Martini s Visual Anatomy and Physiology First Edition Martini Ober Chapter 20 - Respiratory System Lecture 11 1 Lecture Overview Overview of respiration Functions of breathing Organs of the respiratory system Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs 2 Respiratory System Respiration (in the respiratory system) is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. It consists of the following events (in the order you should know): *pulmonary ventilation *external respiration transport internal respiration cellular respiration Functions of the respiratory system We breathe: 1. To provide O 2 for cellular respiration and 2. To rid our bodies of CO 2 (waste gas) 3 1
Other Functions of the Respiratory System Speech and vocalization Provides scaffold for sense of smell Control of ph Help produce angiotensin II Movement of blood and lymph Useful in urination, defecation, and childbirth 4 Organs of the Respiratory System Upper respiratory tract nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx, (larynx some texts) ynx pronounced like inks Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs Conducting portion carries air; nose to the terminal bronchioles Respiratory portion exchanges gases; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli 5 Location of Lungs Apex Base 6 2
Upper Respiratory Tract Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, What types of epithelium would you expect to find? Why? 7 Anatomy of the Nasal Region Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 The nose: 1) warms, 2) cleans, and 3) humidifies air 8 Please don t do this! 9 3
Paranasal Sinuses Mucus membrane-lined, air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that drain into the nasal cavity Sinuses: 1. Reduce skull weight 2. Serve as resonating chambers Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, 10 Mucous in Respiratory Tract Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air. Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx The Mucus Escalator Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production 11 Larynx (Voice Box) C4-C5 Larynx (Laryngeal prominence; Adam s Apple) anterior C6 Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage posterior 12 4
Larynx Inelastic Vestibular folds Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis Protective ti Sound Posterior Vocal folds (cords) Elastic Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, 13 Vocal Folds (Cords) Closed Open Posterior Posterior Sound originates in vocal folds (cords) but is modified to create recognizable speech by: - Pharynx -Mouth - Nasal cavity - Sinuses Pitch of sound: diameter, length, and tension of vocal folds. Diameter and length are fixed; tension is controlled by voluntary muscles. 15 Movement of the Vocal Folds Speech Inhalation Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 16 5
Trachea & Primary Bronchi Posterior (T5) Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus (T6) Anterior C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent) Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, 17 Try not to inhale seeds!! The growing tree!! http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1169861/shocked-russian-surgeons-open-man-thought-tumour--fir-tree-inside-lung.html 18 Tracheotomy / Tracheostomy Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx 19 6
The Lungs 3 lobes 2 lobes Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, 20 Transverse Section of Lungs Note that the pleural space is a potential space and under a vacuum 21 The Bronchial Tree From 1 to > 65,000 branches!! How many levels of branching would that be? Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 22 7
Bronchial Tree 23 Bronchial Tree Bronchi Bronchioles Primary Secondary (lobar) Tertiary (segmental) Intralobular Trachea Terminal Respiratory Know this chart Alveolar structures Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Which parts here constitute the conducting portion of the respiratory tree? 24 Bronchial Tree Carina Bronchi - Primary; w/ blood vessels - Secondary (lobar); two on left, three on right - Tertiary (segmental); supplies a bronchopulmonary segment; 10 on right, 8 on left Bronchioles - Intralobular; supply lobules, the basic unit of lung - Terminal; 50-80 per lobule - Respiratory; a few air sacs budding from theses Bronchioles are to the respiratory system what arterioles are to the circulatory system Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Intralobular 25 8
Lobules of the Lung (Intralobular) The Lobule is the basic unit of structure and function in the lung Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium, few cilia, and no goblet cells Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, 26 Alveoli Septal (Type II) cells produce surfactant to keep the walls of the alveoli from collapsing 28 Review Respiration The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body Made up of five events We breathe To take in O 2 To eliminate CO 2 Organsof the respiratory tract Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs 29 9
Review Functions of the nose/nasal cavity Warm and humidify air Trap particulate matter Sinuses Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber Pharynx Back of mouth (throat) Passage of food/air; aids in speech 30 Review Respiration The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body Made up of five events We breathe To take in O 2 To eliminate CO 2 Organsof the respiratory tract Upper; nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx Lower; larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs 31 Review Functions of the nose/nasal cavity Warm and humidify air Trap particulate matter Sinuses Mucous-lined, air filled cavities; communicate with nasal cavity Lighten skull and provide resonating chamber Pharynx Back of mouth (throat) Passage of food/air; aids in speech 32 10
Review Larynx (voice box) Cartilaginous structure Passageway for air entering trachea Keeps foreign objects out of trachea Contains vocal cords (folds) for speech (to what ligament does the arytenoid cartilage attach) Trachea Air passage with cartilaginous rings; trachealis Cartilage prevents collapse Bronchial Tree Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Bronchioles (Intralobular, terminal, respiratory) Alveolar structures (ducts, sacs, alveoli) 33 Review Bronchi Cartilage and smooth muscle Primary; divisions of trachea; extrapulmonary Secondary; lobar 2 on left, 3 on right Tertiary; segmental Bronchioles Smooth muscle mainly Intralobular; supply structural unit of lung (lobule) Terminal; 50-80 per secondary lobule Respiratory; have air sac budding off Alveolar structures Neither smooth muscle nor cartilage Ducts, sacs, alveoli Highly vascular; site of gas exchange (O 2, CO 2 ) 34 Bronchial Tree Bronchi Primary Secondary (lobar) Tertiary (segmental) Trachea Bronchioles Intralobular Terminal Respiratory Alveolar structures Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Which are conducting, which are respiratory? 35 11
Review Lungs Right and left separated by heart and mediastinum Surrounded by pleura separated by pleural cavity Hilum is area where respiratory tubes and blood vessels pass Left lung has two lobes (with cardiac notch) Right lung has three lobes Lobules Formed by connective tissue division of lobes Basic structural and functional units of lung Contain terminal bronchioles, alveolar structures, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics 36 12