment diet Phorbolmyristic cid A23187, clcium ionophore LTB Deficient LTB Adequte PGE Deficient PGE Adequte TXB Deficient TXB 2 Adequte All concentrtions re totl pg of metbolite secreted into 1.0 ml of medium. There were no differences (P>.05). Figure 1. Chemiluminescence of White Blood Cells (Neutrophils). 157

159 USE OF RECOMBINANT BOVINE CYTOKINES IN PIGS VACCINATED AND CHALLENGED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS F. Blech, D. N. Reddy, C. G. Chitko-McKown, 2 2 M. M. Chengpp, D. S. McVey, R. D. Goodbnd, nd J. L. Nelssen 3 Summry An experiment ws conducted to determine the djuvnticity of recombinnt bovine interleukin-1ß (rboil-1ß) nd recombinnt bovine interleukin-2 (rboil-2) dministered in conjunction with single S. suis vccintion in pigs. Sixty, 4-wk-old pigs were llotted to 8 groups: 1) nonvccinted controls; 2) vccinted controls; 3) rboil-1ß, 100 ng/kg; 4) rboil-1ß, 1000 ng/kg; 5) rboil-1ß, 10,000 ng/kg; 6) rboil-2, 2.5 µg/kg; 7) rboil-2, 25 µg/kg; nd 8) rboil-2, 250 µg/kg. All pigs (except group 1) were vccinted on d 0 with commercil S. suis vccine (serotypes 1 nd 2). At vccintion, pigs were injected intrmusculrly with their respective cytokine tretments. Pigs received dditionl cytokine injections for 2 consecutive dys. On d 21, ll pigs were injected 9 intrvenously with CFU of log phse culture of S. suis (serotype 2). The highest dose of rboil-1ß exceeded the mximum tolerble dose for the cytokine; however, this dose of rboil-1ß protected pigs from the S. suis chllenge. In pigs receiving rboil-1ß t 10,000 ng/kg, pthologicl lesions cused by S. suis were lowest when compred to other tretment groups. No mortlity from S. suis chllenge ws observed in pigs tht received the highest dose of rboil-1ß. These dt clerly show tht rboil-1ß (10,000 ng/kg), dministered intrmusculrly for 3 consecutive dys t vccintion, is more effective thn the S. suis vccine lone in protecting pigs ginst S. suis chllenge. (Key Words: Cytokine, Adjuvnt, Pig, Vccine.) Introduction Cytokines, prticulrly interferon gmm, interleukin-1 (IL-1), nd IL-2, hve been used successfully s djuvnts in severl species. In pigs, recombinnt porcine interferon gmm hs been used in n effort to reverse dexmethsoneinduced immunosuppression. Although recombinnt porcine IL-1 IL-2 hve been cloned nd expressed, they re not vilble for in vivo use. Humn recombinnt IL-2 hs been evluted both s nonspecific immunomodultor nd s n djuvnt in pigs. We hve shown tht recombinnt bovine IL-1ß (rboil-1ß) nd rboil-2 cn be effective djuvnts to bovine herpesvirus-1 vccintion in cttle. It is likely tht they lso will be effective djuvnts in pigs. Infection in pigs cused by Streptococcus suis is widespred problem of the swine industry in the mjor swine-producing countries of the world. In the United Sttes, wreness of the severity of S. suis infection hs been reltively slow. However, in recent yers there hs been n increse in reports of S. suis infection in ll ges of pigs, frequently cusing meningitis, septicemi, pneumoni, nd rthritis. The widespred prevlence of S. suis infections hs necessitted extensive reserch efforts on prevention nd control mesures. Bcterins hve been used in the United Sttes for the prevention of 1Deprtment of Antomy nd Physiology. 2 Deprtment of Lbortory Medicine. 3 We thnk Americn Cynmid Co., Princeton, NJ, for providing the cytokines nd prtil finncil support for this project. 158

160 S. suis infection with some success. However, the rising incidence of S. suis, nd the economic impct tht this gent imposes on the swine industry mkes the development of suitble vccintion progrms impertive to control the disese. Therefore, the objective of this study ws to determine if rboil-1ß nd rboil-2 used in conjunction with single S. suis vccintion increse immunity nd resistnce to homologous S. suis chllenge. Procedures Sixty, 4-wk-old pigs from herd with no known history of S. suis were used. Eight pigs (except Group 1) were llotted by weight nd gender to one of the following 8 groups: Group 1: nonvccinted controls (4 pigs); Group 2: vccinted controls; Group 3: vccinted + rboil-1ß t 100 ng/kg; Group 4: vccinted + rboil-1ß t 1,000 ng/kg; Group 5: vccinted + rboil-1ß t 10,000 ng/kg; Group 6: vccinted + rboil-2 t 2.5 µg/kg; Group 7: vccinted + rboil-2 t 25 µg/kg; Group 8: vccinted + rboil-2 t 250 µg/kg. At the strt of the experiment (d 0), pigs were vccinted intrmusculrly with commercil S. suis vccine (Oxford Lbortories, types 1 nd 2). At vccintion, pigs were injected intrmusculrly with their respective cytokine tretment. Pigs received dditionl cytokine injections for 2 consecutive dys. On d 21, ll pigs 9 were injected intrvenously with colony forming units of log phse culture of S. suis type 2. Pigs were weighed weekly nd body weights recorded. Pigs were observed dily following chllenge (erly morning), nd the following clinicl signs were recorded: dyspne, nsl dischrge, depression, lmeness, nd CNS disorders. Rectl tempertures were recorded dily from d 21 through 28. All pigs were euthnized by electrocution on d 28, nd gross lesions, including meningitis, pleuritis, pericrditis, peritonitis, synovitis, nd pneumoni (lung weight/body weight), were scored nd recorded. Results nd Discussion Depending on the dosge, in vivo use of rboil-1ß nd rboil-2 cused drmtic effects on the physiology nd immunology of 4-wk-old pigs. Pigs injected with rboil-1ß t 10,000 ng/kg displyed profound physiologicl effects in response to the cytokine tretment. Within 3 hours of injection, pigs showed behvior such s vomiting nd lethrgy. Continued injections of 10,000 ng/kg rboil-1ß cused some pigs to disply CNS disturbnces (pddling). The dverse effect of the highest dose of rboil-1ß ws reflected in the poor growth performnce in these pigs during the first 2 wk of the study (Tble 1). However, s will be discussed lter, even though these pigs were very severely ffected by the rboil-1ß injections, they responded best to the S. suis chllenge. Their enhnced resistnce to S. suis is perhps best shown by their positive verge dily gin during the week of infection, when pigs in ll other tretment groups were losing weight (Tble 1). Pigs tht were dministered rboil-2 did not respond differently thn control nimls. Similr to the growth performnce dt, Tble 2 shows dt indicting tht pigs treted with the highest dose of rboil-1ß were lest ffected by the chllenge with S. suis. The dy fter chllenge with S. suis, pigs in ll tretment groups showed similr clinicl signs of disese. However, on d 2 postchllenge, pigs treted with rboil-1ß t 10,000 ng/kg were less ffected cliniclly compred to control pigs. The trend for pigs from the highest dose rboil-1ß tretment group to hve lower clinicl signs of disese continued throughout the experiment. Becuse 3 out of 8 control pigs died by d 3, the difference in clinicl signs between the control pigs nd the highest dose rboil-1ß pigs (no deths) is certinly bised in fvor of no tretment effect. Pigs treted with the highest dose of rboil-1ß did not die when chllenged with S. suis (Tble 3). Pthologicl lesions cused by S. suis were lowest in pigs tht received rboil-1ß s vccine djuvnt when compred to vlues from control pigs (Tble 3). These dt clerly show tht rboil-1ß (10,000 ng/kg), dministered intrmusculrly for 3 consecutive dys t vccintion, is more effective thn the S. suis vccine lone in protecting pigs 159

161 ginst S. suis chllenge. Pigs treted with the highest dose of rboil-1ß hd less severe clinicl signs of the disese fter chllenge, better growth performnce during the infection, nd less severe pthologicl lesions cused by the bcteri. Also, no pigs in this tretment group died from the bcteril chllenge. However, 10,000 ng/kg of rboil-1ß cnnot be dministered to pigs becuse of the dverse rection to the cytokine t the time of dministrtion. Clerly, it would be beneficil to find dosge of rboil-1ß between 1,000 nd 10,000 ng/kg tht produced the sme positive results s the highest dose of the cytokine but without dverse effects t the time of dministrtion. Considering the encourging results of this study, these possibilities should be explored. Tble 1. Averge Dily Gin (lb) of Pigs Vccinted nd Chllenged with S. suis nd Administered rboil-1ß or rboil-2 s Adjuvnts t Vccintion Tretment rboil-1ß (ng/kg) rboil-2 ( Period (dy) Control 100 1,000 10, SE Prob b b b b.79 b b.90 b b.95 b.77 b.86 b b -.09 b.29 b -.04 b b.66 b b.68 b.51 b.57 b Pigs were vccinted on d 0 nd dministered cytokines on d 0, 1, nd 2. All pigs were chllenged with S. suis 21 b d fter vccintion. Vlues re lest squres mens, n=8. Mens within rows not shring common superscripts differ. 160

162 Tble 2. Pooled Clinicl Signs of Pigs Vccinted nd Chllenged with S. suis nd Administered rboil-1ß or rboil-2 s Adjuvnts t Vccintion Tretment rboil-1ß (ng/kg) rboil-2 ( Dy Nonvccintes Control 100 1,000 10, SE b 7.3 b 5.1 b 7.6 b 7.5 b 7.4 b b 5.9 b 5.3 b b 8.7 b 6.5 b b 4.4 b 3.4 b b 7.2 b 5.0 b b 3.0 b 2.4 b b 4.7 b 1.2 b All pigs were chllenged with S. suis 21 d (d 0) fter vccintion. Scoring = 0 to 3 (norml to severe) for dyspne, nsl dischrge, depression, nd CNS disorders; 0 to 4 (norml to down) for lmeness; nd 0 to 5 (norml to > b 107 for rectl temperture. Vlues re lest squres mens. Mens within rows not shring common superscripts differ (P<.05). Tble 3. Mortlity nd Necropsy Findings of Pigs Vccinted nd Chllenged with S. suis nd Administered rboil-1ß or rboil-2 s Adjuvnts t Vccintion Tretment rboil-1ß (ng/kg) rboil-2 ( Item Nonvccintes Control 100 1,000 10, SE Mortlity (%) Necropsy Score b 5.12 b 5.00 b Lung Weight/ Body Weight (%) c All pigs were chllenged 21 d fter vccintion with S. suis nd necropsied t deth or 7 d fter chllenge. Necropsy scoring = 0 to 2 (norml to severe) for pleuritis, pericrditis, meningitis, nd peritonitis nd 0 to 4 (norml to severe) b for synovitis. Vlues re lest squres mens. Mens within rows not shring common superscripts differ (P<.05). c Control vs. 10,000 ng/kg rboil-1ß, P=

163 EVALUATION OF A ROTATING DRUM MIXER C. R. Strk, K. C. Behnke, nd C. H. Fhrenholz Summry A "rotting drum" type mixer ws tested to determine if it could produce uniformly mixed feed. Feed ws mnufctured in four seprte trils, which exmined ddition sequence, mixing time, mixer cpcity, nd liquid ddition. Uniformly mixed feed ws obtined fter 8 min, when ingredients were properly sequenced nd mixed. Smller btch sizes decresed the time required to obtin uniform mixture. The mixer distributed liquid uniformly through the feed nd hd excellent clen-out cpbilities. (Key Words: Rotting Drum Mixer, Feed Uniformity, Feed Mnufcturing, Mixer Testing.) Introduction Properly designed mixers hve the potentil to produce uniformly mixed feed. However, the time required to produce uniform mixture vries between mixer cl ses. Mixers lso vry considerbly within clss. Therefore, it is essentil tht ll mixers be evluted for their bility to produce uniformly mixed feed, time required to produce uniform mixture, nd completeness of clen-out. Rotting drum mixers hve become incresingly populr for frm pplictions. Low energy consumption, good clen-out, nd the bility to produce uniformly mixed feed hs mde these mixers populr. Becuse of their incresed use nd the lck of informtion on these mixers, study ws needed to evlute their bility to produce uniformly mixed feed. The study ws designed to determine the pproprite mixing time, proper ingredient sequence, btch size, clen-out, nd liquid ppliction for "rotting drumm i x e r. The study ws divided into four trils. Trils I nd II investigted the effect of ingredient sequence ddition on mixing time. Tril III exmined uniformity of prtil btches nd liquid ddition. Tril IV determined mixing time required from ded stop fter ingredient ddition. Procedures Mixer uniformity tests were performed on drum 3 mixer with cpcity of 38 ft nd rotting t 7 RPM. Sequence of ingredient dditions in Tril I ws sorghum, soyben mel, whet midds, nd premix. The sequence ws reversed in Tril II. Tril III sequence ws soyben mel, premix, whet midds, nd sorghum. In ech tril, the ssy ingredient, slt, ws included in the premix. A sow diet with n pprent bulk density of lb/ft ws used for ll mixer uniformity tests (Tble 1). Ingredients were dded to the mixer while the drum ws rotting in Trils I through III. A 4 in. screw conveyor ws used to fill the mixer. Fill time ws between 8 to 10 min for the 1500 lb btch. Mix times begn fter the lst ingredient ddition. The mixer ws stopped nd smpled t designted times (Tbles 2 nd 3). Ten, 50-g smples were obtined from the sme 1A specil thnks to the 1991 Feed Technology II clss for helping conduct the reserch. 2 Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry. 162

164 loction in the mixer ech time it ws stopped. Smples were nlyzed for slt content with the R Quntb Chloride Ion test. Coefficient of vrition (CV) vlues < 10% indicte uniformly R mixed feed for the Quntb Chloride Ion test. Tril III involved production of 500-, 1000-, nd 1500-lb btches of feed. The feed ws smpled t 4, 8, 12 min nd dischrge. Choice white grese (2.9%) ws pplied to the 1500 lb btch of feed fter it ws dry mixed for 12 min. The feed ws mixed for n dditionl 5 min fter the ft ws dded. Smples for crudeft nlysis were tken t the dischrge. Ingredients were plced in the mixer without the drum rotting in Tril IV. The mixer ws strted fter the lst ingredient nd smpled t 4, 8, 12 min nd dischrge. Results nd Discussion Results for mixing time re presented in Tble 2 for Trils I nd II. When the premix ws dded lst, mixing time required to obtin uniform mixture ws not ccomplished until dischrge (11 min). When the premix ws dded first, 8 min were required to produce uniform feed. The tble indictes tht the feed ws uniform t 1, 2, nd 4 min, but visul exmintion s well s vriblity between replictions indicted tht the mixer did not consistently produce uniform feed t those times. In ddition, dding the premix first cused problems with ded spots nd premix loss. Tril III showed tht dding the premix second resulted in uniform mix fter 8 min (Tble 3). In ddition, it eliminted mixer ded spots nd premix loss. The results lso indicte tht rotting drum mixers cn mix btches tht re less thn rted cpcity. Mixing time decresed s btch size decresed. The ft ws evenly pplied throughout the 1500 lb btch. Crude ft nlysis rnged from 3.28 to 3.64% on 10 smples. The results indicte tht the mixer is cpble of uniformly distributing liquids. Strting 1000 lb btch from ded stop fterll ingredients were dded produced uniformly mixed feed fter 8 min. At 4 min, the coefficient of vrition ws 11%, when <10% is desired. Therefore, uniform feed cn be produced between 4 nd 8 min from ded stop. The study indictes tht rotting drum mixers re cpble of producing uniform btch of feed when used properly. With the type of mixer used in the present study, uniform feed cn be produced fter 8 min. Mixing time cn vry between mixers; therefore, it is necessry to test every new mixer. Mixers should be tested nnully to determine if current mixing procedures re stisfctory. Fctors such s equipment condition, ingredient sequence, btch size, ingredient prticle size, nd density ll ffect mix time. 163

165 Tble 1. Sow Diet Ingredients Percentge Ground Sorghum Soyben mel 44% Whet midds Diclcium phosphte 1.60 Limestone 1.20 Slt.50 Vitmin premix.25 Trce minerl premix.10 Tble 2. Clculted CV's (%) for Ingredient Addition Sequence Mix Time (min) Tril I Tril II b d d d Dischrge c Sequence sorghum, SBM, whet midds, premix. b Sequence premix, whet midds, SBM, sorghum. c Dischrge rte of 500 lb/min. d Visil inspection of the feed nd vriblity between replictions indicted tht feed my not be consistently uniform t these times. Tble 3. Clculted CV's (%) for Different Btch Sizes nd Strting from Ded Stop Btch Size Mix Time (min) 500 lb 1000 lb 1500 lb Ded Stop b Dischrge Ingredients were dded while the mixer ws rotting. b Ingredients dded prior to strting the mixer. 164

166 ON-FARM FEED UNIFORMITY SURVEY 1,2 2 C. R. Strk, K. C. Behnke, R. D. Goodbnd, nd J. A. Hnsen Summry An on-frm feed mnufcturing survey ws conducted in conjunction with mixer uniformity nlysis. The survey collected informtion on producer size nd type of opertion, mixer type, mnufcturing prctices, nd feed production. The survey represents 43 prticipnts from cross the U.S. Results indicte tht 42% of the prticipnts hd mixer uniformity coefficients of vrition of less thn 10%, 47% were between 10-20%. nd 11% hd CV's greter thn 20%. (Key Words: On-Frm Feed Mnufcturing, Feed Uniformity, Mixers.) Procedures Mixer nlysis kits were sent out upon request to producers to testtheir mixing efficiency. The producer hd to obtin 10 smples t evenly spced intervls s the feed ws removed from the mixer. In ddition, ech producer hd to complete survey form. Informtion ws collected on producer size nd type of opertion, mixer type, mnufcturing prctices, nd feed production. The smples were nlyzedfor uniformity of R slt distribution by the Quntb Ion strip test. Coefficient of vrition (CV) ws clculted for R ech producer. When using the Quntb Ion test, CV's less thn 10% indicted uniformly mixed diet ( CV of 10% tkes into ccount smpling errors nd nlyticl errors). Results nd Discussion Results indicte tht mjority of on-frm feed mnufcturers my not be producing uniformly mixed feed (Tble 1) with desired CV's of less thn 10%. Non-uniformity becomes more criticl when medicted feed dditives re included in the feed. The survey indicted tht production size hd no significnt effect on uniformity results. Results did not fvor ny p r t i c u l r m i x e r t y p e. Feed uniformity cn be improved by proper ingredient sequencing. A proper ingredient sequence would be: protein source, premix, flush fter the premix (protein source or ground grin), then grin. Grinding to prticle size of less thn 800 microns lso will help improve feed uniformity. Periodic inspec- 1To obtin mixer nlysis kit send your nme nd ddress to: Chrles Strk Shellenberger Hll Knss Stte University Mnhttn, KS Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry. 165

167 tion nd repir of worn equipment will help prevent poor feed uniformity. Finlly, mixers should be tested nnully to determine if the feed mnufcturing protocol is sufficient or if it should be chnged. However, the first step is to develop feed mnufcturing protocol tht ssures uniform feed. Tble 1. Results of Mixer Uniformity Anlysis for Ech Mixer Type Coefficient of Vrition Mixer Type <10 % % 20+ % Verticl Portble Verticl Sttionry Horizontl Pddle Horizontl Double Ribbon Drum Other Totl A coefficient of vrition less thn 10% indictes uniformly mixed diet. 166

168 EVALUATION OF A PORTABLE MIXER AND FEED DELIVERY SYSTEM C. R. Strk, K. C. Behnke, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry An on-frm mixer uniformity study ws conducted to determine if feed could be properly mixed nd mintined s it went through bulk bin nd conveying equipment over distnce of 180 ft. in grower-finisher fcility. A portble verticl mixer ws tested nd found to produced uniformly mixed feed. Uniform feed ws then conveyed from bulk storge bin to feeders inside the fcility. Smples were obtined from three different feeders nd were tested for uniformity. Results indicte tht feed remins uniform s it is conveyed nd deposited in feeders over distnces of 20, 80, nd 180 ft. (Key Words: On-the-Frm Feed Mnufcturing, Portble Mixers.) Introduction Providing uniformly mixed feed to pigs helps ssure tht they receive nutrients in the correct proportion. On-frm mixer uniformity hs become concern, s more nd more swine producers begin to mnufcture their own feed. This concern becomes even greter when smll inclusion levels of medicted feed dditives re used. In the pst, the commercil feed mnufcturing industry hs done most of the work on feed uniformity. Qulity feed mnufcturers routinely check their mixer to ssure tht uniform mixture is being produced. Producers who mix their own feed ssume this responsibility, s well s the Good Mnufcturing Prctices of the Food nd Drug Administrtion when medicted feed dditives re used. This study ws conducted to determine if new, portble, on-frm mixer could produce uniformly mixed feed. In ddition, uniformity of feed ws exmined fter it ws conveyed from bulk bin to the feeders over distnce of 180 ft. in grower-finisher fcility. Procedures A field study ws performed over 3 consecutive weeks, strting with n empty bulk bin nd feeders. A 6500-lb btch of feed ws mnufctured in new, portble, grinder-mixer. Ingredients were dded to the mixer in the following order: soyben mel, bse mix, medicted feed dditive, lysine, nd sorghum (1/8" screen). Ingredient ddition, grinding, nd mixing times were recorded (Tble 1). Smples were obtined s the mixer emptied into the bulk bin. Ten smples were obtined t bout 500 lb intervls fter 1000 lb were removed from the mixer. Ten smples 30 sec prt were obtined t feeders 1, 5, & 11 (20, 80, nd 180 ft., respectively; Figure 1) s feed ws conveyed from the bulk bin to the feeders by flex-uger system. All smples were nlyzed for slt content R using Quntb Ion strips. A coefficient of vrition ws clculted for the mixer nd ech feeder loction. Coefficient of vrition (CV) = stndrd devition/men X 100. When the R Quntb Ion strip test is used, CV's less thn 10% indicte uniformly mixed feed ( CV of 10% tkes into ccount smpling errors nd nlyticl errors). 1We thnk Ken Goodyer, Pioneer Pork, Dewight, KS for ssistnce in conducting the study. 2 Deprtment of Grin Science nd Industry. 167

169 Results nd Discussion The portble verticl mixer produced uniformly mixed feed (Tble 2) ech week with the ingredient dditionnd mixing times used by the producer (Tble 1). The bility to produce uniform mixture depends on equipment condition, ingredient sequence, nd prticle size. These will vry mong producers. Conveying feed through 180 ft flex-uger system did not ffect the uniformity of feed deposited in the feeders. Slt remined uniformly distributed from the bulk bin to the feeders (Tble 2). In the study, the conveying system produced little segregtion. One should lso ber in mind tht conveying systems do not hve the cpbility of mixing n improperly mixed feed; therefore, it is essentil to strt with uniform feed in the bulk storge bin. Mny fctors re involved in obtining uniform feed mix, such s type nd condition of equipment, mixing/grinding time, prticle size, nd ingredients. Every producer should develop feed mnufcturing protocol tht ssures uniform feed. The results of this study indicte tht uniformly mixed feed will remin uniform s it is conveyed to feeders in grower-finisher fcility. Tble 1. Ingredient Addition, Grinding, nd Mixing Times (min) Repliction Premix Grinding Mixing Unloding Bse mix, medicted feed dditive, lysine. Tble 2. Coefficient of Vrition (%) Results for the Mixer nd Feed Delivery System Repliction Bulk Bin Feeder #1 b Feeder #5 Feeder # Averge A coefficient of vrition less thn 10% indictes uniformly mixed btch of feed. b Feeders 1, 5, nd 11 were 20, 80, nd 180 ft. from the bulk bin, respectively. 168

170 Figure 1. Bulk Bin nd Conveying System. 169

171 PRODUCING HOGS UNDER CONTRACT Michel R. Lngemeier 1 Summry Recently, there hs been renewed interest in contrct hog production. Contrctors re looking for n effective mens to expnd production or utilize excess feed production cpcity. Producers enter contrcts to minimize input cost nd mrket risks or to obtin finncing for buildings nd equipment. Provisions vry from contrct to contrct. Producers tht re mking the decision whether to produce hogs under contrct should clculte expected returns for rnge of production nd cost scenrios. Whtever the contrct provisions, producers nd contrctors should mke sure tht the contrct rewrds them for wht they do best. (Key Words: Contrct, Progrm, Economics.) Introduction There hs been n incresing interest in contrct hog production in recent yers. One of the primry resons for this is the vilbility of finncing through contrcting. In 1988, bout 10 to 12 percent of U.S. slughter ws ccounted for by contrct opertions. Glenn Grimes, from the University of Missouri, estimtes tht the number of contrct hogs will increse bout 6 to 10 percent nnully. Using these estimtes contrct hog production is expected to ccount for 23 to 35 percent of U.S. slughter by the yer Trditionlly, most of the contrct production hs been concentrted in the Est Cost region. There re some indictions tht contrct hog production is becoming more prevlent in the North Centrl region. For exmple, n estimted 250,000 hogs will be fed by Murphy Frms lone in north centrl Iow this yer. Advntges nd Disdvntges of Hog Contrcts Potentil contrctors include investors, feed delers, nd frmers. Contrctors find contrct rrngements ppeling for severl resons. For exmple, contrctor my hve lrge feed production cpcity tht is currently being less thn fully utilized. Contrctors my lso find contrct hog production to be more effective mens of expnding their totl hog production. Becuse the producer (contrctee) typiclly is responsible for fcility costs, contrctor cn effectively mitigte the finncil risk ssocited with owning fcilities. Other resons why contrctor my find contrct hog production ppeling relte to the economies of size ssocited with buying nd selling breeding stock nd mrket hogs. Producers enter production contrct for vrious resons. One of the primry resons is to obtin finncing for buildings nd equipment. This spect of production contrcts is prticulrly ttrctive to young or finncilly strpped producers with limited ccess to cpitl. Mny contrctors build the fcilities nd then provide lon to the producer. Becuse feed nd pigs re provided by the contrctor, producers do not fce the risks ssocited with feed cost nd feeder pig chnges. In ddition, mrket risk is eliminted becuse the contrctor owns the hogs. Of course, producers tht custom feed hogs will not be ble to tke dvntge of high hog prices or low feeder pig nd 1Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics. 170

172 feed costs. The fixed pyment spect of most contrcts reduces profit nd csh flow uncertinty. Production contrcts re lso ttrctive to producers tht do not wnt to mke the mngement decisions required to buy inputs nd mrket hogs. There re disdvntges to hog contrcting from both contrctor's nd producer's perspective. Contrctors tht choose the wrong producers my lose substntil number of hogs or wste n enormous mount of time before the problem is corrected. Producers my find it difficult to sve enough money from the fixed pyment to build their own fcilities. In ddition, the contrct length my be substntilly shorter thn the time it tkes to py for the fcilities. Producers need to think bout how they will py for the fcilities if the contrct is terminted. Types of Contrcts There re mny different types of contrcts. Pyment method, cost shring, nd production bonuses vry from one contrct to nother. Whtever the contrct provisions, producers nd contrctors should mke sure tht the contrct rewrds them for wht they do best. For exmple, production bonuses tht re too optimistic will not benefit n bove verge producer. This producer should seek contrct in which bonuses re pid when production is bove verge. Hog finishing contrcts re more predominte thn contrcts for feeder pig nd frrow-to-finish production. According to survey conducted in 1988 by V. Jmes Rhodes t the University of Missouri, 87 percent of contrctors contrcted pig finishing, 21 percent contrcted pig producing, 15 percent contrcted frrow-to-finish production, nd 3 percent contrcted the production of breeding stock. Mny hog finishing contrcts gurntee producer fixed pyment nd dd or subtrct bonuses nd discounts from this pyment. Bonuses re typiclly pid for keeping deth losses low nd feed efficiency high. Discounts re sometimes imposed for high deth losses nd unmrketble nimls. Contrct pyments cn be on per hed bsis, per dy bsis, or on per squre foot of pig spce bsis. A common per hed pyment is $12. Pyments on per dy bsis typiclly rnge from $0.07 to $0.10. Pyments on per squre foot of pig spce bsis my rnge from $30 to $40 per pig spce per yer. Pyments bsed on per pig spce bsis re ttrctive from the producer's perspective becuse, under this contrct, less thn fully utilized fcilities will not dd to his/her fixed costs per hed. Under fixed pyment contrct for finishing hogs, the producer typiclly provides the building nd equipment, lbor, utilities, nd insurnce. Utilities nd insurnce re typiclly round $1.50 nd $0.25 per hed, respectively. Assuming n investment cost of $100 per pig spce, fcility with 1,000-pig cpcity would cost $100,000. If 2,500 pigs re produced nd the interest rte is 11 percent, the nnul pyment per pig will be bout $6.75. If more pigs re produced, the nnul pyment will be lower. The nnul pyment will be higher, if less pigs re produced. If the pyment is $12 per hed, the producer, in this exmple, will hve return to lbor nd mngement of $3.50 per hed fter subtrcting costs. Chrcteristics of Good Contrct Before considering the detils of contrct, both prties should consider the reputtion of the other prty involved in the contrct. Some contrcts re not esily broken. Thus, it is importnt to obtin this informtion before contrct is considered. Like ll contrcts, the contrct should be in written form. Also, the dvice of n expert or lwyer my be useful in evluting the contrct provisions. Contrct provisions should include the following: - the nmes of both prties; - the rights nd responsibilities of both prties; - the number of pigs involved; 171

173 - the durtion of the contrct; - the method nd timing of pyment; - the costs to be pid by ech prty; - the brnds of the feed nd supplement; - cler sttement of how bonuses nd discounts will be hndled; - the methods used to clculte performnce guidelines; - how nd when the contrct my be terminted by either prty. 172

174 RUNOFF CONTROL FROM DIRT LOTS J. P. Hrner nd J. P. Murphy 1 A recent wter qulity survey ssessment found nonpoint source pollution problems in mjority of Knss surfce wters - 85% of the monitoring sites were impired by nutrients, 60% of the sites by bcteri, 55% by suspended solids nd/or minerls, nd 40% by oxygen-demnding substnces. Swine producers hve the responsibility to mintin the qulity of ground or surfce wter ner their production units. Outdoor dirt lots for confinement of swine re often overlooked s n re needing fcilities for wter pollution control. Such fcilities re dependent upon the size nd mke-up of livestock opertion, its surfce drining chrcteristics, nd the opertion's wste mngement nd disposl prctices. The Knss Deprtment of Helth nd Environment (KDHE) dministers the registrtion, permit,nd certifiction requirements for confined livestock fcilities in Knss. The regultions becme lw in Knss on July 1, 1967 nd remin in plce tody. The lws re designed to minimize pollution leving the vicinity of confined feeding opertion creted by norml rinfll, intensive storms, or everydy mnure production. The intent of the lw is to be ble to control, collect, nd store the runoff. The collection nd storge enble producer to mnge nd properly disperse the liquids nd nutrients from the production res onto croplnd or psture. Confined feeding is defined s confinement of nimls in lot or pens, which re not normlly used for rising crops nd in which no vegettion, intended for niml food, is growing. Swine opertions tht re utilizing outdoor lots re subject to the regultory requirements nd re required by lw to hve wste mngement pln nd permit, if they meetny one of the following opertionl criteri. 1. The opertion hs cpcity of 300 or more hed of cttle, hogs, or sheep or combintion of ll three. 2. The opertion, irrespective of size, utilizes wstewter control fcilities such s mnure pits, ponds, lgoons, or other devices. 3. The livestock opertion is locted ner strem or other spects of the opertion, such s improper disposl of dednimls, present potentil wter pollution problems. 4. Existing sle brns nd collection centers provide cpcity for more thn 300 hed nd re utilized more thn once week. 5. The opertion hs livestock truck wsh fcilities, irrespective of size. 6. The opertor(s) elects to come under the regultions. It is importnt for swine producers to recognize tht the 300 hed is the totl number of pigs on the frm, including those in gesttion, frrowing, nursery, growing or finishing buildings, s well s the number tht my be in outdoor lots. The totl cpcity is number of pigs plus other confined fed livestock nd does not llow for djustments bsed on niml weight, ge, or type. The pig's weight or size will influence the size of holding pond or lgoon needed to hndle the mnure. Opertions tht hve between 300 nd 1Dept. of Agriculturl Engineering. 173

175 2,500 hed cpcity re required to follow the regultions estblished for Knss nd directed through KDHE's Division of Environment. Opertions with cpcity of 2,500 hed or more re required to meet the regultion estblish by the Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA). KDHE dministers the EPA progrm, nd when the lrger opertions meet EPA requirements, they re issued NPDES permit. Production units with cpcity of 2,500 hed or more re required to contin ll runoff from dirt lots in lgoon or holding pond. A lgoon is sized to brekdown the solids nd nutrients in the mnure prior to dispersing the liquids onto croplnd or psture. Lgoons re normlly used for hndling mnure from buildings. In holding pond, there is little or no brekdown of the solids prior to dispersing. The primry function of holding pond is to contin the runoff from dirt lot before the nutrients re dispersed on frmlnd. Normlly, no registrtion of the opertion is required if the totl cpcity is less thn 300 pigs, unless n opertion hs pollution potentil or neighboring complint is issued ginst it. Smller opertors re not llowed to hve pens djoining or drining into rod ditch, creek, or other chnnels without dequte control, becuse of the pollution potentil. Muchof the pollution potentil is minimized by frequentclening of the pens nd proper disposl of mnure onto croplnd or psture. The regultions for opertions between 300 nd 2,499 hed llow for either dischrging or nondischrging systems depending on the size of opertion nd loction of lots in reltionship to wterwys nd levels nd potentil for pollution. A dischrging system seprtes the solids from the liquids by using settling bsins, terrces, grss filter strips, or sedimenttion structures. After seprtion, the wter is then dischrged into grssed wterwy, psture, or cropped field. A nondischrging system my include method for seprting the liquids nd the solids but the liquids portion of the runoff is contined in n erthened structure. The pond is lter pumped, nd the wter is dispersed onto croplnd or psture. Opertions tht hve more thn 2 cres of dirt lots or 750 pigs will probbly be required to hve nondischrging type of wste control fcility. A dischrging system could be utilized for those with less thn 2 cres of dirt lots or between 300 to 750 hed cpcity. Figure 1 shows some of the options tht re vilble for controlling the runoff from dirt lots. In ech cse there re certin restrict ions tht will pply nd design specifictions tht hve to be met. Some of the criteri re: 1. Dirt lots nd runoff control fcilities cnnot be within 100 feet of the property line. 2. Wter pollution control fcilities must be ble to hndle the runoff generted by 25 yr/ 24 hr storm, which is equl to bout 5 in. in western Knss, 6 in. in centrl Knss nd 7 in. in estern Knss. 3. Lowest elevtion of the feeding re or wste control fcilities must minimum of 10 ft bove groundwter quifers or sesonl perched tbles. 4. The lots must be locted minimum of 100 ft from wells or reservoirs nd 50 ft from rurl wter district lines. 5. Sedimenttion structures re needed, with the type being dependent upon the dringe re. 6. If holding pond or lgoon is used, then provisions must be mde for pumping the wter including both certin lnd requirements nd pumping equipment. Figures 1, 1b, nd 1c re exmples of dischrging systems. The runoff from the pens is uniformly dispersed onto croplnd or psture in Figure 1. This type of system is normlly used with opertions less thn 300 hed or 1 cre in size. As the cpcity increses, then the options shown in Figures 1b nd 1c my be ble to be used. In both of these designs, the sedimenttion chnnel my be terrce or chnnel nd is sized to hold the runoff for 1 hr prior to dischrging onto the lnd. The 1 hr retention time results in 174

176 lrge sedimenttion structures s the crege of the lots increse. Figures 1d nd 1e re exmples of nondischrging systems. A nondischrging serpentine terrce system is shown in Figure 1d. The totl cpcity of the terrce chnnels hs to be ble to contin the 25 yr/24 hr storm runoff from the dirt lots nd ny dditionl dringe re. Figure 1e show sedimenttion chnnel with the runoff drining into lgoon or holding pond. The sedimenttion structure is opt ionl for smll lots but required if the dringe re is more thn 15 cres. If wste wter from building is lso drining into the pond, then sedimenttion structure should be considered. These re only few of the regultions. A complete copy cn be obtined from the KDHE district or stte offices. A holdingpond or lgoon should be constructed with side slopes of 3 to 1, minimum berm width of 10 ft, nd minimum of 12 in of cly round the sides nd in the bottom. The erthen structures cnnot hve seepge rte greter thn 1/4 in per 24 hr. Generlly, the minimum storge period is 120 d with minimum volume to hndle 120 d of norml rinfll, 25 yr/24 hr storm, nd mnure production. The storge structures lso must hve minimum freebord depth of 2 ft. Additionl detils lso re provided for pump ing regultions, fencing, mintennce, nd inspection. Swine opertors should not locte dirt lots ner strems or running wter or in res like rvine where croplnd or psture my drin through the pens. Any wter drining from djcent fields through lot must be controlled using either dischrging or nondischrging pollution control system. Therefore, it is importnt to divert runoff from croplnd or psture round the dirt lots using terrces or chnnels. In some cses, it my be esier to relocte the pens rther thn control the excess runoff. For new opertions, dirt lots should be locted on higher lnd rther thn bottom lnd to minimize the dringe nd potentil pollution problems. The livestock industry is giving greter ttention to reducing its effect on the environment. As the demnd grows for clener stremflows, smller dirt feedlots will need to reduce nd control the nutrient nd sediment loding of the runoff leving the feedlot vicinity. Runoff potentil of existing dirt lots will need to be evluted. Costs of controlling the runoff must be weighed ginst new lot construction in n lternte loction or new building construction. Future dirt lots will need to ddress current regultions nd be designed for complince with future nd more stringent regultions. 175

177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Apprecition is expressed to these orgniztions for ssisting with swine reserch t Knss Stte University: ADM Protein Specilties, Dectur, IL Americn Livestock Equipment, Cly Center, KS Americn Proteins Corportion, Ames, IA Americn Soyben Assocition, St. Louis, MO BioKyow, Inc., St. Louis, MO Crgill, Inc., Hutchison, KS Centrl Confinement Service, LTD., Columbus, NE Centrl Soy, Fort Wyne, IN Cryovc Division, W.R. Grce & Co., Duncn, SC DeKlb Seed Co., Deklb, IL Estmn-Kodk Co., Kingsport, TN Elnco Products Compny, Indinpolis, IN Excel Corp., Wichit, KS Feed Specilties Inc., Des Moines, IA Finnfeeds Interntionl LTD, Surrey, U.K. Hertlnd Lysine, Inc., Chicgo, IL Hoffmn-LRoche, Inc., Chicgo, IL Iow Limestone Co., Des Moines, IA Knss Pork Producers Council, Mnhttn, KS Knss Sorghum Commission, Topek, KS Knss Soyben Commission, Topek, KS Knss Stte Bord of Agriculture, Topek, KS Knss Technology Enterprise Corp., Topek, KS Knss Vlue Added Center, Mnhttn, KS Keesecker Enterprises, Wshington, KS Livestock nd Met Industry Council Lonz, Inc., Fir Lwn, NJ M-TEK Inc., Elgin, IL McCullough & Co., Knss City, MO Merrick Foods, Union Center, WI Midwest Grin Products, Atchison, KS Monsnto Ag. Co. St. Louis, MO Morrison Grin Co., Slin, KS Ntionl Institutes of Helth, Wshington, DC Osborne Industries Inc., Osborne, KS Pfizer, Inc., Terre Hute, IN Pet-Ag, Inc., Elgin, IL Pitmn-Moore, Inc., Terre Hute, IN Prince Agri. Products, Inc., Quincy, IL Roskmp/Chmpion, Wterloo, IA SmithKline Animl Helth Products, West Chester, PA Triple "F" Products, Des Moines, IA United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture, Science nd Eduction, Wshington, DC Zpt Hynie Corportion, Reedville, VA We especilly pprecite the ssistnce nd dediction of Rodger Anderson, John Blske, Joe Crpenter, Loren Ktz, Melnie Kruse, nd Mrk Nelson. We grtefully cknowledge Eileen Schofield for editoril ssistnce, Vlerie Stillwell for word processing, nd Fred Anderson for cover design for this publiction. Swine Industry Dy Committee Jim Nelssen, Chirmn Dune Dvis Bob Goodbnd Mike Tokch Joe Hncock Bob Hines Dve Nichols Contribution No S from the Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion. 176

178 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn Report of Progress 641 November 1991 Knss Stte University is committed to policy of nondiscrimintion on the bsis of rce, sex, ntionl origin, hndicp, religion, ge, sexul orienttion, or other nonmerit resons, in dmissions, eductionl progrms or ctivities, nd employment, ll s required by pplicble lws nd regultions. Responsibility for coordintion of complince efforts nd receipt of inquiries, including those concerning Title IX of the Eduction Amendments of 1972 nd Section 504 of the Rehbilittion Act of 1973, hs been delegted to Jne D. Rowlett, Ph.D., Director, Affirmtive Action Office, 214 Anderson Hll, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, Knss , (913/ )