Dietary Amino Acid Responses of Layers W. A. Dozier, III Associate Professor Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA
Egg Production Per Hen-Housed 20 to 60 Weeks of Age Elliot, 2012
Goal Target egg size and egg mass at an early age
Amino Acid Intake Peak production level Persistency of lay Early egg size Feed conversion
Digestible Amino Acid Ratios Enhance the accuracy of formulation Decrease the cost of production Reduce crude protein content to 14 to 16% Use of alternate ingredients Minimize nitrogen excretion and ammonia
Percent Fecal Nitrogen in Layers 20 to 63 Weeks of Age Fecal Nitrogen (%) Protein Level Phase I Phase II High 6.32 a 4.95 a Medium 5.88 b 4.74 b Low 5.12 c 4.49 c Main Effects ---------- Probabilities ---------- Protein 0.0001 0.0001 Different superscripts within a column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). High Protein = 18.9 and 16.3 mg /d in Phase I and Phase II, respectively. Medium Protein = 17.0 and 14.6 mg /d in Phase I and Phase II, respectively. Low Protein = 14.4 and 13.8 mg /d in Phase I and Phase II, respectively. Equal performance in egg production, size and mass were maintained. Novak et. al., 2006
Phase 2 (45 to 58 wk of age) N Balance Per Hen and N and DM Digestibility of Diets Item Protein Normal Reduced Pooled SEM N consumption, g/d 2.55 2.39 0.02 N in egg, g/d 0.91 0.90 0.02 N excretion, g/d 1.66 a 1.49 b 0.05 N retention, g/d -0.03 0.01 0.05 N digestibility, % 34.75 37.11 1.93 DM digestibility, % 62.60 63.46 0.81 P < 0.05 Reduced = 1% point CP reduction through the use of L-Lysine. ~ 17% vs. 16% Roberts et. al., 2007 b
MT of Manure N per 100,000 Layers/year Diet MT Manure N MT Manure Reduction 20% CP 79.57 12% CP 44.71 34.86-43.8%! Diet % Manure Moisture 20% CP 80.1 18% CP 78.1 16% CP 77.4 14% CP 77.5 12% CP 76.6 10% CP 75.1 Manure moisture % 82 80 78 76 74 72 % Manure Moisture 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% Diet CP Leeson, 2010. personal communication
Dr. Horacio Rostagno Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, Brazil 2011
2011
2011
Digestible Amino Acid Peak & > 90% Level of Production 90-85% 85-80% 80-75% Lysine 100 100 100 100 Methionine* 47 45 43 41 TSAA 87 84 81 78 Threonine 75 73 71 69 Tryptophan 21 20 19 18 Valine 90 88 86 84 Isoleucine* 78 75 72 69 Arginine 109 107 105 103 *Methionine and Isoleucine can be modified to adjust egg size.
Digestible Amino Acid Weeks of Lay 1 to 36 36 to 50 50 to 80 Lysine 100 100 100 Methionine* 48 46 44 TSAA 89 88 87 Threonine 69 69 70 Tryptophan 19 19 20 Valine 75 77 79 Isoleucine* 87 89 91 Arginine 110 115 120 *Methionine and Isoleucine can be modified to adjust egg size.
Egg Production 20 to 36 Weeks of Age Brake and Pebbles, 1992
Large Eggs 20 to 36 Weeks of Age Brake and Pebbles, 1992
Suggested Layer Amino Acid Levels and Ratios
Laying Hen Minimum Digestible Amino Acid Ratios by Production Phase, Relative to Digestible Lysine Digestible Amino Acid Peak & > 90% Level of Production 90-85% 85-80% 80-75% Lysine 100 100 100 100 Methionine* 44 42 40 38 Met + Cys* 84 81 78 75 Threonine 70 69 68 67 Tryptophan 21 20 19 18 Valine 88 87 86 85 Isoleucine* 78 75 72 69 Arginine 109 107 105 103 * Methionine and isoleucine can be modified to manipulate egg size.
Recommended Digestible Lysine minimums and Amino Acid Ratios for Layers, Exploded to % of Diet ( Phase 1 Peak to 90% ) CALCULATIONS OF FORMULA NUTRIENT VALUES FOR LAYING HENS AT VARIOUS FEED INTAKES AND CONSTANT DAILY NUTRIENT INTAKES Targeted milligram intake for Digestible Lysine is specified, with other amino acids set via ratio. Recommendations for Peaking Diet Feed to Peak and down to 90% HDP Feed Intake Formula Nutrient Specification Requirements Desired Daily Intake per Bird Lbs / 100 => 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 g / bird => 77 82 86 91 95 100 104 109 113 118 Protein ( target?) grams 16.0 % 20.7 19.6 18.6 17.6 16.8 16.0 15.3 14.7 14.1 13.6 Calcium grams 3.9 % 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 Av. Phosphorus mg 460 % 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.39 Sodium mg 175 % 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 M. Energy Kcal 290 Ratios Kcal / Lb. 1,706 1,611 1,526 1,450 1,381 1,318 1,261 1,208 1,160 1,115 Dig. Lysine mg 800 100% % 1.04 0.98 0.93 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.68 Dig. Methionine mg 352 44.0% % 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 Dig. M + C mg 672 84.0% % 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.57 Dig. Threonine mg 560 70.0% % 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 Dig. Tryptophan mg 168 21.0% % 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 Dig. Isoleucine mg 624 78.0% % 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 Dig. Valine mg 704 88.0% % 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60 Dig. Arginine mg 872 109.0% % 1.13 1.07 1.01 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.74 Total Glycine mg 560 70.0% % 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47
Layer Diets Formulated Without or With the Next Limiting Amino Acid Without L-Threonine Phase 1 Layer ( Peak to > 90% ) Ingredients Prices Pounds per Batch ($/ton) Minimum Actual Maximum Corn $135.00 0 1093.15 2000 SBM $305.00 0 454.41 2000 M&B Meal $350.00 0 75.00 75 Poultry Meal $350.00 0 0.00 0 Corn DDGS $100.00 0 100.00 100 Wheat Midds $130.00 0 0.00 100 Bakery Meal $140.00 0 70.00 70 Poultry Fat $500.00 0 17.20 80 L-Lysine $1,995.84 0 0.23 6 DL-Methionine $3,991.68 0 3.91 6 L-Threonine $2,993.76 0 0.00 0 L-Tryptophan $22,680.00 0 0.00 2 L-Valine $3,628.80 0.00 Limestone $41.00 0 175.22 2000 Dicalcium P $650.00 0 1.39 2000 Salt $95.00 2 4.09 2000 Vitamin PMX $3,200.00 2 2.00 2 Mineral PMX $3,200.00 1 1.00 1 Choline Chloride $650.00 2 2.00 2000 Phytase $5,000.00 0 0.40 0.4 With L-Threonine Phase 1 Layer ( Peak to > 90% ) Ingredients Prices Pounds per Batch ($/ton) Minimum Actual Maximum Corn $135.00 0 1108.95 2000 SBM $305.00 0 440.51 2000 M&B Meal $350.00 0 75.00 75 Poultry Meal $350.00 0 0.00 0 Corn DDGS $100.00 0 100.00 100 Wheat Midds $130.00 0 0.00 100 Bakery Meal $140.00 0 70.00 70 Poultry Fat $500.00 0 14.45 80 L-Lysine $1,995.84 0 0.65 6 DL-Methionine $3,991.68 0 4.03 6 L-Threonine $2,993.76 0 0.19 3 L-Tryptophan $22,680.00 0 0.00 2 L-Valine $3,628.80 0.00 Limestone $41.00 0 175.26 2000 Dicalcium P $650.00 0 1.48 2000 Salt $95.00 2 4.09 2000 Vitamin PMX $3,200.00 2 2.00 2 Mineral PMX $3,200.00 1 1.00 1 Choline Chloride $650.00 2 2.00 2000 Phytase $5,000.00 0 0.40 0.4 Total cost (per ton) $189.13 Total (lbs) 2000.00 Total cost (per ton) $188.35 Total (lbs) 2000.00 Cost Savings of $0.78 from using next limiting Amino Acid.
Peaking Layer Diet s Formulated Without or With the Next Limiting Amino Acid Without L-Threonine With L-Threonine Nutrients Minimum Actual Maximum Batch Size Pounds = 2000 2000 2000 ME, Mcal / Lb. 1.30 1.300 1.31 CP, % 0.00 18.19 2.00 Dig. Lysine, % 0.00 0.80 0.00 Dig. M+C:Dig. Lys ratio 84.00 84.0 85.00 Dig. Thr:Dig. Lys ratio 70.00 70.0 71.00 Dig. Trp:Dig. Lys ratio 21.00 21.4 100.00 Dig. Ile:Dig. Lys ratio 78.00 80.2 125.00 Dig. Val:Dig. Lys ratio 88.00 91.8 125.00 Dig. Arg:Dig. Lys ratio 109.00 130.7 150.00 Tot Gly: Dig Lys ratio 70.00 116.6 150.00 Calcium, % 3.91 3.91 4.01 Av. P., % 0.46 0.46 0.47 Na, % 0.18 0.18 0.19 Nutrients Minimum Actual Maximum Batch Size Pounds = 2000 2000 2000 ME, Mcal / Lb. 1.30 1.300 1.31 CP, % 0.00 17.95 2.00 Dig. Lysine, % 0.00 0.80 0.00 Dig. M+C:Dig. Lys ratio 84.00 84.0 85.00 Dig. Thr:Dig. Lys ratio 70.00 70.0 71.00 Dig. Trp:Dig. Lys ratio 21.00 21.0 100.00 Dig. Ile:Dig. Lys ratio 78.00 78.8 125.00 Dig. Val:Dig. Lys ratio 88.00 90.4 125.00 Dig. Arg:Dig. Lys ratio 109.00 128.3 150.00 Tot Gly: Dig Lys ratio 70.00 115.2 150.00 Calcium, % 3.91 3.91 4.01 Av. P., % 0.46 0.46 0.47 Na, % 0.18 0.18 0.19 CP = 18.19 CP = 17.95-0.24-1.3 % Drop in CP would lower N Excretion ~ 2%
Isoleucine After the use of supplemental Met, Lys, and Thr, Ile may become the pressure point in diet formulation. In a field study, 60,000 layers were used from housing until 60 weeks of age. Three Ile to Lys ratios were fed: 66, 69, and 72 All diets contained Met, Lys, and Thr. Elliot, 2012
Elliot, 2012 Percent Large Eggs
Elliot, 2012 Egg Weight
Summary Crude protein can be reduced from 14 to 16% when formulating with digestible amino acid ratios. Ratios of digestible amino acids can be varied to achieved the desired egg size or mass among different strains and ages of hens.