Avilble online freely t www.isisn.org Bioscience Reserch Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journl by Innovtive Scientific Informtion & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2017 14(4): 1238-1245. OPEN ACCESS Antioxidnt nd ntidibetic ctivity of Grcini mngostn L. pericrp extrct in streptozotocininduced dibetic mice Sikhu Akhmd Husen* 1,2, Septin Hry Klqutny 1, Arif Nur Muhmmd Ansori 3, Rden Joko Kuncoroningrt Susilo 1, Achmd Dry Alymhdy 1, Dwi Winrni 1,2 1 Deprtment of Biology, Fculty of Science nd Technology Universits Airlngg, Kmpus C Universits Airlngg, 60115, Surby, Indonesi 2 Animl Histology Lbortory, Fculty of Science nd Technology Universits Airlngg, Kmpus C Universits Airlngg, 60115, Surby, Indonesi 3 Fculty of Veterinry Medicine Universits Airlngg, Kmpus C Universits Airlngg, 60115, Surby, Indonesi. *Correspondence: sikhukhmd1408@gmil.com Accepted: 18 Nov. 2017 Published online: 30 Dec. 2017 This study imed to explore the ntioxidnt effects of pericrp extrct from mngosteen (Grcini mngostn L.) used for the improvement of β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns nd pncretic glnds dmged by the induction of streptozotocin (STZ), thereby incresing the production of insulin nd improving the sensitivity of strited muscle cells to decresing insulin in dibetic mice. In this study, we used mle mice (Mus musculus) of the BALB/C strin which were divided into 2 groups: the control group (without tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct) nd the tretment group. The control group ws divided into three: norml control (KN), dibetic control (KD), dibetic control-metformin HCl (KM). The tretment group (with mngosteen pericrp extrct) ws divided into 3 groups (P1, P2, nd P3) with the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, nd 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The induction of dibetes ws done with the injection of multiple low-doses of STZ (30 mg/kg of body weight) for 5 consecutive dys. Interestingly, we found tht mngosteen pericrp extrct ws ble to increse the body weight of mice, reduce fsting blood glucose, improve cellulr β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns by incresing the dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns, nd increse fsting blood plsm insulin level in mice significntly. In conclusion, mngosteen pericrp extrct is promising ntidibetic gent due to its nti-hyperglycemic nd ntioxidnt properties. Keywords: ntidibetic - blood glucose - dibetic mice - Grcini mngostn L. - insulin plsm - islets of Lngerhns. INTRODUCTION Dibetes mellitus (DM) is multisystem metbolic disorder suffered by bout 6% of the world popultion. Dibetes mellitus (DM) is chrcterized by hyperglycemic conditions, becuse the pncres cnnot produce enough insulin or becuse there is disturbnce in the utiliztion of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemic conditions (WHO, 2017). Hyperglycemi conditions cn lso decrese insulin secretion nd increse insulin resistnce, cusing more severe hyperglycemi nd the decrese in the insulin production in β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns. One of the fctors cusing dibetes mellitus (DM) is obesity due to the elevted levels of ft in the body, which re cused by hyperlipidemi nd elevted blood cholesterol levels (Americn Dibetes Assocition, 2011). Incresed blood cholesterol levels cn be followed by elevted levels of free ftty cids, resulting in incresed
production of mitochondril superoxide nions, which increses the risk of exposure of cells by rective oxygen species (ROS) (Evns et l., 2003). The increse of superoxide nion production will result in the increse of nitric oxide (NO) cused by the induction of the NO synthse enzyme. This condition cuses the production of rective nitrogen species (RNS) tht will oxidize the sulfhydryl group of proteins, increse lipid peroxidtion nd cuse DNA dmge tht my hrm the cells. (Novelli et l., 2010; Husen et l., 2017; Poolsil et l., 2017). The condition of hyperlipidemi in obese people, my increse the oxidtive stress in the body, which cn led to vrious complictions. Obese people lso suffer from incresed levels of cholesterol in the body (hypercholesterolemi) cused by excessive ccumultion of ft in the body. One of the negtive effects of obesity is the occurrence of insulin resistnce, which is the inbility of insulin to produce norml biologicl functions, resulting in decresed tissue sensitivity to insulin (McClung et l., 2004; Husen et l., 2016b). From the results of study tht ws conducted by Husen et l (2017), it is reveled tht obese people develop cell resistnce to the cellulr ction of insulin, which is chrcterized by reduced bility of insulin to support the removl of glucose in ft nd muscle resulting in hyperglycemic conditions. The condition of hyperglycemi directly results in incresed levels of rective oxygen species (ROS) nd rective nitrogen species (RNS). ROS nd RNS cn directly oxidize nd destroy DNA, proteins, nd lipids. High levels of ROS nd RNS lso cn indirectly dmge the mcromolecules, which cuses oxidtive stress. Oxidtive stress occurs when there is n imblnce between rective molecules (ROS nd RNS) nd ntioxidnts (Evns et l., 2003; Novelli, 2010; Husen et l., 2016). Antioxidnts re substnces tht cn inhibit the negtive effects of free rdicls by cting s n electron donor. To reduce the negtive effects of the free rdicls, extr ntioxidnts from the outside (exogenous), such s vitmin E, vitmin C nd other ntioxidnts obtined from consuming vrious kinds of fruit nd vegetbles tht contin high ntioxidnts re needed. One type of ntioxidnt tht hs the potentil to overcome free rdicls is xnthone found in the extrct of mngosteen pericrp. Antioxidnt compounds from Grcini mngostn L. re ble to donte hydrogen toms nd stbilize free rdicls. In ddition to neutrlizing free rdicls, ntioxidnts re expected to reduce oxidtive stress, especilly in vrious cells exposed to deteriorting effect due to prolonged hyperglycemic conditions, such s β- cells of the islets of Lngerhns (Moongkrndi et l., 2004; Jung et l., 2006; Husen et l., 2017). The previous reserch, conducted by El-Bn et l. (2017) found tht nti-hyperglycemic, ntioxidnt, nd nti-inflmmtory properties from Myrtus communis could work in dibetic rts. This reserch ws designed to nswer the problems: Wht is the vlue of LD 50 nd IC 50 of crude extrcts from mngosteen pericrp? Cn the dministrtion of crude pericrp extrct from mngosteen increse the weight nd decrese the fsting blood glucose levels in dibetic mice? Is it possible to repir the β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns nd pncretic glnds dmged by the induction of STZ? And whether the crude extrct of mngosteen pericrp cn increse the production of insulin in type-2 dibetic mice? This study imed to find the vlues of LD 50 nd IC 50 of the mngosteen pericrp extrct nd determine the effects of mngosteen pericrp extrct to increse the body weight, decrese the fsting blood glucose levels, repir the β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns nd pncretic glnds dmged by the induction of STZ, nd increse the production of insulin in type-2 dibetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study ws conducted t the Animl Histology Lbortory of Fculty of Science nd Technology nd the Institute of Tropicl Diseses (ITD), Universits Airlngg. Mle rts (Mus musculus) of BALB/C strin (3-4 months), weighing 30-40 grms, were used in this study. Mngosteen fruit (Grcini mngostn L.), ethnol 96%, STZ (streptozotocin, purchsed from SIGMA) to induce dibetic mice, citrte buffer solution ph 4.5, CMC (crboxymethylcellulose), stndrd ntidibetic drug (Metformin HCl 100 mg/kg), 10% D-glucose for glucose tolernt test, On Cll Plus TM glucometers, Esy Touch TM blood cholesterol meters, ELISA kit nti-mouse insulin, nd nesthesi (ketmine nd xylzine) were used in this study. The min tools in this reserch re cge, drinking bottles, feeding continers, husks, microscopes, petri dish, n nlyticl scle, Eppendorf tubes, surgicl instruments, surgicl tbles, injection syringes, ELISA reder, micropipettes, tips (white, blue, nd yellow), freeze dryer, glsswre, rotry vcuum evportor, micropltes, prfilms, refrigerted Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1239
centrifuge, prffin bth, prffin oven, microwve ovens, microwveble jrs, nd microtomes. The extrction of the mngosteen pericrp The pericrp of the mngosteen fruit ws used s the extrction mteril, which ws scrped, dried, nd mde into powder. Dried mngosteen pericrp powder ws weighed, extrcted with 96% ethnol, nd filtered using filter pper, repetedly until the solvent ws cler. The solvent ws evported with rotry vcuum evportor t 50 C temperture. Furthermore, the extrcts were dried using freeze dryer t -45 C. The determintion of LD 50 nd IC 50 In this study, the toxicity test ws performed orlly, using mle mice ged 3-4 months nd weighed between 30 to 40 grms. The test ws conducted following the reserch by Bhrdwj nd Gupt (2012). The tested doses were 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg 400 mg, 600 mg nd 800 mg/kg body weight. The determintion of IC 50 ntioxidnt ctivity test of crude extrct of mngosteen in vitro ws conducted by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrzyl). In this method, the bility of the compound to reduce 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrzyl ws mesured in ccordnce to reserch by Grci et l. (2012). The induction of type-2 dibetic mice The procedure of the induction of dibetic mice ws bsed on Novelli et l. (2010). The induction ws initited by injecting STZ in citrte buffer ph 4,5 with dose of 30 mg/kg body weight in mice for 5 consecutive dys. Blood glucose levels were mesured 7 nd 14 dys fter the STZ induction. The fsting blood glucose ws mesured using glucometer. Only mice with fsting blood sugr levels higher thn 200 mg/dl were used s dibetic mice in this study. The dministrtion of mngosteen pericrp extrct The mice were divided into six groups. Nondibetic mice were used s norml control group (KN). Dibetic mice were divided into 2 control groups: the dibetic control group tht ws not treted by either mngosteen pericrp extrct or metformin HCl (KD), dibetic control group tht ws treted by metformin HCl (100 mg/kg BW) (KM) nd tretment groups tht were treted by mngosteen pericrp extrct. P1, P2, nd P3 s the tretment groups were treted by using three different concentrtions of the mngosteen pericrp extrcts of 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Ech group consists of 6 mice. The tretment ws given for 14 dys. The mesurement of body weight nd fsting blood glucose levels of mice Mesurements of the weight nd fsting blood glucose levels were performed on ll groups of mice before the STZ induction (14 dys before tretment), t the initil tretment (dy 1), t midtretment (dy 7), nd t the end of tretment (dy 14). The fsting blood glucose levels were mesured by using glucometer. Mesurements of the fsting blood glucose were done on blood smples tken from the vein in the til re of the mice tht hd been fstened for 8 to 10 hours. Fsting blood glucose levels re expressed in mg/dl. It ws done to determine the dibetic condition of mice. Only mice with fsting blood glucose levels higher thn 200 mg/dl were used s dibetic mice in this study. Mesurement of plsm insulin level nd the dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns Mesurement of the dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns ws mesured by using n oculr micrometer nd n objective micrometer on light microscope, with 400x mgnifiction. The histologic preprtions of the pncres were observed by mesuring the longest nd widest sides of the islets of Lngerhns, then the results of the mesurements were dded nd divided by two. Plsm insulin levels were mesured using ELISA (enzyme linked immune sorbent ssy) method. Dt Anlysis The dt of body weights, fsting blood glucose levels, dimeters of the islets of Lngerhns, nd plsm insulin levels were obtined nd sttisticlly nlyzed. Dt with norml distribution nd homogeneous vrince were nlyzed using vrince nlysis followed by Duncn test. Dt with norml distribution nd non-homogeneous vrince were nlyzed using Brown-Forsythe test followed by t-test. Person correltion test ws used to determine the correltion between the dimeters of the islets of Lngerhns nd the fsting blood plsm insulin levels. RESULTS Dt of body weights nd rndom blood glucose levels, before nd fter the STZ induction, cn be seen in Figure 1. The men results of weight chnges nd fsting blood glucose levels Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1240
Scvenging ctivity Husen et l. during the tretment cn be observed in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the results of the mesurement on plsm blood insulin obtined from intr crdic blood on dy 15. The men dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns of mice is presented in Figure 4. Figure 1. Digrms showing LD 50 vlues of cute toxicity test result, nd IC50 vlues of ntioxidnt test result in vitro with DPPH method on mngosteen pericrp extrct. Regression chrt of verge scvenging ctivity 100 50 0-50 -100-150 0 0.02 0.04 Concentrtion Avenge scvenging ctivity y = -6634.5x + 77.099 R² = 0.9719 6 4 2 0-2 Liner Eqution LD 50 24 Hours 0 2 4 Y Liner (Y) y = 5.3292x - 10.187 R² = 0.8216 Figure 2. Digrms showing effects of mngosteen pericrp extrct on verge weight gin of mice nd men fsting blood glucose level in DM mice. 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00-1.00-2.00-3.00-4.00-5.00 Weight gin (g) c c c b b KN KD KM P1 P2 P3 Men fsting blood glucose ml/dl 400.00 350.00 b 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 KN KD KM P1 P2 P3 KN = norml control group, KD = untreted dibetic control, KM = dibetic control treted with 100 mg/kg body weight metformin-hcl, P1 = dibetic mice treted with 50 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. P2 = dibetic mice treted with 100 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. P3 = dibetic mice treted with 200 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. Tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct were given for 14 dys. The letters bove the digrms of ech group show the Duncn test results t α = 0.05. The sme letter shows no significnt difference. Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1241
From the figure 1, it cn be seen tht the LD 50 vlue of cute toxicity test results in mice ws 630.95 mg/kg body weight, while the IC 50 of pericrp extrct of mngosteen, using the test of in vitro ctivity with DPPH ws 0.0040835 mg/ml, equivlent to 40.835 mg/kg body weight. LD 50 vlue cn be used s the reference of the dosge tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct. The dose should not be given bove 630 mg/kg body weight. In this study, the doses of mngosteen pericrp extrct used were 50, 100, nd 200 mg/kg body weight becuse the doses were considered sfe during the in vivo toxicity tretment, using the mngosteen pericrp extrct. From the result of mesurement of the verge percentge of scvenging ctivity to the test compound, it showed tht the IC 50 vlue of mngosteen pericrp extrct ws t concentrtion of 0.0040835 mg/ml. It ws used s benchmrk tht the effective dose of ntioxidnt compounds found in mngosteen pericrp extrct test ws in the dose rnge of 50 mg/kg body weight. As the vlue of IC 50 is less thn 50 mg/kg body weight, it cn be sid tht the ntioxidnt of mngosteen pericrp extrct is clssified s powerful ntioxidnt nd hs n effect on free rdicl decline, so it cn repir vrious cells dmged by free rdicls such s β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns. From the Figure 2, it cn be seen tht hyperglycemic conditions cn cuse weight loss in ll dibetic mice group (KD) nd dibeticmetformin HCl (KM) group, which mens tht for 14 dys the weights of mice decresed on n verge of bout 3.95 grms in the dibetic group, nd decrese of bout 1.08 grms in the metformin HCl group. This is becuse the effect of STZ which is free rdicl compound, cpble of destroying β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns nd the experimentl nimls were not been ble to perform metbolic improvement in the body. In the norml group (KN), without induction of STZ nd only given CMC s plcebo, for 14 dys of tretment the weight loss lso occurred. This ws presumbly cused due to environmentl conditions of the cge, or due to the effects of CMC which cn suppress the increse of weight during tretment. From the results of body weight mesurements in ll tretment groups P1, P2, nd P3, with the doses of 50, 100 nd 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively, it showed tht the tretments were ble to significntly reduce the occurrence of weight loss in the experimentl nimls hving DM conditions due to STZ induction. This is becuse the extrct of the mngosteen pericrp contins xnthone compounds tht plys role in ntioxidnt ctivities nd hve been ble to repir dmge to β-cells the islets of Lngerhns. For the men of fsting blood glucose levels receiving the tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct, it showed tht the tretment ws ble to decrese the fsting blood glucose levels significntly, compred to tht of the dibetic control group (DM). The results showed tht the ntioxidnt compounds from mngosteen pericrp extrct were ble to repir β-cells of the islets of Lngerhnsmking the insulin production increse gin. Incresing insulin my increse the bsorption of glucose from outside the cells into the muscles nd liver cells, which mde the decrese in the glucose levels of the tretment group P1, P2, nd P3 equivlent to the glucose levels of the norml control group. From Figure 2 bove it cn be seen tht the dministrtion of mngosteen pericrp extrct with the doses of P1, P2, nd P3, for 14 dy tretment could significntly increse the dimeters of the islets of Lngerhns, compred to tht of the dibetic control group (KD) tht showed shrinkge. Figure 3 showed tht the dibetic control group treted with metformin HCl (KM), P1, P2, nd P3 group, for 14 dys tretment hd significnt effect, when compred to the fsting blood glucose level in the dibetic control group. Likewise, the norml control group (KN) differed significntly with the dibetic group (KD). This suggests tht STZ induction, my dmge the pncres glnd, indicted by the smll islets of Lngerhns nd the frgility of pncretic tissue when the preprtion with HE stining ws done. The decresed men dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns hs significnt effect on the secretion of insulin secreted by the pncres glnd. These conditions resulted in incresed fsting blood glucose levels in the dibetic group. Wheres in the group of KM, P1, P2 nd P3 showed significnt difference compred to the dibetic control group, whose men dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns incresed significntly. The men fsting insulin plsm levels showed tht the dibetic group did not differ significntly compred to KM, P1 nd P2 groups. Only group Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1242
P3 differed significntly compred to KN, KD, KM P1 nd P2. From the nlysis of Person correltion, there is positive correltion between the increse in dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns with the increse in plsm insulin the lrger the dimeter of the islnd of Lngerhns ws mesured, the higher levels of insulin secreted by pncretic glnds were, with correltion vlue of 0.474 t significnce level α = 0.05. levels of fsting blood of mice, which mens tht Figure 3. Digrms showing the effects of mngosteen pericrp extrct on the verge dimeter of the islet of Lngerhn nd insulin content level in DM mice. Averge the dimeter of Lngerhns (μ) 200.00 180.00 160.00 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 b,c,c KN KD KM P1 P2 P3 d Averge insulin level (ng/ml) 25.0000 b 20.0000 15.0000 10.0000 5.0000 0.0000 KN KD KM P1 P2 P3 KN = norml control group, KD = untreted dibetic control, KM = dibetic control treted with 100 mg/kg body weight metformin-hcl, P1 = dibetic mice treted with 50 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. P2 = dibetic mice treted with 100 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. P3 = dibetic mice treted with 200 mg/kg body weight mngosteen pericrp extrct. Tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct ws given for 14 dys. The letters bove the digrms of ech group show the Duncn test results t α = 0.05. The sme letter shows no significnt difference. Figure 4. Histology of the islet of Lngerhns (H&E, 200x). KN (A) = norml control group, KD (B) = untreted dibetic control, KM (C) = dibetic control treted with Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1243
100 mg/kg body weight of metformin-hcl, P1 (D) = dibetic mice treted with 50 mg/kg body weight of mngosteen pericrp extrct. P2 (E) = dibetic mice treted with 100 mg/kg body weight of mngosteen pericrp extrct. P3 (F) = dibetic mice treted with 200 mg/kg body weight of mngosteen pericrp extrct. Tretment of mngosteen pericrp extrct ws given for 14 dys. Size of pncretic islets of Lngerhns (blck rrow). CONCLUSION Interestingly, our reserch found tht mngosteen pericrp extrct ws ble to increse the body weight of mice, reduce fsting blood glucose, improve β-cells of the islets of Lngerhns by incresing the dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns, nd increse fsting blood plsm insulin level in mice, significntly. On the other hnd, we reveled tht the vlues of LD 50 nd IC 50 of mngosteen pericrp extrct were 630.95 mg/kg body weight nd 0.0040835 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Also, there ws positive correltion between the incresing of dimeter of the islets of Lngerhns nd the incresing of plsm insulin levels. In conclusion, pericrp extrct of mngosteen is promising nti-dibetic gent due to its nti-hyperglycemic nd ntioxidnt properties. CONFLICT OF INTEREST We found no conflict of interest in this work. ACKNOWLEGEMENT Authors would like to thnk Universits Airlngg nd Ministry of Reserch, Technology, nd Higher Eduction of the Republic of Indonesi for supporting this work. Furthermore, specil thnks to PMDSU Scholrship - Btch III (wrded to ANMA nd RJKS). AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS SAH, SHK, ANMA, RJKS, ADA designed nd performed the experiments nd lso wrote the mnuscript. SAH, DW reviewed, corrected, nd edited the mnuscript. All uthors red nd pproved the finl version. Copyrights: 2017 @ uthor (s). This is n open ccess rticle distributed under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl uthor(s) nd source re credited nd tht the originl publiction in this journl is cited, in ccordnce with ccepted cdemic prctice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. REFERENCES Americn Dibetes Assocition, 2011. Dignosis nd Clssifiction of Dibetes Mellitus. Dibetes Cre 34(Suppl 1): 562-569. Bhrdwj S, Gupt D, 2012. Study of Acute, Sub Acute nd Chronic Toxicity Test. Interntionl Journl of Advnced Reserch in Phrmceuticl & Bio Sciences 2(2): 103-129. El-Bn MA, Medht D, Ashour MN, Dib Y, Hussein J, 2017. Myrtus communis Extrct Attenutes Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocininduced Dibetic Rts. Bioscience Reserch 14(2): 257-264. Evns JL, Goldfine ID, Mddux BA, Grodsky GM, 2003. Are Oxidtive Stress-ctivted Signling Pthwys Meditors of Insulin Resistnce nd Bet-cell Dysfunction?. Dibetes 52(1): 1-8. Grci EJ, Oldoni TLC, de Alencr SM, Reis A, Loguercio AD, Grnde RHM, 2012. Antioxidnt Activity by DPPH Assy of Potentil Solutions to be Applied on Bleched Teeth. Brz. Dent. J. 23(1): 22-27. Husen SA, Winrni D, Ansori ANM, Susilo RJK, 2016. Potensi Ekstrk Ksr Kulit Buh Mnggis (Grcini Mngostn L.) Terhdp Kdr Kolesterol dn Kdr Glukos Drh Pus Mencit Dibetik. Proceeding Seminr Nsionl Biodiversits VI, Universits Airlngg, Surby, Indonesi, pp 841-850. Husen SA, Winrni D, Khleyl F, Klqutny SH, 2016b. Activity Test of Vrious Mngosteen (Grcini mngostn) Pericrp Extrct Frctions to Decrese Fsting Blood Cholesterol Levels nd Lipid Peroxidtion Activity in Dibetic Mice. Journl of Biologicl Reserches 22(1): 13-17. Husen SA, Winrni D, Khleyl F, Klqutny SH, Ansori ANM, 2017. Activity Assy of Mngosteen (Grcini mngostn L.) Pericrp Extrct for Decresing Fsting Blood Cholesterol Level nd Lipid Peroxidtion in Type-2 Dibetic Mice. AIP Conference Proceedings 1888(1): 020026-1- 6. Jung HA, Su BN, Keller WJ, Meht RG, Kinghorn AD, 2006. Antioxidnt xnthones from the Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1244
pericrp of Grcini mngostn (Mngosteen). J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mr 22;54(6):2077-82. McClung JP, Roneker CA, Mu W, Lisk DJ, Lnglis P, Liu F, Lei XG, 2004. Development of Insulin Resistnce nd Obesity in Mice Overexpressing Cellulr Glutthione Peroxidse. PNAS 101(24): 8852-8857. Moongkrndi P, Kosem N, Kslungk S, Lunrtn O, Pongpn N, Neungton N, 2004. Antiplorifetion, Antioxidtion nd Induction of Apoptotosis by Grcini mngostn (mngosteen) on SKBR3 Humn Brest Cncer Cell Line. J. Ethnophrmcol, 90(1): 161-166. Novelli M, Bonmss B, Msini M, Funel N, Cnistro D, De Tt V, Mrtno M, Soleti A, Cmpni D, Polini M, Msiello P, 2010. Persistent Correction of Hyperglycemi in Streptozotocin-Nicotinmide-Induced Dibetic Mice by A Non-Conventionl Rdicl Scvenger.Nunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Phrmcol 382(2): 127-137. Poolsil P, Promprom W, Tlubmook C, 2017. Antihyperglicemic nd Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Extrct from Houttuyni cordt Thumb. In Streptozotocin-Induced Dibetic Rts. Phrmcognosy Journl 9(3): 382-387. World Helth Orgniztion, 2017. Dibetes Mellitus. http://who.int/topics/dibetesmellitus/en/. Accessed 29 October 2017. Bioscience Reserch, 2017 volume 14(4): 1238-1245 1245