Science 8 Unit 1 Pack: Name
Section 1: Observing Living Things Living things have characteristics that help them survive in their environment Small organisms can observed with the help of microscopes Words to Know compound light microscope Definition A. produces realistic three-dimensional images using an electron beam B. this device uses two lenses to magnify an image resolving power C. obtained by multiplying the magnifications of the objective and eyepiece lenses D. the ability to distinguish between dots or objects that are very close together magnification power E. image produced by a scanning electron microscope What are the characteristics of living things? Include examples for each. 4. 5.
Explain how an animal might show each of the 5 characteristics of living things. Give an example. 4. 5. Explain how a plant might show each of the 5 characteristics of living things. Give an example. 4. 5.
Name the parts of a compound light microscope. Give their function, too. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Using a math equation, show how you would calculate different magnifications of a compound light microscope. Low= Medium= High=
Name Label the following parts of a compound light microscope.
CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION A magnifying lens that magnifies the size of an image by 10 times has a magnification of 10. A compound microscope uses two lenses to create higher magnifications. To calculate the total magnification of a compound microscope, multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens. What is the magnification of a microscope with two lenses that each enlarges an image by 10? An eyepiece on a microscope has a magnification of 10. The objective lenses on the microscope have magnifications of 4 at low power, 10 at medium power, and 40 at high power. (a) Using the information how would you combine lenses on a microscope if you wanted to magnify an object 40? (b) How would you combine lenses if you wanted to magnify an object 100? (c) How would you combine lenses if you wanted to magnify an object 400? If a compound microscope has an eyepiece of 15 magnification and you select an objective lens with a power of 40, what is the total magnification of the object? 4. Fill in the blanks within the brackets to express total magnification as a word equation. Total magnification = ( ) ( )
Section 2: Cells Pages Cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life. Each cell structure and organelle carries out a specific task to help support the life functions of a cell. Cells are divided into two groups, prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cell Organelles Name vacuole Structure (Description/Location) Function (What it Does) organelle bacteria cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm mitochondria What are three differences between viruses and bacteria?
What are the main differences between plant and animal cells? What are the main parts of Cell Theory? What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
This is a(n) cell. This is a(n) cell.
Section 3: Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane Pages Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration Selectively permeable membranes control the movement of particles into and out of cells Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Words to Know concentration selectively permeable membrane osmosis diffusion Definition A. movement of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane B. the amount of substance in a given space C. particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration D. allows some materials to pass but keeps other materials out
Describe how particles move due to diffusion. Describe how selectively permeable membranes can control the movement of particles. Include a drawing. Give three examples of osmosis involving the movement of water into and out of cells. Use labeled diagrams to help you. Hint:
Section 1: Body Systems Pages: The human body is organized into different organ systems Cells with the same structure and function form tissues, and groups of tissues form organs Words to Know organ organ system tissue Definition A. another name for a body system B. groups of tissues form these C. cells of the same structure and function are grouped into these What are the basic characteristics of systems? What is an organ system and why are tissues important to them?
Name and describe 4 different human body tissues that are involved in the digestive, respiratory, excretory, or circulatory systems. 4. Draw a flow chart showing the order of organization of living things.
Section 2: The Digestive and Excretory Systems Pages The different types of nutrients The four stages of digestion work to break down and absorb nutrients from food In the excretory system, the process of excretion removes liquid wastes from the body Words to Know digestion excretion gastric juice mucus nutrients villi Name and describe the functions of the different types of nutrients. For each, give an example of a food rich in the nutrient. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 4. 10. 5.
Name and describe the four stages of digestion. 4. State two eating disorders and how they can damage the body.
Section 3: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Pages The circulatory system consists of the heart and a network of blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body The respiratory system is made up of structures and organs that help move oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body The dangers of smoking Words to Know Definition alveoli A. the system that moves blood throughout your body arteries blood capillaries circulatory system gas exchange respiratory system veins B. deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart through these C. carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen is absorbed D. the system responsible for the exchange of gases E. blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood F. composed of 55% plasma G. network of tiny blood vessels H. thin-walled sacs where gas exchange takes place Name and give a proper description of each vessel.
Label The Heart A B C D E F G H I Name the four major chambers of the heart and describe what they do. 4. State 5 types of blood vessels and what they do. 4. 5.
Describe the different components of blood. 4. Describe the structure and location of each part of the human respiratory system. State their functions. Nose Hairs Nostril Nasal Cavity 4. Pharynx 5. Larynx 6. Epiglottis 7. Trachea 8. Bronchus 9. Bronchiole 10. Alveoli
Describe how gas exchange takes place in the alveoli. Include a labeled drawing. Describe 3 ways in which smoking is dangerous.
Section 1: The Immune System Pages Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens The immune system attacks and destroys invaders such as pathogens and antigens that enter the body The human immune system provides different lines of defence against pathogens Words to Know antibodies Definition antigen immune system pathogens white blood cells Describe the innate and acquired immune responses.
What are four ways in which infectious disease can be transmitted? Also, give an example of each. 4.
Section 2: Factors Affecting the Immune System Pages By the end of section 2 you should be able to understand the following: Vaccines are weakened versions of a disease pathogen Immune system disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and works against the body it is supposed to protect Words to Know allergy vaccine Definition A. special version of an antigen that gives you immunity to a disease B. an unusually high sensitivity to some substance Describe Montagu s and Jenner s contributions to the discovery of vaccines. Name and describe two disorders of the immune system.
Name things you can do to keep your immune system healthy. For each, explain how this action is able to protect you. 4. 5. 6.